− | [[复杂系统]]的数学模型分为三种:'''黑箱 black-box'''(现象学),'''白箱 White box'''(力学,基于第一原理)和灰箱 grey-box(现象学和力学模型的混合)。在黑箱模型中,基于个体的复杂动态系统机制仍然是个谜。<ref name="Kalmykov Lev V., Kalmykov Vyacheslav L. Solution">Kalmykov, Lev V.; Kalmykov, Vyacheslav L. (2015), "A Solution to the Biodiversity Paradox by Logical Deterministic Cellular Automata", Acta Biotheoretica, 63 (2): 1–19, doi:10.1007/s10441-015-9257-9, PMID 25980478, S2CID 2941481</ref> | + | [[复杂系统]]的数学模型分为三种:'''黑箱 black-box'''(现象学),'''白箱 White box'''(力学,基于第一原理)和'''灰箱 grey-box'''(现象学和力学模型的混合)。在黑箱模型中,基于个体的复杂动态系统机制仍然是个谜。<ref name="Kalmykov Lev V., Kalmykov Vyacheslav L. Solution">Kalmykov, Lev V.; Kalmykov, Vyacheslav L. (2015), "A Solution to the Biodiversity Paradox by Logical Deterministic Cellular Automata", Acta Biotheoretica, 63 (2): 1–19, doi:10.1007/s10441-015-9257-9, PMID 25980478, S2CID 2941481</ref> |
| <ref name="A">Kalmykov, Lev V.; Kalmykov, Vyacheslav L. (2015), "A white-box model of S-shaped and double S-shaped single-species population growth", PeerJ, 3:e948: e948, doi:10.7717/peerj.948, PMC 4451025, PMID 26038717</ref> | | <ref name="A">Kalmykov, Lev V.; Kalmykov, Vyacheslav L. (2015), "A white-box model of S-shaped and double S-shaped single-species population growth", PeerJ, 3:e948: e948, doi:10.7717/peerj.948, PMC 4451025, PMID 26038717</ref> |