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通用人工智能 (查看源代码)

2020年10月11日 (日) 21:20的版本

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* An artificial intelligence system can ''think'' and have a ''mind''. (The word "mind" has a specific meaning for philosophers, as used in "the [[mind body problem]]" or "the [[philosophy of mind]]".)

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*~~一个人工智能系统可以思考并拥有心灵。（词语“心灵”对哲学家来说有特殊意义，正如在“身心问题”或“心灵哲学”中的使用一样。）~~

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*一个人工智能系统可以思考并拥有思维。（词语“思维”对哲学家来说有特殊意义，正如在“身心问题”或“心灵哲学”中的使用一样。）

* An artificial intelligence system can (only) ''act like'' it thinks and has a mind.

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*~~一个人工智能系统可以（仅仅）按它所想而“行动”，并且拥有心灵。~~

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*一个人工智能系统可以（仅仅）按它所想而“行动”，并且拥有思维。

The first one is called "the ''strong'' AI hypothesis" and the second is "the ''weak'' AI hypothesis" because the first one makes the ''stronger'' statement: it assumes something special has happened to the machine that goes beyond all its abilities that we can test. Searle referred to the "strong AI hypothesis" as "strong AI". This usage is also common in academic AI research and textbooks.<ref>For example:

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The first one is called "the strong AI hypothesis" and the second is "the weak AI hypothesis" because the first one makes the stronger statement: it assumes something special has happened to the machine that goes beyond all its abilities that we can test. Searle referred to the "strong AI hypothesis" as "strong AI". This usage is also common in academic AI research and textbooks.<ref>For example:

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~~第一个被称为“强人工智能假设” ，第二个被称为“弱人工智能假设” ，因为第一个假设提出了更强的陈述~~: 它假定机器发生了某种特殊的事情，超出了我们能够测试的所有能力。Searle 将“强 AI 假说”称为“强 AI”。这种用法在人工智能学术研究和教科书中也很常见。例如:

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第一条被称为“强人工智能假设” ，第二条被称为“弱人工智能假设”，因为第一条假设提出了更强的陈述: 它假定机器发生了某种特殊的事件，超出了我们能够测试的所有能力。塞尔将“强人工智能假说”称为“强人工智能”。这种用法在人工智能学术研究和教科书中也很常见。例如:

* {{Harvnb|Russell|Norvig|2003}},

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The weak AI hypothesis is equivalent to the hypothesis that artificial general intelligence is possible. According to Russell and Norvig, "Most AI researchers take the weak AI hypothesis for granted, and don't care about the strong AI hypothesis."

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弱人工智能假说等同于人工一般智能是可能的假说。根据罗素和诺维格的说法，“大多数人工智能研究人员认为弱人工智能假说是理所当然的，并且不关心强人工智能假说。”

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弱人工智能假说等同于通用人工智能是可能的假说。根据罗素和诺维格的说法，“大多数人工智能研究人员认为弱人工智能假说是理所当然的，并且不关心强人工智能假说。”

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In contrast to Searle, Ray Kurzweil uses the term "strong AI" to describe any artificial intelligence system that acts like it has a mind, regardless of whether a philosopher would be able to determine if it actually has a mind or not.

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与 Searle 不同的是，Ray Kurzweil ~~使用“强人工智能”这个词来描述任何人工智能系统，这个系统的行为就像它有思想一样，不管哲学家是否能够确定它是否真的有思想。~~

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与 Searle 不同的是，Ray Kurzweil 使用“强人工智能”这个词来描述任何人工智能系统，这个系统的行为就像它有思想一样，不管哲学家能否确定它是否真的有思想。

In science fiction, AGI is associated with traits such as [[consciousness]], [[sentience]], [[sapience]], and [[self-awareness]] observed in living beings. However, according to Searle, it is an open question whether general intelligence is sufficient for consciousness. "Strong AI" (as defined above by Kurzweil) should not be confused with Searle's "[[strong AI hypothesis]]." The strong AI hypothesis is the claim that a computer which behaves as intelligently as a person must also necessarily have a [[mind]] and [[consciousness]]. AGI refers only to the amount of intelligence that the machine displays, with or without a mind.

