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==扩展阅读==

==扩展阅读==

*Steven Bird, Ewan Klein, and Edward Loper (2009). ''Natural Language Processing with Python''. O'Reilly Media. {{ISBN|978-0-596-51649-9}}.

*Steven Bird, Ewan Klein, and Edward Loper (2009). ''Natural Language Processing with Python''. O'Reilly Media.

*Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin (2008). ''Speech and Language Processing'', 2nd edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. {{ISBN|978-0-13-187321-6}}.

*Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin (2008). ''Speech and Language Processing'', 2nd edition. Pearson Prentice Hall.

*Mohamed Zakaria Kurdi (2016). ''Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics: speech, morphology, and syntax'', Volume 1. ISTE-Wiley. {{ISBN|978-1848218482}}.

*Mohamed Zakaria Kurdi (2016). ''Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics: speech, morphology, and syntax'', Volume 1. ISTE-Wiley.

*Mohamed Zakaria Kurdi (2017). ''Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics: semantics, discourse, and applications'', Volume 2. ISTE-Wiley. {{ISBN| 978-1848219212}}.

*Mohamed Zakaria Kurdi (2017). ''Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics: semantics, discourse, and applications'', Volume 2. ISTE-Wiley.

*Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan, and Hinrich Schütze (2008). ''Introduction to Information Retrieval''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-86571-5}}. [http://nlp.stanford.edu/IR-book/ Official html and pdf versions available without charge.]

*Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan, and Hinrich Schütze (2008). ''Introduction to Information Retrieval''. Cambridge University Press.

*Christopher D. Manning and Hinrich Schütze (1999). ''Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing''. The MIT Press. {{ISBN|978-0-262-13360-9}}.

*Christopher D. Manning and Hinrich Schütze (1999). ''Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing''. The MIT Press.

*David M. W. Powers and Christopher C. R. Turk (1989). ''Machine Learning of Natural Language''. Springer-Verlag. {{ISBN|978-0-387-19557-5}}.

*David M. W. Powers and Christopher C. R. Turk (1989). ''Machine Learning of Natural Language''. Springer-Verlag.

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