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Moved page from wikipedia:en:Qian Xuesen (history)
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{{Redirect|Hsue-Shen Tsien|the 2012 biographical film|Hsue-shen Tsien (film)}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Qian (surname)|Qian (Tsien)]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
{信息盒科学家
| name = Qian Xuesen<br /><small>Hsue-Shen Tsien</small>
| name = Qian Xuesen<br /><small>Hsue-Shen Tsien</small>
| name = Qian Xuesen<br /><small>Hsue-Shen Tsien</small>
| native_name = 钱学森
| native_name = 钱学森
| native_name = 钱学森
| native_name_lang = zh-Hans-CN
| native_name_lang = zh-Hans-CN
| native _ name _ lang = zh-Hans-CN
| image = Tsien Hsue-shen.jpg
| image = Tsien Hsue-shen.jpg
| image = Tsien Hsue-shen.jpg
| image_size =
| image_size =
图片大小 =
| caption =
| caption =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1911|12|11|df=yes}}
| birth_date =
出生日期
| birth_place = [[Shanghai]], [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]]
| birth_place = Shanghai, Qing Empire
出生地: 上海，清朝
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2009|10|31|1911|12|11|df=yes}}
| death_date =
死亡日期
| death_place = [[Beijing]], [[China]]
| death_place = Beijing, China
死亡地点: 中国北京
| nationality = [[Nationality Law of China|Chinese]]
| nationality = Chinese
| 国籍 = 中国
| field = [[Aerospace engineering]]<br/>[[Aeronautics]]<br />[[Engineering cybernetics]]
| field = Aerospace engineering<br/>Aeronautics<br />Engineering cybernetics
工程控制论 | field = 航空航天工业奖
| work_institutions = [[California Institute of Technology]] (professor) and [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (co-founder)<br />[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (professor)<br />[[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|Fifth Academy]] of the [[Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of National Defense, PRC]] (first director)<br />Institute of Mechanics of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (first director)<br />Commission of Science and Technology for National Defense of the [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] (vice-director)
| work_institutions = California Institute of Technology (professor) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (co-founder)<br />Massachusetts Institute of Technology (professor)<br />Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense, PRC (first director)<br />Institute of Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (first director)<br />Commission of Science and Technology for National Defense of the PLA (vice-director)
中国科学院力学研究所(第一所)中国科学院力学研究所(第一所)中国科学院力学研究所(第一所)中国科学院国防科学技术委员会(第一所)中国科学院国防科学技术委员会(第一所)中国科学技术委员会(第一所)中国科学技术委员会(第一所)中国科学技术委员会(第一所)中国科学技术委员会(第一所)中国科学技术委员会(第一所)中国科学技术委员会(第一所)中国科学技术委员会(第二所)中国科学技术委员会(第二所)中国科
| alma_mater = [[Shanghai Jiaotong University|National Chiao Tung University]]<br />{{nowrap|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}<br />[[California Institute of Technology]]
| alma_mater = National Chiao Tung University<br /><br />California Institute of Technology
加利福尼亚理工学院国立交通大学
| thesis_title = Problems in motion of compressible fluids and reaction propulsion
| thesis_title = Problems in motion of compressible fluids and reaction propulsion
可压缩流体运动和反作用推进问题
| thesis_url = http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-01122004-105646
| thesis_url = http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-01122004-105646
Http://resolver.caltech.edu/caltechetd:etd-01122004-105646
| thesis_year = 1939
| thesis_year = 1939
论文年份 = 1939
| doctoral_advisor = [[Theodore von Kármán]]
