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* ''“...reason[ing] to the conclusion that something is, or is likely to be, the cause of something else”''（...推论得出某事是（或可能是）其他事情的原因这一结论）。<ref name=EB>{{cite web|title=causal inference|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1442615/causal-inference|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref>
* ''“...reason[ing] to the conclusion that something is, or is likely to be, the cause of something else.”''（...推论得出某事是（或可能是）其他事情的原因这一结论。）<ref name=EB>{{cite web|title=causal inference|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1442615/causal-inference|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref>
* ''“Identification of the cause or causes of a phenomenon, by establishing covariation of cause and effect, a time-order relationship with the cause preceding the effect, and the elimination of plausible alternative causes”''（通过建立因果的共变模型，前因后果的时间顺序联系，以及消除其他可能的替代原因，从而对现象的一个或多个原因进行确认）。<ref name=psy>{{cite book|author1=John Shaughnessy|author2=Eugene Zechmeister|author3=Jeanne Zechmeister|title=Research Methods in Psychology|date=2000|publisher=McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages|isbn=978-0077825362|pages=Chapter 1 : Introduction|url=http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/psychology/shaugh/ch01_concepts.html|accessdate=24 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015135541/http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/psychology/shaugh/ch01_concepts.html|archive-date=15 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''“Identification of the cause or causes of a phenomenon, by establishing covariation of cause and effect, a time-order relationship with the cause preceding the effect, and the elimination of plausible alternative causes.”''（通过建立因果的共变模型，前因后果的时间顺序联系，以及消除其他可能的替代原因，从而对现象的一个或多个原因进行确认。）<ref name=psy>{{cite book|author1=John Shaughnessy|author2=Eugene Zechmeister|author3=Jeanne Zechmeister|title=Research Methods in Psychology|date=2000|publisher=McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages|isbn=978-0077825362|pages=Chapter 1 : Introduction|url=http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/psychology/shaugh/ch01_concepts.html|accessdate=24 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015135541/http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/psychology/shaugh/ch01_concepts.html|archive-date=15 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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