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;理论框架 Theoretical framework

;理论框架 Theoretical framework

:大多数系统是与与周围环境交换物质和能量的[[开放系统 (热力学) Open system (thermodynamics)|开放系统 open systems]]，例如[[汽车]]、[[咖啡机]]或[[地球]]。而[[封闭系统 closed system]]与其环境交换能量而非物质; 例如一台计算机或[[生物圈2号 Biosphere 2]]项目。一个[[孤立系统 isolated system]]与它的环境既不交换物质也不交换能量。这种系统的一个理论例子是[[宇宙 Universe]]。

:大多数系统是与周围环境交换物质和能量的[[开放系统 (热力学) Open system (thermodynamics)|开放系统 open systems]]，例如[[汽车]]、[[咖啡机]]或[[地球]]。而[[封闭系统 closed system]]与其环境交换能量而非物质; 例如一台计算机或[[生物圈2号 Biosphere 2]]项目。一个[[孤立系统 isolated system]]与它的环境既不交换物质也不交换能量。这种系统的一个理论例子是[[宇宙 Universe]]。

:Most systems are [[Open system (thermodynamics)|open systems]], exchanging matter and energy with its surroundings; like a car, a [[coffeemaker]], or [[Earth]]. A [[closed system]] exchanges energy, but not matter, with its environment; like a computer or the project [[Biosphere 2]]. An [[isolated system]] exchanges neither matter nor energy with its environment. A theoretical example of such system is the [[Universe]].

:Most systems are [[Open system (thermodynamics)|open systems]], exchanging matter and energy with its surroundings; like a car, a [[coffeemaker]], or [[Earth]]. A [[closed system]] exchanges energy, but not matter, with its environment; like a computer or the project [[Biosphere 2]]. An [[isolated system]] exchanges neither matter nor energy with its environment. A theoretical example of such system is the [[Universe]].

[[开放系统]]也可视为一个有界的转换过程，即输入转输出过程或过程集合的[[黑盒 black box]]。输入被消耗，并产生输出。这里说的输入和输出是非常广义的。例如一艘客轮的输出是乘客从出发地向目的地的移动。

[[开放系统]]也可视为一个有界的转换过程，即输入转输出过程或过程集合的[[黑盒 black box]]。输入被消耗，并产生输出。这里说的输入和输出是非常广义的。例如一艘客轮的输出是乘客从出发地向目的地的移动。

 

:An [[open system (systems theory)|open system]] can also be viewed as a bounded transformation process, that is, a [[black box]] that is a process or collection of processes that transforms inputs into outputs. Inputs are consumed; outputs are produced. The concept of input and output here is very broad. For example, an output of a passenger ship is the movement of people from departure to destination.

:An [[open system (systems theory)|open system]] can also be viewed as a bounded transformation process, that is, a [[black box]] that is a process or collection of processes that transforms inputs into outputs. Inputs are consumed; outputs are produced. The concept of input and output here is very broad. For example, an output of a passenger ship is the movement of people from departure to destination.

:系统有[[视图模式 view model|多种视图 multiple views]]。人造系统会具有如下等视图: [[概念 concept]]、[[系统分析 systems analysis|分析 analysis]]、[[系统设计 Systems design|设计 design]]、[[实现 implementation]]、部署、结构、行为、输入数据和输出数据。[[系统模型 system model]]是描述和反映所有这些视图模式的前提。

:系统有[[视图模式 view model|多种视图 multiple views]]。人造系统会具有如下等视图: [[概念 concept]]、[[系统分析 systems analysis|分析 analysis]]、[[系统设计 Systems design|设计 design]]、[[实现 implementation]]、部署、结构、行为、输入数据和输出数据。[[系统模型 system model]]是描述和反映所有这些视图模式的前提。

:A system comprises [[view model|multiple views]]. Man-made systems may have such views as [[concept]], [[systems analysis|analysis]], [[Systems design|design]], [[implementation]], deployment, structure, behavior, input data, and output data views. A [[system model]] is required to describe and represent all these views.

:A system comprises [[view model|multiple views]]. Man-made systems may have such views as [[concept]], [[systems analysis|analysis]], [[Systems design|design]], [[implementation]], deployment, structure, behavior, input data, and output data views. A [[system model]] is required to describe and represent all these views.

:[[系统架构 systems architecture]]是用一个单一的集成模型来描述[[视图模式 view model|多种视图 multiple views]]，是一种[[系统模型 system model]]。

:[[系统架构 systems architecture]]是用一个单一的集成模型来描述[[视图模式 view model|多种视图 multiple views]]，是一种[[系统模型 system model]]。

:A [[systems architecture]], using one single integrated model for the description of [[view model|multiple views]], is a kind of [[system model]].

:A [[systems architecture]], using one single integrated model for the description of [[view model|multiple views]], is a kind of [[system model]].