| doctoral_advisor = Theodore von Kármán
| doctoral_advisor = Theodore von Kármán
| doctoral_students = [[Cheng Chemin]]
| doctoral_students = Cheng Chemin
博士生 = Cheng Chemin
| known_for = Co-founder of the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]<br />Founder of [[engineering cybernetics]]<br />Father of [[Chinese space program]] <br /> Work on the [[Manhattan Project]]
| known_for = Co-founder of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory<br />Founder of engineering cybernetics<br />Father of Chinese space program <br /> Work on the Manhattan Project
工程控制论创始人中国太空计划之父曼哈顿计划工作喷气推进实验室
| prizes = Distinguished Alumni Award from Caltech (1979)
| prizes = Distinguished Alumni Award from Caltech (1979)
| 奖金 = 加州理工学院杰出校友奖(1979年)
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
| 脚注 =
| signature =
| signature =
签名 =
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Jiang Ying (musician)|Jiang Ying]]|1947}}
| spouse =
配偶 =
| children = Qian Yonggang<br />Qian Yungjen
| children = Qian Yonggang<br />Qian Yungjen
| children = 钱永刚 < br/> 钱永仁
| module = {{Chinese |child = yes
| module = {{Chinese |child = yes
{ Chinese | child = yes
|s = 钱学森
|s = 钱学森
|s = 钱学森
|p = Qián Xuésēn
|p = Qián Xuésēn
|p = Qián Xuésēn
|t = 錢學森
|t = 錢學森
|t = 錢學森
|w = Ch'ien Hsüeh-sen
|w = Ch'ien Hsüeh-sen
|w = Ch'ien Hsüeh-sen
|l = [[Qian (surname)]] [[learning]]-[[forest]]
|l = Qian (surname) learning-forest
| l = 倩(姓)学林
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|q|ian|2|-|xue|2|.|s|en|1}}
|mi=
| mi =
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
'''Qian Xuesen''', or '''Hsue-Shen Tsien''' ({{zh |s = 钱学森 }}; 11 December 1911 – 31 October 2009), was a Chinese [[mathematician]], [[cyberneticist]], [[aerospace engineer]], and [[physicist]] who made significant contributions to the field of [[aerodynamics]] and established [[engineering cybernetics]]. Recruited from [[MIT]], he joined [[Theodore von Kármán]]'s group at [[Caltech]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://history.nasa.gov/biost-z.html |title = Biographies of Aerospace Officials and Policymakers |publisher = NASA |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} }}</ref> During [[WWII]], he was involved in the [[Manhattan Project]], which ultimately led to the successful development of the first [[atomic bomb]] in America.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/01/qian-xuesen-obituary|title=Qian Xuesen obituary|last1=Brown|first1=Kerry|date=2009-11-01|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-11-21|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="The Two Lives of Qian Xuesen">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/evan-osnos/the-two-lives-of-qian-xuesen|title=The Two Lives of Qian Xuesen|last1=Osnos|first1=Evan|journal=The New Yorker|date=2009-11-03|access-date=2019-11-21|language=en|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Later on, he would eventually return to China, where he would make important contributions to [[China]]'s [[missile]] and [[Chinese space program|space program]].
Qian Xuesen, or Hsue-Shen Tsien (; 11 December 1911 – 31 October 2009), was a Chinese mathematician, cyberneticist, aerospace engineer, and physicist who made significant contributions to the field of aerodynamics and established engineering cybernetics. Recruited from MIT, he joined Theodore von Kármán's group at Caltech. During WWII, he was involved in the Manhattan Project, which ultimately led to the successful development of the first atomic bomb in America. Later on, he would eventually return to China, where he would make important contributions to China's missile and space program.
