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Ocean [[salinity]] has been constant at about 3.5% for a very long time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Introduction to Ocean Sciences|last=Segar|first=Douglas|publisher=Library of Congress|year=2012|isbn=978-0-9857859-0-1|location=http://www.reefimages.com/oceans/SegarOcean3Chap05.pdf|pages=Chapter 5 3rd Edition|quote=|via=}}</ref> Salinity stability in oceanic environments is important as most cells require a rather constant salinity and do not generally tolerate values above 5%. The constant ocean salinity was a long-standing mystery, because no process counterbalancing the salt influx from rivers was known. Recently it was suggested<ref name="Gorham19912">{{cite journal|last=Gorham|first=Eville|date=1 January 1991|title=Biogeochemistry: its origins and development|journal=Biogeochemistry|publisher=Kluwer Academic|volume=13|issue=3|pages=199–239|doi=10.1007/BF00002942|issn=1573-515X|ref=harv}}</ref> that salinity may also be strongly influenced by [[seawater]] circulation through hot [[basalt]]ic rocks, and emerging as hot water vents on [[mid-ocean ridge]]s. However, the composition of seawater is far from equilibrium, and it is difficult to explain this fact without the influence of organic processes. One suggested explanation lies in the formation of salt plains throughout Earth's history. It is hypothesized that these are created by bacterial colonies that fix ions and heavy metals during their life processes.<ref name=":0" />
 
Ocean [[salinity]] has been constant at about 3.5% for a very long time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Introduction to Ocean Sciences|last=Segar|first=Douglas|publisher=Library of Congress|year=2012|isbn=978-0-9857859-0-1|location=http://www.reefimages.com/oceans/SegarOcean3Chap05.pdf|pages=Chapter 5 3rd Edition|quote=|via=}}</ref> Salinity stability in oceanic environments is important as most cells require a rather constant salinity and do not generally tolerate values above 5%. The constant ocean salinity was a long-standing mystery, because no process counterbalancing the salt influx from rivers was known. Recently it was suggested<ref name="Gorham19912">{{cite journal|last=Gorham|first=Eville|date=1 January 1991|title=Biogeochemistry: its origins and development|journal=Biogeochemistry|publisher=Kluwer Academic|volume=13|issue=3|pages=199–239|doi=10.1007/BF00002942|issn=1573-515X|ref=harv}}</ref> that salinity may also be strongly influenced by [[seawater]] circulation through hot [[basalt]]ic rocks, and emerging as hot water vents on [[mid-ocean ridge]]s. However, the composition of seawater is far from equilibrium, and it is difficult to explain this fact without the influence of organic processes. One suggested explanation lies in the formation of salt plains throughout Earth's history. It is hypothesized that these are created by bacterial colonies that fix ions and heavy metals during their life processes.<ref name=":0" />
 
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在很长一段时间内,海洋盐度一直保持在3.5%左右。[23]海洋环境中的盐度稳定性非常重要,因为大多数细胞需要相当恒定的盐度,并且通常不能容忍超过5%的盐度值。恒定的海洋盐度是一个长期存在的谜团,因为没有任何过程可以抵消河流中的盐流入。最近有人认为[24]海水通过热玄武质岩石时也会受到海水循环的强烈影响,并在大洋中脊上出现热水喷口。然而,海水的组成远未达到平衡,如果没有有机过程的影响,很难解释这一事实。一个建议的解释是,在整个地球的历史中,盐平原的形成。据推测,这些细菌是由在生命过程中固定离子和重金属的菌落产生的
       
In the biogeochemical processes of Earth, sources and sinks are the movement of elements. The composition of salt ions within our oceans and seas is: sodium (Na<sup>+</sup>), chlorine (Cl<sup>−</sup>), sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>), magnesium (Mg<sup>2+</sup>), calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) and potassium (K<sup>+</sup>). The elements that comprise salinity do not readily change and are a conservative property of seawater.<ref name=":0" /> There are many mechanisms that change salinity from a particulate form to a dissolved form and back. The known sources of sodium i.e. salts are when weathering, erosion, and dissolution of rocks are transported into rivers and deposited into the oceans.
 
In the biogeochemical processes of Earth, sources and sinks are the movement of elements. The composition of salt ions within our oceans and seas is: sodium (Na<sup>+</sup>), chlorine (Cl<sup>−</sup>), sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>), magnesium (Mg<sup>2+</sup>), calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) and potassium (K<sup>+</sup>). The elements that comprise salinity do not readily change and are a conservative property of seawater.<ref name=":0" /> There are many mechanisms that change salinity from a particulate form to a dissolved form and back. The known sources of sodium i.e. salts are when weathering, erosion, and dissolution of rocks are transported into rivers and deposited into the oceans.
 
