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Ocean [[salinity]] has been constant at about 3.5% for a very long time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Introduction to Ocean Sciences|last=Segar|first=Douglas|publisher=Library of Congress|year=2012|isbn=978-0-9857859-0-1|location=http://www.reefimages.com/oceans/SegarOcean3Chap05.pdf|pages=Chapter 5 3rd Edition|quote=|via=}}</ref> Salinity stability in oceanic environments is important as most cells require a rather constant salinity and do not generally tolerate values above 5%. The constant ocean salinity was a long-standing mystery, because no process counterbalancing the salt influx from rivers was known. Recently it was suggested<ref name="Gorham19912">{{cite journal|last=Gorham|first=Eville|date=1 January 1991|title=Biogeochemistry: its origins and development|journal=Biogeochemistry|publisher=Kluwer Academic|volume=13|issue=3|pages=199–239|doi=10.1007/BF00002942|issn=1573-515X|ref=harv}}</ref> that salinity may also be strongly influenced by [[seawater]] circulation through hot [[basalt]]ic rocks, and emerging as hot water vents on [[mid-ocean ridge]]s. However, the composition of seawater is far from equilibrium, and it is difficult to explain this fact without the influence of organic processes. One suggested explanation lies in the formation of salt plains throughout Earth's history. It is hypothesized that these are created by bacterial colonies that fix ions and heavy metals during their life processes.<ref name=":0" />

Ocean [[salinity]] has been constant at about 3.5% for a very long time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Introduction to Ocean Sciences|last=Segar|first=Douglas|publisher=Library of Congress|year=2012|isbn=978-0-9857859-0-1|location=http://www.reefimages.com/oceans/SegarOcean3Chap05.pdf|pages=Chapter 5 3rd Edition|quote=|via=}}</ref> Salinity stability in oceanic environments is important as most cells require a rather constant salinity and do not generally tolerate values above 5%. The constant ocean salinity was a long-standing mystery, because no process counterbalancing the salt influx from rivers was known. Recently it was suggested<ref name="Gorham19912">{{cite journal|last=Gorham|first=Eville|date=1 January 1991|title=Biogeochemistry: its origins and development|journal=Biogeochemistry|publisher=Kluwer Academic|volume=13|issue=3|pages=199–239|doi=10.1007/BF00002942|issn=1573-515X|ref=harv}}</ref> that salinity may also be strongly influenced by [[seawater]] circulation through hot [[basalt]]ic rocks, and emerging as hot water vents on [[mid-ocean ridge]]s. However, the composition of seawater is far from equilibrium, and it is difficult to explain this fact without the influence of organic processes. One suggested explanation lies in the formation of salt plains throughout Earth's history. It is hypothesized that these are created by bacterial colonies that fix ions and heavy metals during their life processes.<ref name=":0" />

 

In the biogeochemical processes of Earth, sources and sinks are the movement of elements. The composition of salt ions within our oceans and seas is: sodium (Na⁺), chlorine (Cl⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), magnesium (Mg²⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺) and potassium (K⁺). The elements that comprise salinity do not readily change and are a conservative property of seawater.<ref name=":0" /> There are many mechanisms that change salinity from a particulate form to a dissolved form and back. The known sources of sodium i.e. salts are when weathering, erosion, and dissolution of rocks are transported into rivers and deposited into the oceans.

In the biogeochemical processes of Earth, sources and sinks are the movement of elements. The composition of salt ions within our oceans and seas is: sodium (Na⁺), chlorine (Cl⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), magnesium (Mg²⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺) and potassium (K⁺). The elements that comprise salinity do not readily change and are a conservative property of seawater.<ref name=":0" /> There are many mechanisms that change salinity from a particulate form to a dissolved form and back. The known sources of sodium i.e. salts are when weathering, erosion, and dissolution of rocks are transported into rivers and deposited into the oceans.

 

The [[Mediterranean Sea]] as being Gaia's kidney is found ([http://scimar.icm.csic.es/scimar/index.php/secId/6/IdArt/209/ here]) by Kenneth J. Hsue, a correspondence author in 2001. The "[[desiccation]]" of the Mediterranean is the evidence of a functioning kidney. Earlier "kidney functions" were performed during the "[[Deposition (geology)|deposition]] of the [[Cretaceous]] ([[Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic]]), [[Jurassic]] ([[Gulf of Mexico]]), [[Permian–Triassic extinction event|Permo-Triassic]] ([[Europe]]), [[Devonian]] ([[Canada]]), [[Cambrian]]/[[Precambrian]] ([[Gondwana]]) saline giants."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scimar.icm.csic.es/scimar/index.php/secId/6/IdArt/209/|title=Scientia Marina: List of Issues|last=http://www.webviva.com|first=Justino Martinez. Web Viva 2007|website=scimar.icm.csic.es|language=English|access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref>