钱学森，即钱学森(; 1911年12月11日至2009年10月31日) ，是中国数学家、控制论家、航空航天工程师和物理学家，在空气动力学领域做出了重大贡献，建立了工程控制论。从麻省理工学院毕业后，他加入了西奥多·冯·卡门在加州理工学院的团队。在第二次世界大战期间，他参与了曼哈顿计划，这最终导致了美国第一颗原子弹的成功研制。后来，他最终回到了中国，在那里他为中国的导弹和太空计划做出了重要贡献。
During the [[Second Red Scare]], in the 1950s, the [[US federal government]] accused him of [[communist]] sympathies. In 1950, despite protests by his colleagues, he was stripped of his security clearance.<ref name="autogenerated57">{{cite journal |date = {{Date|2008-01-07|dmy}} |title = Person of the Year: Qian Xuesen |url = http://aviationweek.com/awin/qian-xuesen-laid-foundation-china-s-space-rise |journal = Aviation Week and Space Technology |volume = 168 |pages = 57–61 |last1 = Perrett |first1 = Bradley |last2 = Asker |first2 = James R. |number = 1 |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} }} {{subreq}}</ref> He decided to return to China, but he was detained at [[Terminal Island]], near [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.astronautix.com/astros/tsien.htm |author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title = Tsien |website = Encyclopedia Astronautica |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131013215748/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/tsien.htm |archive-date = 2013-10-13 }}</ref>
During the Second Red Scare, in the 1950s, the US federal government accused him of communist sympathies. In 1950, despite protests by his colleagues, he was stripped of his security clearance. He decided to return to China, but he was detained at Terminal Island, near Los Angeles.
在20世纪50年代的第二次红色恐慌期间，美国联邦政府指责他同情共产主义。1950年，尽管他的同事抗议，他还是被剥夺了安全许可。他决定返回中国，但他被拘留在终点岛，洛杉矶附近。
After spending five years under [[house arrest]],<ref name="caltech1">{{cite web |url = http://today.caltech.edu/today/story-display.tcl?story_id=39604 |title = Tsien Hsue-Shen Dies |website = Caltech |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date = {{Date|2009-11-02|dmy}} |accessdate = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100612190920/http://today.caltech.edu/today/story-display.tcl?story_id=39604 |archive-date = {{date|2010-06-12|dmy}} |url-status = dead }}</ref> he was released in 1955 in exchange for the [[repatriation]] of American pilots who had been captured during the [[Korean War]]. He left the United States in September 1955 on the [[American President Lines]] passenger liner [[SS President Cleveland (1947)|SS ''President Cleveland'']], arriving in China via [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="MJ550913">{{cite news |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LAkkAAAAIBAJ&pg=7147%2C5707600 |title = US Deporting Rocket Expert |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date = {{Date|1955-09-13|dmy}} |newspaper=The Milwaukee Journal |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} }}</ref>
After spending five years under house arrest, he was released in 1955 in exchange for the repatriation of American pilots who had been captured during the Korean War. He left the United States in September 1955 on the American President Lines passenger liner SS President Cleveland, arriving in China via Hong Kong.
在被软禁五年后，他于1955年被释放，条件是遣返在朝鲜战争中被俘的美国飞行员。1955年9月，他乘坐美国总统航运公司的客轮克利夫兰总统号(1947年)号离开美国，经香港抵达中国。
Upon his return, he helped lead the [[China and weapons of mass destruction|Chinese nuclear weapons program]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-qian-xuesen1-2009nov01-story.html |title = Qian Xuesen dies at 98; rocket scientist helped establish Jet Propulsion Laboratory|website = LA Times |date = {{Date|2016-09-16|dmy}} |access-date = {{Date|2019-11-26|dmy}} }}</ref> This effort ultimately led to China's first successful [[596 (nuclear test)|atomic bomb test]] and [[Test No. 6|hydrogen bomb test]], making China the fifth nuclear weapons state, and achieving the fastest [[Nuclear fission|fission]]-to-[[Nuclear fusion|fusion]] development in history. Additionally, Qian's work led to the development of the [[Dongfeng (missile)|Dongfeng ballistic missile]] and the [[Chinese space program]]. For his contributions, he became known as the "Father of Chinese Rocketry", nicknamed the "King of Rocketry".