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[[Image:DNA chemical structure.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[Molecular structure]] of [[DNA]] ]]

[[Image:DNA chemical structure.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[Molecular structure]] of [[DNA]] ]]

[[Molecular structure of DNA ]]

[[Molecular structure of DNA DNA分子结构]]

[ DNA 的分子结构]

[ DNA 的分子结构]

==Overview  综述==

==Overview  综述==

===Theory  理论===

===Theory  理论===

===Classes of self-replication  自复制的类别===

===Classes of self-replication  自复制的类别===

 

===A self-replicating computer program  一种自复制的电脑程序===

===A self-replicating computer program  一种自复制的电脑程序===

 

===Self-replicating tiling  自复制式平铺===

===Self-replicating tiling  自复制式平铺===

在几何学中，自复制式平铺是一种平铺方法，其中几个全等的瓷砖可以连接在一起，形成一个较大的类似于原来的瓷砖。这是一个被称为镶嵌的研究领域的一个方面。“狮身人面像”六面双锥体是已知唯一能自复制的五角形。

在几何学中，自复制式平铺是一种平铺方法，其中几个全等的瓷砖可以连接在一起，形成一个较大的类似于原来的瓷砖。这是一个被称为镶嵌的研究领域的一个方面。“狮身人面像”六面双锥体是已知唯一能自复制的五角形。

例如，四个这样的凹形五边形可以连接在一起，形成一个尺寸是原来两倍的五边形。所罗门·W·格伦布(Solomon W. Golomb)创造了术语 rep-tiles 来描述自复制式平铺。

例如，四个这样的凹形五边形可以连接在一起，形成一个尺寸是原来两倍的五边形。所罗门·W·格伦布(Solomon W. Golomb)创造了术语 rep-tiles 来描述自复制式平铺。

In 2012, [[Lee Sallows]] identified rep-tiles as a special instance of a [[self-tiling tile set]] or setiset. A setiset of order ''n'' is a set of ''n'' shapes that can be assembled in ''n'' different ways so as to form larger replicas of themselves. Setisets in which every shape is distinct are called 'perfect'.  A rep-''n'' rep-tile is just a setiset composed of ''n'' identical pieces.

In 2012, [[Lee Sallows]] identified rep-tiles as a special instance of a [[self-tiling tile set]] or setiset. A setiset of order ''n'' is a set of ''n'' shapes that can be assembled in ''n'' different ways so as to form larger replicas of themselves. Setisets in which every shape is distinct are called 'perfect'.  A rep-''n'' rep-tile is just a setiset composed of ''n'' identical pieces.

In 2012, Lee Sallows identified rep-tiles as a special instance of a self-tiling tile set or setiset. A setiset of order n is a set of n shapes that can be assembled in n different ways so as to form larger replicas of themselves. Setisets in which every shape is distinct are called 'perfect'.  A rep-n rep-tile is just a setiset composed of n identical pieces.

In 2012, Lee Sallows identified rep-tiles as a special instance of a self-tiling tile set or '''<font color="#32CD32">setiset</font>'''. A setiset of order n is a set of n shapes that can be assembled in n different ways so as to form larger replicas of themselves. Setisets in which every shape is distinct are called 'perfect'.  A rep-n rep-tile is just a setiset composed of n identical pieces.

2012年，Lee Sallows 将 rep-tiles 定义为一种特殊的自组合纹样集。一组 n 阶的复制品是一组 n 个形状的复制品，它们可以以 n 种不同的方式组合，以便形成更大的自身复制品。每个形状各不相同的塞提塞称为“完美”。Rep-n rep-tile 只是由 n 个相同部分组成的一个集合。

2012年，李·萨洛斯(Lee Sallows) 将 rep-tiles 定义为一种特殊的自平铺纹样集。一组 ''n'' 阶的复制品是一组 ''n'' 个形状的复制品，它们可以以 ''n'' 种不同的方式组合，以便形成更大的自复制产物。每个形状各不相同的 setiset 被称为“完美的”。n次重复的 rep-tile 只是由 n 个相同部分组成的一个集合。

{|

{|

|-style“ vertical-align: bottom; ”

|-style“ vertical-align: bottom; ”

[[File:Self-replication of sphynx hexidiamonds.svg|thumb|A rep-tile-based setiset of order 4|thumb|left|text-bottom|260px|Four '[[Sphinx tiling|sphinx]]' hexiamonds can be put together to form another sphinx.]]

