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<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Jonathan |last2=Hunt |first2=C. Anthony |year=2010 |title=Identifying the rules of engagement enabling leukocyte rolling, activation, and adhesion |url=|journal=PLOS Computational Biology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=e1000681 |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000681 |pmid=20174606 |pmc=2824748 |bibcode=2010PLSCB...6E0681T }}</ref> 和人类免疫系统<ref>{{cite book |last1=Castiglione |first1=Filippo |first2=Franco |last2=Celada |url=http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466597488 |title=Immune System Modeling and Simulation |publisher=CRC Press, Boca Raton |year=2015 |pages=274 |isbn=978-1-4665-9748-8}}
<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Jonathan |last2=Hunt |first2=C. Anthony |year=2010 |title=Identifying the rules of engagement enabling leukocyte rolling, activation, and adhesion |url=|journal=PLOS Computational Biology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=e1000681 |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000681 |pmid=20174606 |pmc=2824748 |bibcode=2010PLSCB...6E0681T }}</ref> 和人类免疫系统<ref>{{cite book |last1=Castiglione |first1=Filippo |first2=Franco |last2=Celada |url=http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466597488 |title=Immune System Modeling and Simulation |publisher=CRC Press, Boca Raton |year=2015 |pages=274 |isbn=978-1-4665-9748-8}}
</ref>的影响。基于主体的模型也被用于开发决策支持系统，如乳腺癌<ref>{{Cite book |doi=10.1109/ICICT.2009.5267202 |chapter-url=http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/ICICT_Cameraready_June20_09.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614051810/http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/ICICT_Cameraready_June20_09.pdf |archivedate=June 14, 2011 |df=mdy-all |chapter=A new hybrid agent-based modeling & simulation decision support system for breast cancer data analysis |title=2009 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies |pages=134–139 |year=2009 |last1=Siddiqa |first1=Amnah |last2=Niazi |first2=Muaz |last3=Mustafa |first3=Farah |last4=Bokhari |first4=Habib |last5=Hussain |first5=Amir |last6=Akram |first6=Noreen |last7=Shaheen |first7=Shabnum |last8=Ahmed |first8=Fouzia |last9=Iqbal |first9=Sarah |isbn=978-1-4244-4608-7 |s2cid=14433449 }} (Breast Cancer DSS)</ref> 。基于主体的模型越来越多地被用于在早期阶段和临床前研究中为药理学系统建模，以帮助药物开发，并获得对生物系统的洞见<ref name=CPT>{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=James |last2=Cosgrove |first2=Jason |last3=Alden |first3=Kieran |last4=Read |first4=Mark |last5=Kumar |first5=Vipin |last6=Cucurull‐Sanchez |first6=Lourdes |last7=Timmis |first7=Jon |last8=Coles |first8=Mark |title=Agent‐Based Modeling in Systems Pharmacology |journal=CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology |date=2015 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=615–629 |doi=10.1002/psp4.12018 |pmid = 26783498|pmc=4716580 }}</ref> Military applications have also been evaluated.<ref>{{cite book |title=Engineering Principles of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation |first1=Gnana |last1=Barathy |first2=Levent |last2=Yilmaz |first3=Andreas |last3=Tolk |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]] |pages=669–714 |date=March 2012 |doi=10.1002/9781118180310.ch27 |chapter=Agent Directed Simulation for Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation |isbn=9781118180310}}</ref> 。此外，基于主体的模型最近被用于研究分子水平的生物系统。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Azimi |first1=Mohammad |last2=Jamali |first2=Yousef |last3=Mofrad |first3=Mohammad R. K. |title=Accounting for Diffusion in Agent Based Models of Reaction-Diffusion Systems with Application to Cytoskeletal Diffusion |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=e25306 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025306 |pmc=3179499 |pmid=21966493 |year=2011 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...625306A}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Azimi |first1=Mohammad |last2=Mofrad |first2=Mohammad R. K. |title=Higher Nucleoporin-Importinβ Affinity at the Nuclear Basket Increases Nucleocytoplasmic Import |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=e81741 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0081741 |pmc=3840022 |pmid=24282617 |year=2013 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...881741A}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Azimi |first1=Mohammad |last2=Bulat |first2=Evgeny |last3=Weis |first3=Karsten |last4=Mofrad |first4=Mohammad R. K. |date=2014-11-05 |title=An agent-based model for mRNA export through the nuclear pore complex |journal=Molecular Biology of the Cell |volume=25 |issue=22 |pages=3643–3653 |doi=10.1091/mbc.E14-06-1065 |pmc=4230623 |pmid=25253717}}</ref>