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://scitech.people.com.cn/GB/10294899.html |title = 钱学森：历尽险阻报效祖国 火箭之王淡泊名誉 |trans-title = Qian Xuesen: King of Rocketry who experienced obstacles in serving the Motherland |website = 人民网 (People.com.cn) |date = {{Date|2009-10-31|dmy}} |access-date = {{Date|2009-10-31|dmy}} |language = zh-Hans-CN }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://news.163.com/09/1031/17/5MVIKNT90001124J.html |title = 美国航空周刊2008年度人物:钱学森 |trans-title = US Aviation Week & Space Technology Person of the Year 2008: Qian Xuesen |website = 网易探索(广州) |date = {{Date|2009-10-31|dmy}} |access-date = {{Date|2009-11-11|dmy}} |language = zh-Hans-CN }}</ref> He is recognized as one of the founding fathers of [[Two Bombs, One Satellite]].<ref>{{cite news |title = 23位两弹一星元勋已有17人离世 媒体解析其功绩 |url = http://news.china.com/domesticgd/10000159/20160529/22762769.html |website = China.com |date = 30 May 2016 |language = zh-Hans-CN}}</ref>
Upon his return, he helped lead the Chinese nuclear weapons program. This effort ultimately led to China's first successful atomic bomb test and hydrogen bomb test, making China the fifth nuclear weapons state, and achieving the fastest fission-to-fusion development in history. Additionally, Qian's work led to the development of the Dongfeng ballistic missile and the Chinese space program. For his contributions, he became known as the "Father of Chinese Rocketry", nicknamed the "King of Rocketry". He is recognized as one of the founding fathers of Two Bombs, One Satellite.
回国后，他帮助领导了中国的核武器计划。这一努力最终导致了中国第一次成功的原子弹试验和氢弹试验，使中国成为第五个拥有核武器的国家，并实现了历史上最快的裂变-聚变发展。此外，钱的工作导致了东风弹道导弹和中国太空计划的发展。由于他的贡献，他被称为“中国火箭之父” ，绰号“火箭之王”。他被公认为“两炸一卫”的创始人之一。
In 1957, Qian was elected an [[academician]] of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]. He served as a [[Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] from 1987 to 1998.
In 1957, Qian was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He served as a Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1987 to 1998.
1957年钱当选中国科学院院士。1987年至1998年任中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会副主席。
He was the cousin of [[mechanical engineer]] [[Hsue-Chu Tsien]], who was involved in the aerospace industries of China and the United States; his nephew is [[Roger Y. Tsien]], the 2008 winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]].
He was the cousin of mechanical engineer Hsue-Chu Tsien, who was involved in the aerospace industries of China and the United States; his nephew is Roger Y. Tsien, the 2008 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
他的侄子是2008年诺贝尔化学奖得主钱学森。
== Early life and education ==
Qian was born in [[Shanghai]], with ancestral roots in [[Hangzhou]]. He graduated from [[The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University]], with [[Lu Shijia]] as classmate, and attended National Chiao Tung University (now [[Shanghai Jiaotong University]]) in 1934. There, he received a degree in [[mechanical engineering]] with an emphasis on railroad administration. He interned at [[Nanchang Laoyingfang Airport|Nanchang Air Force Base]].
Qian was born in Shanghai, with ancestral roots in Hangzhou. He graduated from The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University, with Lu Shijia as classmate, and attended National Chiao Tung University (now Shanghai Jiaotong University) in 1934. There, he received a degree in mechanical engineering with an emphasis on railroad administration. He interned at Nanchang Air Force Base.
钱生于上海，祖籍杭州。他毕业于北京师范大学附属中学，和陆世佳同学，并于1934年就读于国立交通大学交通大学。在那里，他获得了机械工程学位，重点是铁路管理。他在 Nanchang Air Force Base 实习。
In August 1935, Qian left China on a [[Boxer Indemnity Scholarship]] to study mechanical engineering at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), where he earned a [[Master of Science]] degree after one year.
In August 1935, Qian left China on a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship to study mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he earned a Master of Science degree after one year.
1935年8月，钱获得庚款奖学金离开中国，前往麻省理工学院(MIT)学习机械工程，一年后获得理学硕士学位。
While at MIT he was called Hsue-Shen Tsien. He was influenced by the methods of American engineering education, especially its focus on experimentation. This was in contrast to the contemporary approach practiced by many Chinese scientists, which emphasized theoretical elements rather than "hands-on" experience. Tsien's experiments included plotting of pitot pressures using mercury-filled manometers.
