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→Misunderstandings
1944年，[[John von Neumann]]和[[Oskar Morgenstern]]证明了“n”玩家的任何非零和游戏都等价于一个“n”玩家+1玩家的零和游戏，即第(''n'' + 1)th 个玩家代表全球盈亏。<ref>{{cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/7802.html |title=Theory of Games and Economic Behavior |publisher=Princeton University Press (1953) |date=June 25, 2005|accessdate=2018-02-25|isbn=9780691130613 }}</ref>
1944年，[[John von Neumann]]和[[Oskar Morgenstern]]证明了“n”玩家的任何非零和游戏都等价于一个“n”玩家+1玩家的零和游戏，即第(''n'' + 1)th 个玩家代表全球盈亏。<ref>{{cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/7802.html |title=Theory of Games and Economic Behavior |publisher=Princeton University Press (1953) |date=June 25, 2005|accessdate=2018-02-25|isbn=9780691130613 }}</ref>
== Misunderstandings ==
== Misunderstandings 争议问题==
Zero-sum games and particularly their solutions are commonly misunderstood by critics of [[game theory]], usually with respect to the independence and [[Rational choice theory|rationality]] of the players, as well as to the interpretation of utility functions. Furthermore, the word "game" does not imply the model is valid only for recreational [[game]]s.<ref name="Binmore2007">{{cite book|author=Ken Binmore|title=Playing for real: a text on game theory|url=https://books.google.com/?id=eY0YhSk9ujsC|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press US|isbn=978-0-19-530057-4|authorlink=Ken Binmore}}, chapters 1 & 7</ref>
Zero-sum games and particularly their solutions are commonly misunderstood by critics of [[game theory]], usually with respect to the independence and [[Rational choice theory|rationality]] of the players, as well as to the interpretation of utility functions. Furthermore, the word "game" does not imply the model is valid only for recreational [[game]]s.<ref name="Binmore2007">{{cite book|author=Ken Binmore|title=Playing for real: a text on game theory|url=https://books.google.com/?id=eY0YhSk9ujsC|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press US|isbn=978-0-19-530057-4|authorlink=Ken Binmore}}, chapters 1 & 7</ref>
零和博弈，尤其是它们的解决方案经常被[[博弈论]]的批评者误解，通常是关于参与者的独立性和[[理性选择理论|理性]]，以及对效用函数的解释。此外，“游戏”一词并不意味着该模型仅对娱乐[[游戏]]有效。<ref name="Binmore2007">{{cite book|author=Ken Binmore|title=Playing for real: a text on game theory|url=https://books.google.com/?id=eY0YhSk9ujsC|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press US|isbn=978-0-19-530057-4|authorlink=Ken Binmore}}, chapters 1 & 7</ref>
Politics is sometimes called zero sum.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rubin |first=Jennifer |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2013/10/04/the-flaw-in-zero-sum-politics/ |title=The flaw in zero sum politics |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2013-10-04 |accessdate=2017-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21595973-voters-think-both-parties-are-telling-truth-about-how-awful-other-lot-are-zero-sum |title=Lexington: Zero-sum politics |newspaper=The Economist |date=2014-02-08 |accessdate=2017-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/zero-sum-game |title=Zero-sum game | Define Zero-sum game at |dictionary=Dictionary.com |accessdate=2017-03-08}}</ref>
Politics is sometimes called zero sum.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rubin |first=Jennifer |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2013/10/04/the-flaw-in-zero-sum-politics/ |title=The flaw in zero sum politics |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2013-10-04 |accessdate=2017-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21595973-voters-think-both-parties-are-telling-truth-about-how-awful-other-lot-are-zero-sum |title=Lexington: Zero-sum politics |newspaper=The Economist |date=2014-02-08 |accessdate=2017-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/zero-sum-game |title=Zero-sum game | Define Zero-sum game at |dictionary=Dictionary.com |accessdate=2017-03-08}}</ref>
政治有时被称为零和。<ref>{{cite news|last=Rubin |first=Jennifer |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2013/10/04/the-flaw-in-zero-sum-politics/ |title=The flaw in zero sum politics |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2013-10-04 |accessdate=2017-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21595973-voters-think-both-parties-are-telling-truth-about-how-awful-other-lot-are-zero-sum |title=Lexington: Zero-sum politics |newspaper=The Economist |date=2014-02-08 |accessdate=2017-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/zero-sum-game |title=Zero-sum game | Define Zero-sum game at |dictionary=Dictionary.com |accessdate=2017-03-08}}</ref>
== Zero-sum thinking ==
== Zero-sum thinking ==