[[File:Self-replication of sphynx hexidiamonds.svg|thumb|A rep-tile-based setiset of order 4|thumb|left|text-bottom|260px|Four '[[Sphinx tiling|sphinx]]' hexiamonds can be put together to form another sphinx. 四个“人面狮身像”双锥六面体可以拼凑成另一个人面狮身像]]

sphinx' hexiamonds can be put together to form another sphinx.]]

sphinx' hexiamonds can be put together to form another sphinx.]]

[[File:A rep-tile-based setiset of order 4.png|thumb|A rep-tile-based setiset of order 9|thumb|right|text-bottom|290px|A perfect [[Self-tiling tile set|setiset]] of order 4]]

 

[[File:A rep-tile-based setiset of order 4.png|thumb|A rep-tile-based setiset of order 9|thumb|right|text-bottom|290px|A perfect [[Self-tiling tile set|setiset]] of order 4 一个完美的四阶setiset]]

setiset of order 4]]

setiset of order 4]]

 

 

One form of natural self-replication that isn't based on DNA or RNA occurs in clay crystals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160823-the-idea-that-life-began-as-clay-crystals-is-50-years-old |title=The idea that life began as clay crystals is 50 years old |publisher=bbc.com |date=2016-08-24 |accessdate=2019-11-10}}</ref> Clay consists of a large number of small crystals, and clay is an environment that promotes crystal growth. Crystals consist of a regular lattice of atoms and are able to grow if e.g. placed in a water solution containing the crystal components; automatically arranging atoms at the crystal boundary into the crystalline form. Crystals may have irregularities where the regular atomic structure is broken, and when crystals grow, these irregularities may propagate, creating a form of self-replication of crystal irregularities. Because these irregularities may affect the probability of a crystal breaking apart to form new crystals, crystals with such irregularities could even be considered to undergo evolutionary development.

One form of natural self-replication that isn't based on DNA or RNA occurs in clay crystals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160823-the-idea-that-life-began-as-clay-crystals-is-50-years-old |title=The idea that life began as clay crystals is 50 years old |publisher=bbc.com |date=2016-08-24 |accessdate=2019-11-10}}</ref> Clay consists of a large number of small crystals, and clay is an environment that promotes crystal growth. Crystals consist of a regular lattice of atoms and are able to grow if e.g. placed in a water solution containing the crystal components; automatically arranging atoms at the crystal boundary into the crystalline form. Crystals may have irregularities where the regular atomic structure is broken, and when crystals grow, these irregularities may propagate, creating a form of self-replication of crystal irregularities. Because these irregularities may affect the probability of a crystal breaking apart to form new crystals, crystals with such irregularities could even be considered to undergo evolutionary development.

One form of natural self-replication that isn't based on DNA or RNA occurs in clay crystals. Clay consists of a large number of small crystals, and clay is an environment that promotes crystal growth. Crystals consist of a regular lattice of atoms and are able to grow if e.g. placed in a water solution containing the crystal components; automatically arranging atoms at the crystal boundary into the crystalline form. Crystals may have irregularities where the regular atomic structure is broken, and when crystals grow, these irregularities may propagate, creating a form of self-replication of crystal irregularities. Because these irregularities may affect the probability of a crystal breaking apart to form new crystals, crystals with such irregularities could even be considered to undergo evolutionary development.

One form of natural self-replication that isn't based on DNA or RNA occurs in clay crystals. Clay consists of a large number of small crystals, and clay is an environment that promotes crystal growth. Crystals consist of a regular lattice of atoms and are able to grow if e.g. placed in a water solution containing the crystal components; automatically arranging atoms at the crystal boundary into the crystalline form. Crystals may have irregularities where the regular atomic structure is broken, and when crystals grow, these irregularities may propagate, creating a form of self-replication of crystal irregularities. Because these irregularities may affect the probability of a crystal breaking apart to form new crystals, crystals with such irregularities could even be considered to undergo evolutionary development.