</ref>的影响。基于主体的模型也被用于开发决策支持系统，如乳腺癌<ref>{{Cite book |doi=10.1109/ICICT.2009.5267202 |chapter-url=http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/ICICT_Cameraready_June20_09.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614051810/http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/ICICT_Cameraready_June20_09.pdf |archivedate=June 14, 2011 |df=mdy-all |chapter=A new hybrid agent-based modeling & simulation decision support system for breast cancer data analysis |title=2009 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies |pages=134–139 |year=2009 |last1=Siddiqa |first1=Amnah |last2=Niazi |first2=Muaz |last3=Mustafa |first3=Farah |last4=Bokhari |first4=Habib |last5=Hussain |first5=Amir |last6=Akram |first6=Noreen |last7=Shaheen |first7=Shabnum |last8=Ahmed |first8=Fouzia |last9=Iqbal |first9=Sarah |isbn=978-1-4244-4608-7 |s2cid=14433449 }} (Breast Cancer DSS)</ref> 。基于主体的模型越来越多地被用于在早期阶段和临床前研究中为药理学系统建模，以帮助药物开发，并获得对生物系统的洞见<ref name=CPT>{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=James |last2=Cosgrove |first2=Jason |last3=Alden |first3=Kieran |last4=Read |first4=Mark |last5=Kumar |first5=Vipin |last6=Cucurull‐Sanchez |first6=Lourdes |last7=Timmis |first7=Jon |last8=Coles |first8=Mark |title=Agent‐Based Modeling in Systems Pharmacology |journal=CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology |date=2015 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=615–629 |doi=10.1002/psp4.12018 |pmid = 26783498|pmc=4716580 }}</ref> Military applications have also been evaluated.<ref>{{cite book |title=Engineering Principles of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation |first1=Gnana |last1=Barathy |first2=Levent |last2=Yilmaz |first3=Andreas |last3=Tolk |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]] |pages=669–714 |date=March 2012 |doi=10.1002/9781118180310.ch27 |chapter=Agent Directed Simulation for Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation |isbn=9781118180310}}</ref> 。此外，基于主体的模型最近被用于研究分子水平的生物系统。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Azimi |first1=Mohammad |last2=Jamali |first2=Yousef |last3=Mofrad |first3=Mohammad R. K. |title=Accounting for Diffusion in Agent Based Models of Reaction-Diffusion Systems with Application to Cytoskeletal Diffusion |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=e25306 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025306 |pmc=3179499 |pmid=21966493 |year=2011 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...625306A}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Azimi |first1=Mohammad |last2=Mofrad |first2=Mohammad R. K. |title=Higher Nucleoporin-Importinβ Affinity at the Nuclear Basket Increases Nucleocytoplasmic Import |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=e81741 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0081741 |pmc=3840022 |pmid=24282617 |year=2013 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...881741A}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Azimi |first1=Mohammad |last2=Bulat |first2=Evgeny |last3=Weis |first3=Karsten |last4=Mofrad |first4=Mohammad R. K. |date=2014-11-05 |title=An agent-based model for mRNA export through the nuclear pore complex |journal=Molecular Biology of the Cell |volume=25 |issue=22 |pages=3643–3653 |doi=10.1091/mbc.E14-06-1065 |pmc=4230623 |pmid=25253717}}</ref>
=== 在流行病学中 ===
基于主体的模型已经取代了传统的流行病学模型——'''区室模型 Compartmental models'''。在预测的准确性方面，ABMs的方法已被证明优于区室模型。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eisinger|first1=Dirk|last2=Thulke|first2=Hans-Hermann|date=2008-04-01|title=Spatial pattern formation facilitates eradication of infectious diseases|journal=The Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=45|issue=2|pages=415–423|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01439.x|issn=0021-8901|pmc=2326892|pmid=18784795}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691190822/agent-based-and-individual-based-modeling|title=Agent-Based and Individual-Based Modeling|date=2019-03-26|isbn=978-0-691-19082-2|language=en|last1=Railsback|first1=Steven F.|last2=Grimm|first2=Volker}}</ref>最近，ABMs已被用于进行公共卫生(非药物)干预措施，以防止 SARS-CoV-2的扩散。[45]流行病学上的ABMs因其简单化和不切实际的假设而受到批评。不过，ABMs在精确校准的情况下，仍然可以用来为有关缓解和压制措施的决定提供决策。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sridhar|first1=Devi|last2=Majumder|first2=Maimuna S.|date=2020-04-21|title=Modelling the pandemic|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1567|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=369|pages=m1567|doi=10.1136/bmj.m1567|issn=1756-1833|pmid=32317328|s2cid=216074714}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Squazzoni|first1=Flaminio|last2=Polhill|first2=J. Gareth|last3=Edmonds|first3=Bruce|last4=Ahrweiler|first4=Petra|last5=Antosz|first5=Patrycja|last6=Scholz|first6=Geeske|last7=Chappin|first7=Émile|last8=Borit|first8=Melania|last9=Verhagen|first9=Harko|last10=Giardini|first10=Francesca|last11=Gilbert|first11=Nigel|date=2020|title=Computational Models That Matter During a Global Pandemic Outbreak: A Call to Action|url=http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/23/2/10.html|journal=Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation|volume=23|issue=2|pages=10|doi=10.18564/jasss.4298|s2cid=216426533|issn=1460-7425}}</ref> Still, they can be useful in informing decisions regarding mitigation and suppression measures in cases when ABMs are accurately calibrated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Maziarz|first1=Mariusz|last2=Zach|first2=Martin|date=2020|title=Agent-based modelling for SARS-CoV-2 epidemic prediction and intervention assessment: A methodological appraisal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jep.13459|journal=Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice|language=en|volume=26|issue=5|pages=1352–1360|doi=10.1111/jep.13459|issn=1365-2753|pmc=7461315|pmid=32820573}}</ref>
===在业务，技术和网络理论中===
===在业务，技术和网络理论中===