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在地球的生物地球化学过程中,源和汇是元素的运动。我们海洋中盐离子的组成是:钠(Na+)、氯(Cl-)、硫酸盐(SO42-)、镁(Mg2+)、钙(Ca2+)和钾(K+)。构成盐度的元素不易变化,是海水的一种保守属性。[23]有许多机制可以将盐度从颗粒形态改变为溶解形态,然后再返回。已知的钠(即盐)来源于岩石的风化、侵蚀和溶解作用被输送到河流中并沉积到海洋中。
       
The [[Mediterranean Sea]] as being Gaia's kidney is found ([http://scimar.icm.csic.es/scimar/index.php/secId/6/IdArt/209/ here]) by Kenneth J. Hsue, a correspondence author in 2001. The "[[desiccation]]" of the Mediterranean is the evidence of a functioning kidney. Earlier "kidney functions" were performed during the "[[Deposition (geology)|deposition]] of the [[Cretaceous]] ([[Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic]]), [[Jurassic]] ([[Gulf of Mexico]]), [[Permian–Triassic extinction event|Permo-Triassic]] ([[Europe]]), [[Devonian]] ([[Canada]]), [[Cambrian]]/[[Precambrian]] ([[Gondwana]]) saline giants."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scimar.icm.csic.es/scimar/index.php/secId/6/IdArt/209/|title=Scientia Marina: List of Issues|last=http://www.webviva.com|first=Justino Martinez. Web Viva 2007|website=scimar.icm.csic.es|language=English|access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref>
 
The [[Mediterranean Sea]] as being Gaia's kidney is found ([http://scimar.icm.csic.es/scimar/index.php/secId/6/IdArt/209/ here]) by Kenneth J. Hsue, a correspondence author in 2001. The "[[desiccation]]" of the Mediterranean is the evidence of a functioning kidney. Earlier "kidney functions" were performed during the "[[Deposition (geology)|deposition]] of the [[Cretaceous]] ([[Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic]]), [[Jurassic]] ([[Gulf of Mexico]]), [[Permian–Triassic extinction event|Permo-Triassic]] ([[Europe]]), [[Devonian]] ([[Canada]]), [[Cambrian]]/[[Precambrian]] ([[Gondwana]]) saline giants."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scimar.icm.csic.es/scimar/index.php/secId/6/IdArt/209/|title=Scientia Marina: List of Issues|last=http://www.webviva.com|first=Justino Martinez. Web Viva 2007|website=scimar.icm.csic.es|language=English|access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref>
 
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地中海是盖亚的肾脏,由肯尼斯·J·休伊(KennethJ.Hsue)在2001年发现的。地中海的“干涸”是肾功能正常的证据。早期的“肾功能”是在“白垩纪(南大西洋)、侏罗纪(墨西哥湾)、二叠纪-三叠纪(欧洲)、泥盆纪(加拿大)、寒武纪/前寒武纪(冈瓦纳)盐沼沉积时期进行的。”
 
[[Earthrise taken from Apollo 8 on December 24, 1968]]
 
[[Earthrise taken from Apollo 8 on December 24, 1968]]
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PIE grandmother), or the Earth Mother. James Lovelock gave this name to his hypothesis after a suggestion from the novelist William Golding, who was living in the same village as Lovelock at the time (Bowerchalke, Wiltshire, UK). Golding's advice was based on Gea, an alternative spelling for the name of the Greek goddess, which is used as prefix in geology, geophysics and geochemistry. Later, the naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt recognized the coevolution of living organisms, climate, and Earth's crust. His visionary pronouncements were not widely accepted in the West, and some decades later the Gaia hypothesis received the same type of initial resistance from the scientific community.
 
