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===复杂系统建模===
 
===复杂系统建模===
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Mathematical models of complex systems are of three types: [[black-box]] (phenomenological), [[White box (software engineering)|white-box]] (mechanistic, based on the [[first principles]]) and [[Grey box model|grey-box]] (mixtures of phenomenological and mechanistic models).<ref name="Kalmykov Lev V., Kalmykov Vyacheslav L. Solution">
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Mathematical models of complex systems are of three types: black-box (phenomenological), white-box (mechanistic, based on the first principles) and grey-box (mixtures of phenomenological and mechanistic models).<ref name="Kalmykov Lev V., Kalmykov Vyacheslav L. Solution">
      
[[复杂系统]]的数学模型分为三种:'''黑箱 black-box'''(现象学),'''白箱 White box'''(力学,基于第一原理)和灰箱 grey-box(现象学和力学模型的混合)。在黑箱模型中,基于个体的复杂动态系统机制仍然是个谜。<ref name="Kalmykov Lev V., Kalmykov Vyacheslav L. Solution">Kalmykov, Lev V.; Kalmykov, Vyacheslav L. (2015), "A Solution to the Biodiversity Paradox by Logical Deterministic Cellular Automata", Acta Biotheoretica, 63 (2): 1–19, doi:10.1007/s10441-015-9257-9, PMID 25980478, S2CID 2941481</ref>  
 
[[复杂系统]]的数学模型分为三种:'''黑箱 black-box'''(现象学),'''白箱 White box'''(力学,基于第一原理)和灰箱 grey-box(现象学和力学模型的混合)。在黑箱模型中,基于个体的复杂动态系统机制仍然是个谜。<ref name="Kalmykov Lev V., Kalmykov Vyacheslav L. Solution">Kalmykov, Lev V.; Kalmykov, Vyacheslav L. (2015), "A Solution to the Biodiversity Paradox by Logical Deterministic Cellular Automata", Acta Biotheoretica, 63 (2): 1–19, doi:10.1007/s10441-015-9257-9, PMID 25980478, S2CID 2941481</ref>