一种不是基于 DNA 或 RNA 的天然自我复制存在于粘土晶体中。粘土由大量的小晶体组成，粘土是促进晶体生长的环境。晶体是由规则的原子晶格组成的，如果没有原子晶格，晶体就能够生长。放置在含有晶体成分的水溶液中，自动地将晶体边界上的原子排列成晶体形式。当正常的原子结构被破坏时，晶体可能具有不规则性，当晶体生长时，这些不规则性可能会传播，形成一种晶体不规则性的自我复制。由于这些不规则结构可能会影响晶体分裂形成新晶体的概率，因此这种不规则结构的晶体甚至可以被认为是在进化过程中形成的。

粘土晶体中存在一种不基于 DNA 或 RNA 的天然自复制。粘土由大量的小晶体组成，粘土是促进晶体生长的环境。晶体是由规则的原子晶格组成的，将其放置在含有晶体成分的水溶液中能够生长，并自动地将晶体边界上的原子排列成晶体形式。当正常的原子结构被破坏时，晶体可能具有不规则性，当晶体生长时，这些不规则性可能会传播，形成一种晶体不规则性的自我复制。由于这些不规则结构可能会影响晶体分裂形成新晶体的概率，因此这种不规则结构的晶体甚至可以被认为是在进化过程中形成的。

 

===Applications===

===Applications 应用===

 

It is a long-term goal of some engineering sciences to achieve a [[clanking replicator]], a material device that can self-replicate.  The usual reason is to achieve a low cost per item while retaining the utility of a manufactured good.  Many authorities say that in the limit, the cost of self-replicating items should approach the cost-per-weight of wood or other biological substances, because self-replication avoids the costs of [[labour (economics)|labor]], [[Capital (economics)|capital]] and [[distribution (business)|distribution]] in conventional [[factory|manufactured goods]].

It is a long-term goal of some engineering sciences to achieve a [[clanking replicator]], a material device that can self-replicate.  The usual reason is to achieve a low cost per item while retaining the utility of a manufactured good.  Many authorities say that in the limit, the cost of self-replicating items should approach the cost-per-weight of wood or other biological substances, because self-replication avoids the costs of [[labour (economics)|labor]], [[Capital (economics)|capital]] and [[distribution (business)|distribution]] in conventional [[factory|manufactured goods]].

It is a long-term goal of some engineering sciences to achieve a clanking replicator, a material device that can self-replicate.  The usual reason is to achieve a low cost per item while retaining the utility of a manufactured good.  Many authorities say that in the limit, the cost of self-replicating items should approach the cost-per-weight of wood or other biological substances, because self-replication avoids the costs of labor, capital and distribution in conventional manufactured goods.

It is a long-term goal of some engineering sciences to achieve a clanking replicator, a material device that can self-replicate.  The usual reason is to achieve a low cost per item while retaining the utility of a manufactured good.  Many authorities say that in the limit, the cost of self-replicating items should approach the cost-per-weight of wood or other biological substances, because self-replication avoids the costs of labor, capital and distribution in conventional manufactured goods.

A fully novel artificial replicator is a reasonable near-term goal.

A fully novel artificial replicator is a reasonable near-term goal.

A [[NASA]] study recently placed the complexity of a [[clanking replicator]] at approximately that of [[Intel]]'s [[Pentium (brand)|Pentium]] 4 CPU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/studies/final_report/883Toth-Fejel.pdf |title=Modeling Kinematic Cellular Automata Final Report |publisher= |date=April 30, 2004 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref>  That is, the technology is achievable with a relatively small engineering group in a reasonable commercial time-scale at a reasonable cost.

A [[NASA]] study recently placed the complexity of a [[clanking replicator]] at approximately that of [[Intel]]'s [[Pentium (brand)|Pentium]] 4 CPU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/studies/final_report/883Toth-Fejel.pdf |title=Modeling Kinematic Cellular Automata Final Report |publisher= |date=April 30, 2004 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref>  That is, the technology is achievable with a relatively small engineering group in a reasonable commercial time-scale at a reasonable cost.

A NASA study recently placed the complexity of a clanking replicator at approximately that of Intel's Pentium 4 CPU.  That is, the technology is achievable with a relatively small engineering group in a reasonable commercial time-scale at a reasonable cost.

A NASA study recently placed the complexity of a clanking replicator at approximately that of Intel's Pentium 4 CPU.  That is, the technology is achievable with a relatively small engineering group in a reasonable commercial time-scale at a reasonable cost.

Given the currently keen interest in biotechnology and the high levels of funding in that field, attempts to exploit the replicative ability of existing cells are timely, and may easily lead to significant insights and advances.

Given the currently keen interest in biotechnology and the high levels of funding in that field, attempts to exploit the replicative ability of existing cells are timely, and may easily lead to significant insights and advances.

A variation of self replication is of practical relevance in compiler construction, where a similar bootstrapping problem occurs as in natural self replication. A compiler (phenotype) can be applied on the compiler's own source code (genotype) producing the compiler itself. During compiler development, a modified (mutated) source is used to create the next generation of the compiler. This process differs from natural self-replication in that the process is directed by an engineer, not by the subject itself.