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In science fiction, AGI is associated with traits such as consciousness, sentience, sapience, and self-awareness observed in living beings. However, according to Searle, it is an open question whether general intelligence is sufficient for consciousness. "Strong AI" (as defined above by Kurzweil) should not be confused with Searle's "strong AI hypothesis." The strong AI hypothesis is the claim that a computer which behaves as intelligently as a person must also necessarily have a mind and consciousness. AGI refers only to the amount of intelligence that the machine displays, with or without a mind.

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在科幻小说中，AGI 与生物的意识、知觉、智慧和自我意识等特征有关。然而，根据 Searle 的说法，一般智力是否足以产生意识还是一个悬而未决的问题。“强 AI”(如上文库兹韦尔所定义的)不应与塞尔的“强 AI 假设”相混淆强有力的人工智能假说认为，一台像人一样智能运行的计算机必然具有思想和意识。Agi 只是指机器显示的智能量，不管有没有头脑。

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在科幻小说中，通用人工智能与生物所具有的的意识、知觉、智慧和自我意识等特征有关。然而，根据塞尔的说法，一般智力是否足以产生意识还是一个悬而未决的问题。“强人工智能”(如上文库兹韦尔所定义的)不应与塞尔的“强人工智能假设”相混淆。强人工智能假说认为，一台像人一样智能运行的计算机必然具有思想和意识。通用人工智能只是指机器显示的智能程度，不管有没有头脑。

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===Consciousness===

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===Consciousness 意识===

There are other aspects of the human mind besides intelligence that are relevant to the concept of strong AI which play a major role in [[science fiction]] and the [[ethics of artificial intelligence]]:

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There are other aspects of the human mind besides intelligence that are relevant to the concept of strong AI which play a major role in science fiction and the ethics of artificial intelligence:

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~~在科幻小说和人工智能伦理中扮演重要角色的强大人工智能概念中，除了与智能有关的人类思维还有其他方面~~:

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除了与在科幻小说和人工智能伦理中扮演重要角色的强人工智能概念有关的智能，人类思维还有其他方面:

* [[consciousness]]: To have [[qualia|subjective experience]] and [[thought]].<ref>Note that [[consciousness]] is difficult to define. A popular definition, due to [[Thomas Nagel]], is that it "feels like" something to be conscious. If we are not conscious, then it doesn't feel like anything. Nagel uses the example of a bat: we can sensibly ask "what does it feel like to be a bat?" However, we are unlikely to ask "what does it feel like to be a toaster?" Nagel concludes that a bat appears to be conscious (i.e. has consciousness) but a toaster does not. See {{Harv|Nagel|1974}}</ref>

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意识：拥有主观体验和思想。值得一提的是意识是很难定义的。由托马斯·内格尔给出的一个著名定义陈述如下：一个事物如果能体会到某种感觉，那么它是有意识的。如果我们不是有意识的，那么我们不会有任何感觉。内格尔以蝙蝠为例：我们可以凭借感觉问出：“成为一只蝙蝠的感觉如何？”但是，我们不大可能问出：“成为一个吐司机的感觉如何？”内格尔总结认为蝙蝠像是有意识的（即拥有意识），但是吐司机却不是。

* [[self-awareness]]: To be aware of oneself as a separate individual, especially to be aware of one's own thoughts.

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自我意识：能够意识到自己是一个独立的个体，尤其是意识到自己的思想。

* [[sentience]]: The ability to "feel" perceptions or emotions subjectively.

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知觉：主观地感受概念或者情感的能力。

* [[sapience]]: The capacity for wisdom.

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智慧：容纳知识的能力。

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