The [[Mediterranean Sea]] as being Gaia's kidney is found ([http://scimar.icm.csic.es/scimar/index.php/secId/6/IdArt/209/ here]) by Kenneth J. Hsue, a correspondence author in 2001. The "[[desiccation]]" of the Mediterranean is the evidence of a functioning kidney. Earlier "kidney functions" were performed during the "[[Deposition (geology)|deposition]] of the [[Cretaceous]] ([[Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic]]), [[Jurassic]] ([[Gulf of Mexico]]), [[Permian–Triassic extinction event|Permo-Triassic]] ([[Europe]]), [[Devonian]] ([[Canada]]), [[Cambrian]]/[[Precambrian]] ([[Gondwana]]) saline giants."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scimar.icm.csic.es/scimar/index.php/secId/6/IdArt/209/|title=Scientia Marina: List of Issues|last=http://www.webviva.com|first=Justino Martinez. Web Viva 2007|website=scimar.icm.csic.es|language=English|access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref>

 

[[Earthrise taken from Apollo 8 on December 24, 1968]]

[[Earthrise taken from Apollo 8 on December 24, 1968]]

PIE grandmother), or the Earth Mother. James Lovelock gave this name to his hypothesis after a suggestion from the novelist William Golding, who was living in the same village as Lovelock at the time (Bowerchalke, Wiltshire, UK). Golding's advice was based on Gea, an alternative spelling for the name of the Greek goddess, which is used as prefix in geology, geophysics and geochemistry. Later, the naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt recognized the coevolution of living organisms, climate, and Earth's crust. His visionary pronouncements were not widely accepted in the West, and some decades later the Gaia hypothesis received the same type of initial resistance from the scientific community.

PIE grandmother), or the Earth Mother. James Lovelock gave this name to his hypothesis after a suggestion from the novelist William Golding, who was living in the same village as Lovelock at the time (Bowerchalke, Wiltshire, UK). Golding's advice was based on Gea, an alternative spelling for the name of the Greek goddess, which is used as prefix in geology, geophysics and geochemistry. Later, the naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt recognized the coevolution of living organisms, climate, and Earth's crust. His visionary pronouncements were not widely accepted in the West, and some decades later the Gaia hypothesis received the same type of initial resistance from the scientific community.

[[File:Vostok 420ky 4curves insolation.jpg|thumb|280px|Levels of gases in the atmosphere in 420,000 years of ice core data from [[Vostok Station|Vostok, Antarctica research station]]. Current period is at the left. <!-- Unsourced material based on GIMP FX version of this chart. The current version here is correct, original. This verbiage must be removed: Note that current CO₂ levels are more than 390 ppm, far higher than at any time in the last 400,000 years -->]]

[[File:Vostok 420ky 4curves insolation.jpg|thumb|280px|Levels of gases in the atmosphere in 420,000 years of ice core data from [[Vostok Station|Vostok, Antarctica research station]]. Current period is at the left. <!-- Unsourced material based on GIMP FX version of this chart. The current version here is correct, original. This verbiage must be removed: Note that current CO₂ levels are more than 390 ppm, far higher than at any time in the last 400,000 years -->]]

1971年，微生物学家 Lynn Margulis 博士加入了 Lovelock 的行列，努力将最初的假设充实为科学证明的概念，贡献了她关于微生物如何影响大气层和地球表面不同层次的知识。这位美国生物学家也唤醒了科学界的批评，因为她倡导真核细胞器起源的理论，以及她对美国共生发源学会的贡献，现在被接受了。玛格丽丝在她的书《共生星球》中将最后八章献给了盖亚。然而，她反对对盖亚的广泛拟人化，并强调盖亚“不是一个有机体” ，而是“有机体之间相互作用的一个新兴属性”。她将盖亚定义为“组成地球表面一个巨大生态系统的一系列相互作用的生态系统”。句号”。这本书最令人难忘的“口号”实际上是由马古利斯的一个学生打趣说的: “从太空看，盖亚只是共生而已。”。

1971年，微生物学家 Lynn Margulis 博士加入了 Lovelock 的行列，努力将最初的假设充实为科学证明的概念，贡献了她关于微生物如何影响大气层和地球表面不同层次的知识。这位美国生物学家也唤醒了科学界的批评，因为她倡导真核细胞器起源的理论，以及她对美国共生发源学会的贡献，现在被接受了。玛格丽丝在她的书《共生星球》中将最后八章献给了盖亚。然而，她反对对盖亚的广泛拟人化，并强调盖亚“不是一个有机体” ，而是“有机体之间相互作用的一个新兴属性”。她将盖亚定义为“组成地球表面一个巨大生态系统的一系列相互作用的生态系统”。句号”。这本书最令人难忘的“口号”实际上是由马古利斯的一个学生打趣说的: “从太空看，盖亚只是共生而已。”。

===Processing of CO₂===

===Processing of CO₂二氧化碳处理===

{{See also|Carbon cycle}}

{{See also|Carbon cycle}}

==History==

==History历史==

Lovelock was careful to present a version of the Gaia hypothesis that had no claim that Gaia intentionally or consciously maintained the complex balance in her environment that life needed to survive. It would appear that the claim that Gaia acts "intentionally" was a metaphoric statement in his popular initial book and was not meant to be taken literally. This new statement of the Gaia hypothesis was more acceptable to the scientific community. Most accusations of teleologism ceased, following this conference.

Lovelock was careful to present a version of the Gaia hypothesis that had no claim that Gaia intentionally or consciously maintained the complex balance in her environment that life needed to survive. It would appear that the claim that Gaia acts "intentionally" was a metaphoric statement in his popular initial book and was not meant to be taken literally. This new statement of the Gaia hypothesis was more acceptable to the scientific community. Most accusations of teleologism ceased, following this conference.