PIE grandmother), or the Earth Mother. James Lovelock gave this name to his hypothesis after a suggestion from the novelist William Golding, who was living in the same village as Lovelock at the time (Bowerchalke, Wiltshire, UK). Golding's advice was based on Gea, an alternative spelling for the name of the Greek goddess, which is used as prefix in geology, geophysics and geochemistry. Later, the naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt recognized the coevolution of living organisms, climate, and Earth's crust. His visionary pronouncements were not widely accepted in the West, and some decades later the Gaia hypothesis received the same type of initial resistance from the scientific community.
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馅饼祖母) ,或地球母亲。小说家威廉•戈尔丁(William Golding)提出了这个假说,之后,詹姆斯•洛夫洛克(James Lovelock)给自己的假说起了这个名字。戈尔丁当时和洛夫洛克住在同一个村庄(威尔特郡鲍尔查克)。戈尔丁的建议是基于 Gea 的,Gea 是希腊女神名字的另一种拼写形式,在地质学、地球物理学和地球化学中被用作前缀。后来,自然主义者和探险家亚历山大·冯·洪堡认识到了生物体、气候和地壳的共同进化。他的远见卓识并没有被西方广泛接受,几十年后,盖亚假说也遭到了科学界同样的抵制。
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派祖母,或地球母亲。詹姆斯·洛夫洛克根据小说家威廉·戈尔丁的建议给他的假设起了这个名字,他当时和洛夫洛克住在同一个村子里(英国威尔特郡鲍尔查尔克)。戈尔丁的建议是以Gea为基础的,Gea是希腊女神名字的另一种拼写,在地质学、地球物理和地球化学中,Gea是前缀。后来,博物学家和探险家亚历山大·冯·洪堡认识到生物、气候和地壳的共同进化。他的远见卓识的声明在西方没有被广泛接受,几十年后,盖亚假说受到了科学界同样类型的最初抵制。
    
[[File:Vostok 420ky 4curves insolation.jpg|thumb|280px|Levels of gases in the atmosphere in 420,000 years of ice core data from [[Vostok Station|Vostok, Antarctica research station]]. Current period is at the left. <!-- Unsourced material based on GIMP FX version of this chart. The current version here is correct, original. This verbiage must be removed: Note that current CO<sub>2</sub> levels are more than 390 ppm, far higher than at any time in the last 400,000 years -->]]
 
[[File:Vostok 420ky 4curves insolation.jpg|thumb|280px|Levels of gases in the atmosphere in 420,000 years of ice core data from [[Vostok Station|Vostok, Antarctica research station]]. Current period is at the left. <!-- Unsourced material based on GIMP FX version of this chart. The current version here is correct, original. This verbiage must be removed: Note that current CO<sub>2</sub> levels are more than 390 ppm, far higher than at any time in the last 400,000 years -->]]
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1971年,微生物学家 Lynn Margulis 博士加入了 Lovelock 的行列,努力将最初的假设充实为科学证明的概念,贡献了她关于微生物如何影响大气层和地球表面不同层次的知识。这位美国生物学家也唤醒了科学界的批评,因为她倡导真核细胞器起源的理论,以及她对美国共生发源学会的贡献,现在被接受了。玛格丽丝在她的书《共生星球》中将最后八章献给了盖亚。然而,她反对对盖亚的广泛拟人化,并强调盖亚“不是一个有机体” ,而是“有机体之间相互作用的一个新兴属性”。她将盖亚定义为“组成地球表面一个巨大生态系统的一系列相互作用的生态系统”。句号”。这本书最令人难忘的“口号”实际上是由马古利斯的一个学生打趣说的: “从太空看,盖亚只是共生而已。”。
 
1971年,微生物学家 Lynn Margulis 博士加入了 Lovelock 的行列,努力将最初的假设充实为科学证明的概念,贡献了她关于微生物如何影响大气层和地球表面不同层次的知识。这位美国生物学家也唤醒了科学界的批评,因为她倡导真核细胞器起源的理论,以及她对美国共生发源学会的贡献,现在被接受了。玛格丽丝在她的书《共生星球》中将最后八章献给了盖亚。然而,她反对对盖亚的广泛拟人化,并强调盖亚“不是一个有机体” ,而是“有机体之间相互作用的一个新兴属性”。她将盖亚定义为“组成地球表面一个巨大生态系统的一系列相互作用的生态系统”。句号”。这本书最令人难忘的“口号”实际上是由马古利斯的一个学生打趣说的: “从太空看,盖亚只是共生而已。”。
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===Processing of CO<sub>2</sub>===
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===Processing of CO<sub>2</sub>二氧化碳处理===
    
{{See also|Carbon cycle}}
 
{{See also|Carbon cycle}}
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==History==
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==History历史==
    
Lovelock was careful to present a version of the Gaia hypothesis that had no claim that Gaia intentionally or consciously maintained the complex balance in her environment that life needed to survive. It would appear that the claim that Gaia acts "intentionally" was a metaphoric statement in his popular initial book and was not meant to be taken literally. This new statement of the Gaia hypothesis was more acceptable to the scientific community. Most accusations of teleologism ceased, following this conference.
 
Lovelock was careful to present a version of the Gaia hypothesis that had no claim that Gaia intentionally or consciously maintained the complex balance in her environment that life needed to survive. It would appear that the claim that Gaia acts "intentionally" was a metaphoric statement in his popular initial book and was not meant to be taken literally. This new statement of the Gaia hypothesis was more acceptable to the scientific community. Most accusations of teleologism ceased, following this conference.
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