更改

==Causes and effects==

==Causes and effects==

=== Causes ===

== Causes ==

{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}

{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}

Geography: Baseline homophily often arises when the people who are located nearby also have similar characteristics. People are more likely to have contact with those who are geographically closer than those who are distant. Technology such as the telephone, e-mail, and social networks have reduced but not eliminated this effect.

Geography: Baseline homophily often arises when the people who are located nearby also have similar characteristics. People are more likely to have contact with those who are geographically closer than those who are distant. Technology such as the telephone, e-mail, and social networks have reduced but not eliminated this effect.

 

Family ties: Family relationships often produce relatively close, frequent contact among those who are at great geographic distance. These ties tend to decay slowly, but can be dramatically restructured when new marriages occur.

Family ties: Family relationships often produce relatively close, frequent contact among those who are at great geographic distance. These ties tend to decay slowly, but can be dramatically restructured when new marriages occur.

家庭关系: 家庭关系往往产生相对密切，频繁的接触之间的地理距离很远。这些关系往往会缓慢衰退，但当新的婚姻出现时，它们可以戏剧性地重组。

'''<font color="#FF8000">家庭关系 Family Ties </font>'''：家庭关系通常会在相距遥远的人之间产生相对紧密的频繁联系。 这些纽带趋向于缓慢衰减，但是当新婚发生时，它们可以显着地重组。

 

Organizations: School, work, and volunteer activities provide the great majority of non-family ties. Many friendships, confiding relations, and social support ties are formed within voluntary groups. The social homogeneity of most organizations creates a strong baseline homophily in networks that are formed there.

Organizations: School, work, and volunteer activities provide the great majority of non-family ties. Many friendships, confiding relations, and social support ties are formed within voluntary groups. The social homogeneity of most organizations creates a strong baseline homophily in networks that are formed there.

 

Isomorphic sources: The connections between people who occupy equivalent roles will induce homophily in the system of network ties. This is common in three domains: workplace (e.g., all heads of HR departments will tend to associate with other HR heads), family (e.g., mothers tend to associate with other mothers), and informal networks.

Isomorphic sources: The connections between people who occupy equivalent roles will induce homophily in the system of network ties. This is common in three domains: workplace (e.g., all heads of HR departments will tend to associate with other HR heads), family (e.g., mothers tend to associate with other mothers), and informal networks.

 

Cognitive processes: People who have demographic similarity tend to own shared knowledge, and therefore they have a greater ease of communication and share cultural tastes, which can also generate homophily.

Cognitive processes: People who have demographic similarity tend to own shared knowledge, and therefore they have a greater ease of communication and share cultural tastes, which can also generate homophily.

 

==Effects==

===Effects===

According to one study, [[perception]] of [[Interpersonal attraction|interpersonal]] similarity improves coordination and increase the expected payoff of interactions, above and beyond the effect of merely "liking others."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chierchia|first1=Gabriele|last2=Coricelli|first2=Giorgio|title=The impact of perceived similarity on tacit coordination: propensity for matching and aversion to decoupling choices|journal=Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience|doi=10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00202|pmid=26283940|pmc=4516978|volume=9|pages=202|year=2015}}</ref> Another study claims that homophily produces [[Social tolerance|tolerance]] and cooperation in [[Social space|social spaces]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Mark|first1=N. P.|title=Culture and competition: Homophily and distancing explanations for cultural niches|journal=American Sociological Review|date=2003|volume=68|issue=3|pages=319–345|jstor=1519727|doi=10.2307/1519727}}</ref> However, homophilic patterns can also restrict access to information or inclusion for minorities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karimi|first=Fariba|last2=Génois|first2=Mathieu|last3=Wagner|first3=Claudia|last4=Singer|first4=Philipp|last5=Strohmaier|first5=Markus|date=2018-07-23|title=Homophily influences ranking of minorities in social networks|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|pages=11077|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-29405-7|pmid=30038426|bibcode=2018NatSR...811077K|issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}</ref>

According to one study, [[perception]] of [[Interpersonal attraction|interpersonal]] similarity improves coordination and increase the expected payoff of interactions, above and beyond the effect of merely "liking others."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chierchia|first1=Gabriele|last2=Coricelli|first2=Giorgio|title=The impact of perceived similarity on tacit coordination: propensity for matching and aversion to decoupling choices|journal=Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience|doi=10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00202|pmid=26283940|pmc=4516978|volume=9|pages=202|year=2015}}</ref> Another study claims that homophily produces [[Social tolerance|tolerance]] and cooperation in [[Social space|social spaces]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Mark|first1=N. P.|title=Culture and competition: Homophily and distancing explanations for cultural niches|journal=American Sociological Review|date=2003|volume=68|issue=3|pages=319–345|jstor=1519727|doi=10.2307/1519727}}</ref> However, homophilic patterns can also restrict access to information or inclusion for minorities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karimi|first=Fariba|last2=Génois|first2=Mathieu|last3=Wagner|first3=Claudia|last4=Singer|first4=Philipp|last5=Strohmaier|first5=Markus|date=2018-07-23|title=Homophily influences ranking of minorities in social networks|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|pages=11077|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-29405-7|pmid=30038426|bibcode=2018NatSR...811077K|issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}</ref>

According to one study, perception of interpersonal similarity improves coordination and increase the expected payoff of interactions, above and beyond the effect of merely "liking others." Another study claims that homophily produces tolerance and cooperation in social spaces. However, homophilic patterns can also restrict access to information or inclusion for minorities.

According to one study, perception of interpersonal similarity improves coordination and increase the expected payoff of interactions, above and beyond the effect of merely "liking others." Another study claims that homophily produces tolerance and cooperation in social spaces. However, homophilic patterns can also restrict access to information or inclusion for minorities.

 

The effects of homophily on the diffusion of information and behaviors are also complex. Some studies have claimed that homophily facilitates access information, the diffusion of innovations and behaviors, and the formation of social norms. Other studies, however, highlight mechanisms through which homophily can maintain disagreement, exacerbate polarization of opinions, and slow the formation of an overall consensus.

The effects of homophily on the diffusion of information and behaviors are also complex. Some studies have claimed that homophily facilitates access information, the diffusion of innovations and behaviors, and the formation of social norms. Other studies, however, highlight mechanisms through which homophily can maintain disagreement, exacerbate polarization of opinions, and slow the formation of an overall consensus.

 

Homophily is a cause of homogamy—marriage between people with similar characteristics. Homophily is a fertility factor; an increased fertility is seen in people with a tendency to seek acquaintance among those with common characteristics.

Homophily is a cause of homogamy—marriage between people with similar characteristics. Homophily is a fertility factor; an increased fertility is seen in people with a tendency to seek acquaintance among those with common characteristics.

 

 

==See also==

==See also==