While at MIT he was called Hsue-Shen Tsien. He was influenced by the methods of American engineering education, especially its focus on experimentation. This was in contrast to the contemporary approach practiced by many Chinese scientists, which emphasized theoretical elements rather than "hands-on" experience. Tsien's experiments included plotting of pitot pressures using mercury-filled manometers.
在麻省理工学院的时候，他的名字叫许淑慎。他受到美国工程教育方法的影响，尤其是美国工程教育对实验的重视。这与许多中国科学家采用的当代方法形成了鲜明对比，当代方法强调理论要素，而不是“实践”经验。钱永健的实验包括使用充满水银的压力计绘制皮托管压力。
[[Theodore von Kármán]], Tsien's doctoral advisor, described their first meeting:
Theodore von Kármán, Tsien's doctoral advisor, described their first meeting:
钱永健的西奥多·冯·卡门，钱永健的博士生导师，描述了他们的第一次会面:
{{quote|One day in 1936 he came to me for advice on further graduate studies. This was our first meeting. I looked up to observe a slight short young man, with a serious look, who answered my questions with unusual precision. I was immediately impressed with the keenness and quickness of his mind, and I suggested that he enroll at Caltech for advanced study ... Tsien agreed. He worked with me on many mathematical problems. I found him to be quite imaginative, with a mathematical aptitude that he combined successfully with a great ability to visualize accurately the physical picture of natural phenomena. Even as a young student he helped clear up some of my own ideas on several difficult topics. These are gifts which I had not often encountered and Tsien and I became close colleagues.<ref name=TvK>Theodore von Kármán with Lee Edson (1967) ''The Wind and Beyond'', chapter 38: Dr. Tsien of Red China, pp. 308–15.</ref>{{rp|309}}}}
Kármán made his home a social scene for the aerodynamicists of Pasadena, and Tsien was drawn in: "Tsien enjoyed visiting my home, and [[Josephine de Karman|my sister]] took to him because of his interesting ideas and straightforward manner."
Kármán made his home a social scene for the aerodynamicists of Pasadena, and Tsien was drawn in: "Tsien enjoyed visiting my home, and my sister took to him because of his interesting ideas and straightforward manner."
对于帕萨迪纳的空气动力学家来说，卡门把自己的家变成了一个社交场所，钱被吸引了进来: “钱喜欢来我家，我姐姐喜欢他，因为他有趣的想法和直截了当的态度。”
== Career in the United States ==
[[File:Left-right Ludwig Prandtl, Theodore Von Karman, Tsien Hsue-sen.jpg|thumb|250px|Left to right: [[Ludwig Prandtl]] (German scientist), Hsue-Shen Tsien, [[Theodore von Kármán]]. Prandtl served Germany during [[World War II]]; von Kármán and Tsien served the United States; after 1956, Tsien served China. Tsien's overseas cap displays his temporary [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] rank of colonel. Prandtl was von Kármán's doctoral adviser; von Kármán in turn was Tsien's.]]
Left to right: [[Ludwig Prandtl (German scientist), Hsue-Shen Tsien, Theodore von Kármán. Prandtl served Germany during World War II; von Kármán and Tsien served the United States; after 1956, Tsien served China. Tsien's overseas cap displays his temporary U.S. Army rank of colonel. Prandtl was von Kármán's doctoral adviser; von Kármán in turn was Tsien's.]]