A variation of self replication is of practical relevance in compiler construction, where a similar bootstrapping problem occurs as in natural self replication. A compiler (phenotype) can be applied on the compiler's own source code (genotype) producing the compiler itself. During compiler development, a modified (mutated) source is used to create the next generation of the compiler. This process differs from natural self-replication in that the process is directed by an engineer, not by the subject itself.

自我复制的一种变体在编译器构造中具有实际意义，在自然自我复制中也会出现类似的自举问题。编译器(表型)可以应用于编译器自身的源代码(基因型) ，从而产生编译器本身。在编译器开发过程中，使用修改(变异)的源代码来创建下一代编译器。这个过程不同于自然自我复制，因为这个过程是由工程师指导的，而不是主体本身。

自复制的一种变体在编译器构造中具有实际意义，在天然自复制中也会出现类似的自举问题。编译器(表型)可以应用于编译器自身的源代码(基因型) ，从而产生编译器本身。在编译器开发过程中，一般使用修改(变异)的源代码来创建下一代编译器。这个过程不同于自然自我复制，因为这个过程是由工程师指导的，而不是主体本身。

 

 

{{Main|Self-replicating machine}}

{{Main|Self-replicating machine}}

An activity in the field of robots is the self-replication of machines. Since all robots (at least in modern times) have a fair number of the same features, a self-replicating robot (or possibly a hive of robots) would need to do the following:

An activity in the field of robots is the self-replication of machines. Since all robots (at least in modern times) have a fair number of the same features, a self-replicating robot (or possibly a hive of robots) would need to do the following:

机器人领域的一项活动就是机器的自我复制。由于所有机器人(至少在现代)都有相当数量的相同特性，一个自我复制的机器人(或者可能是一群机器人)需要做以下工作:

机器人领域的一项活动就是机器的自复制。由于所有机器人(至少在现代)都有相当数量的相同特性，一个自复制机器人(或者可能是一群机器人)需要做到以下几点:

*Obtain construction materials

*Obtain construction materials

*Manufacture new parts including its smallest parts and thinking apparatus

*Manufacture new parts including its smallest parts and thinking apparatus

*Provide a consistent power source

*Provide a consistent power source

*Program the new members

*Program the new members

*error correct any mistakes in the offspring

*error correct any mistakes in the offspring

 

On a nano scale, assemblers might also be designed to self-replicate under their own power. This, in turn, has given rise to the "grey goo" version of Armageddon, as featured in such science fiction novels as Bloom, Prey, and Recursion.

On a nano scale, assemblers might also be designed to self-replicate under their own power. This, in turn, has given rise to the "grey goo" version of Armageddon, as featured in such science fiction novels as Bloom, Prey, and Recursion.

The Foresight Institute has published guidelines for researchers in mechanical self-replication. The guidelines recommend that researchers use several specific techniques for preventing mechanical replicators from getting out of control, such as using a broadcast architecture.

The Foresight Institute has published guidelines for researchers in mechanical self-replication. The guidelines recommend that researchers use several specific techniques for preventing mechanical replicators from getting out of control, such as using a broadcast architecture.

For a detailed article on mechanical reproduction as it relates to the industrial age see mass production.

For a detailed article on mechanical reproduction as it relates to the industrial age see mass production.

 

{{refimprove section|date=August 2017}}

{{refimprove section|date=August 2017}}

在工业界

==In industry  在工业界==

太空探索和制造业

 

 

===Space exploration and manufacturing  太空探索和制造业===

 

 

The goal of self-replication in space systems is to exploit large amounts of matter with a low launch mass.  For example, an [[autotroph]]ic self-replicating machine could cover a moon or planet with solar cells, and beam the power to the Earth using microwaves.  Once in place, the same machinery that built itself could also produce raw materials or manufactured objects, including transportation systems to ship the products. [[Von Neumann Probe|Another model]] of self-replicating machine would copy itself through the galaxy and universe, sending information back.

The goal of self-replication in space systems is to exploit large amounts of matter with a low launch mass.  For example, an [[autotroph]]ic self-replicating machine could cover a moon or planet with solar cells, and beam the power to the Earth using microwaves.  Once in place, the same machinery that built itself could also produce raw materials or manufactured objects, including transportation systems to ship the products. [[Von Neumann Probe|Another model]] of self-replicating machine would copy itself through the galaxy and universe, sending information back.

 

===Molecular manufacturing===

===Molecular manufacturing===

 

 

* [[Artificial life]]

* [[Artificial life]]