从左到右: [路德维希普兰特尔(德国科学家) ，钱学森，西奥多·冯·卡门。普朗特在第二次世界大战期间为德国服务; 冯 · 卡尔曼和钱为美国服务; 1956年后，钱为中国服务。钱存训的海外军帽展示了他暂时的美国陆军上校军衔。普朗特是冯 · 卡门的博士生导师，而冯 · 卡门则是西恩的博士生导师
Shortly after arriving at Caltech in 1936, Tsien became fascinated with the rocketry ideas of [[Frank Malina]], other students of von Kármán, and their associates, including [[John Whiteside Parsons|Jack Parsons]]. Along with his fellow students, he was involved in rocket-related experiments at the [[Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory]] at Caltech. Around the university, the dangerous and explosive nature of their work earned them the nickname "Suicide Squad."<ref name="caltech2" /><ref>{{cite book |url = https://archive.org/details/threadofsilkworm00chan/page/109 |last1 = Chang |first1 = Iris |authorlink = Iris Chang |title = Thread of the Silkworm |year = 1995 |publisher = BasicBooks |pages = [https://archive.org/details/threadofsilkworm00chan/page/109 109–117] |location = New York |isbn = 978-0-465-08716-7 }}</ref> Tsien received his PhD from Caltech in 1939.<ref name="thesis-tsien-1939">{{cite thesis |url = http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-01122004-105646 |title = Problems in motion of compressible fluids and reaction propulsion |year = 1939 |institution = [[California Institute of Technology]] |degree = Ph.D. |last1 = Tsien |first1 = Hsue-shen }}</ref>
Shortly after arriving at Caltech in 1936, Tsien became fascinated with the rocketry ideas of Frank Malina, other students of von Kármán, and their associates, including Jack Parsons. Along with his fellow students, he was involved in rocket-related experiments at the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at Caltech. Around the university, the dangerous and explosive nature of their work earned them the nickname "Suicide Squad." Tsien received his PhD from Caltech in 1939.
1936年到达加州理工学院后不久，钱就着迷于弗兰克 · 马里纳、冯 · 卡曼的其他学生以及他们的同事，包括杰克 · 帕森斯的火箭思想。和他的同学们一起，他在加州理工学院的古根海姆航空试验室参与了火箭相关的实验。在大学里，他们工作的危险性和爆炸性为他们赢得了“自杀小队”的绰号钱存训于1939年获得加州理工学院的博士学位。
During the [[Second World War]], Tsien worked in the [[Manhattan Project]], which led to America successfully developing the first [[atomic bomb]].<ref name="The Two Lives of Qian Xuesen"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-02-06/us-trained-scientist-was-deported-then-became-father-chinese-rocketry|title=A US-trained scientist was deported, then became the 'father of Chinese rocketry'|website=Public Radio International|language=en|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiichina.com/its-not-rocket-science-except-when-it-is-the-strange-case-of-qian-xuesen/|title=It's Not Rocket Science, Except When it is: The Strange Case of Qian Xuesen|date=2018-08-15|website=RADII {{!}} Culture, Innovation, and Life in today's China|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref> In 1943, Tsien and two other members of their rocketry group drafted the first document to use the name [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL), originally a proposal to the Army for developing missiles in response to Germany's [[V-2 rocket]]. This led to [[Private (missile)|Private A]], which flew in 1944, and later the [[MGM-5 Corporal|Corporal]], the [[WAC Corporal]], and other designs.
During the Second World War, Tsien worked in the Manhattan Project, which led to America successfully developing the first atomic bomb. In 1943, Tsien and two other members of their rocketry group drafted the first document to use the name Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), originally a proposal to the Army for developing missiles in response to Germany's V-2 rocket. This led to Private A, which flew in 1944, and later the Corporal, the WAC Corporal, and other designs.
第二次世界大战期间，钱存训参与曼哈顿计划，使美国成功研制出第一颗原子弹。1943年，钱永健和他们火箭研究小组的另外两名成员起草了第一份文件，使用了喷气推进实验室的名字，最初是为了应对德国的 V-2火箭而向陆军提出的开发导弹的建议。这导致了1944年飞行的二等兵 a，以及后来的下士、 WAC 下士和其他设计。
In 1945, as an Army colonel with a security clearance, Tsien was sent to Germany to investigate laboratories and question German scientists, including [[Wernher von Braun]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/world/asia/04qian.html|title=Qian Xuesen, Father of China's Space Program, Dies at 98|last1=WINES|first1=MICHAEL|date=2009-11-04|work=[[New York Times]]|access-date=2019-11-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125721495250424443|title=Trained in the U.S., Scientist Became China's 'Rocket King'|date=2009-11-04|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=2019-11-24|language=en}}</ref>
In 1945, as an Army colonel with a security clearance, Tsien was sent to Germany to investigate laboratories and question German scientists, including Wernher von Braun.
1945年，钱存训作为一名拥有安全许可的陆军上校，被派往德国调查实验室，质询包括沃纳·冯·布劳恩在内的德国科学家。
Von Kármán wrote of Tsien, "At the age of 36, he was an undisputed genius whose work was providing an enormous impetus to advances in high-speed aerodynamics and jet propulsion."<ref name="2008poy">{{cite journal |url = http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/aw010708p1.xml |title = Qian Xuesen Laid Foundation For Space Rise in China |last1 = Perrett |first1 = Bradley |date = {{Date|2008-01-06|dmy}} |journal = Aviation Week and Space Technology |volume = 168 |number = 1 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110521055346/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2Faw010708p1.xml |archive-date = 2011-05-21 |url-status = dead |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} }}</ref> During this time, he worked on designing an intercontinental space plane, which would later inspire the [[X-20 Dyna-Soar]], a precursor to the American [[Space Shuttle]].
Von Kármán wrote of Tsien, "At the age of 36, he was an undisputed genius whose work was providing an enormous impetus to advances in high-speed aerodynamics and jet propulsion." During this time, he worked on designing an intercontinental space plane, which would later inspire the X-20 Dyna-Soar, a precursor to the American Space Shuttle.
冯 · 卡曼在提到钱存训时写道: “在他36岁的时候，他是一个无可争议的天才，他的工作为高速空气动力学和喷气推进技术的发展提供了巨大的推动力。”在此期间，他致力于设计一种洲际航天飞机，这种飞机后来激发了美国航天飞机的前身 X-20动力-翱翔。
Tsien married [[Jiang Ying (musician)|Jiang Ying]] (蒋英), a famed opera singer and the daughter of [[Jiang Baili]] (蒋百里) and his wife, Japanese nurse Satô Yato. The elder Jiang was a military strategist and adviser to [[Kuomintang]] leader [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. The Tsiens were married on 14 September 1947<ref>Chang (1995), p. 139.</ref> in [[Shanghai]], and had two children; their son [[Qian Yonggang]] (钱永刚, also known as Yucon Tsien<ref>{{cite web |url = https://dl.library.ucla.edu/islandora/object/edu.ucla.library.specialCollections.latimes:4566 |title = California Institute of Technology scientist, Dr. Hsue-shen Tsien with his family onboard SS President Cleveland, 1955 |publisher = Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive |access-date = 2019-03-24 }}</ref>) was born in [[Boston]] on 13 October 1948,<ref>Chang (1995), p. 141.</ref> while their daughter [[Qian Yongzhen]] (钱永真) was born in early 1950<ref>Chang (1995), p. 153.</ref> when the family was residing in [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]], California.
Tsien married Jiang Ying (蒋英), a famed opera singer and the daughter of Jiang Baili (蒋百里) and his wife, Japanese nurse Satô Yato. The elder Jiang was a military strategist and adviser to Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek. The Tsiens were married on 14 September 1947 in Shanghai, and had two children; their son Qian Yonggang (钱永刚, also known as Yucon Tsien) was born in Boston on 13 October 1948, while their daughter Qian Yongzhen (钱永真) was born in early 1950 when the family was residing in Pasadena, California.
Tsien married Jiang Ying (蒋英), a famed opera singer and the daughter of Jiang Baili (蒋百里) and his wife, Japanese nurse Satô Yato.老蒋是国民党领袖蒋的军事战略家和顾问。The Tsiens were married on 14 September 1947 in Shanghai, and had two children; their son Qian Yonggang (钱永刚, also known as Yucon Tsien) was born in Boston on 13 October 1948, while their daughter Qian Yongzhen (钱永真) was born in early 1950 when the family was residing in Pasadena, California.
Shortly after his wedding, Tsien returned to America to take up a teaching position at MIT. Jiang Ying would join him in December 1947.<ref>Chang (1995), pp. 139–140.</ref> In 1949, with the recommendation of von Kármán, Tsien became Robert H. Goddard Professor of Jet Propulsion at Caltech.<ref name="caltech2">{{cite web |url = https://www.caltech.edu/about/history |title = GALCIT History }}{{dead link |date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Shortly after his wedding, Tsien returned to America to take up a teaching position at MIT. Jiang Ying would join him in December 1947. In 1949, with the recommendation of von Kármán, Tsien became Robert H. Goddard Professor of Jet Propulsion at Caltech.
婚礼后不久，钱存训回到美国，在麻省理工任教。1947年12月，蒋英加入了他的行列。1949年，在冯 · 卡门的推荐下，西恩成为加州理工学院喷气推进罗伯特·戈达德的教授。
In 1947, Tsien was granted a permanent resident permit,<ref name="MJ550913" /> and in 1949, he applied for naturalization, although he could not obtain citizenship.<ref name="autogenerated57" /> Except for the memories of a few individuals,<ref name="autogenerated57" /> there is no other official proof indicating that Tsien had tried to apply for naturalization. Years later, his wife Jiang Ying said in an interview with [[Phoenix Television]] that Tsien did not apply for naturalization.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://v.ifeng.com/history/renwujingdian//201202/18b53c55-2072-4e66-90d8-5cea9450fd38.shtml |script-title = zh:2012-02-18我的中国心 天籁美音——蒋英 |trans-title = My Chinese Heart heavenly tone: Jiang Ying |date = {{Date|2012-02-18|dmy}} |author = 凤凰卫视 |publisher = 凤凰网/凤凰视频 |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} |language = zh }}</ref>
In 1947, Tsien was granted a permanent resident permit,
1947年钱存训获得永久居留许可,
=== Detention ===
By the early 1940s, US Army Intelligence was already aware of allegations that Tsien was a Communist, but his security clearance was not suspended.<ref>Chang (1995), p. 158.</ref> However, on 6 June 1950, his security clearance was revoked and Tsien was questioned by the FBI. Two weeks later Tsien announced that he would be resigning from Caltech and returning to China, which by then was effectively governed by the Communist Party of China led by [[Mao Zedong]].<ref name="caltech1" /><ref>Chang (1995), pp. 149–150.</ref>
By the early 1940s, US Army Intelligence was already aware of allegations that Tsien was a Communist, but his security clearance was not suspended. However, on 6 June 1950, his security clearance was revoked and Tsien was questioned by the FBI. Two weeks later Tsien announced that he would be resigning from Caltech and returning to China, which by then was effectively governed by the Communist Party of China led by Mao Zedong.
到20世纪40年代早期，美国陆军情报局已经知道钱存训是共产主义者的指控，但是他的安全许可并没有被停职。然而，1950年6月6日，他的安全许可被撤销，钱存训受到联邦调查局的审问。两周后，钱存训宣布他将辞去加州理工学院的工作，回到中国，那时中国实际上是由毛泽东领导的中国共产党统治的。
In August, Tsien had a conversation on the subject with the then [[Under Secretary of the Navy]] [[Dan A. Kimball]], whom Tsien knew on a personal basis. After Tsien told him of the allegations, Kimball responded, "Hell, I don't think you're a Communist", at which point Tsien indicated that he still intended to leave the country, saying "I'm Chinese. I don't want to build weapons to kill my countrymen. It's that simple." Kimball then said, "I won't let you out of the country."<ref>{{harvnb|Ryan|Summerlin|1968|p=215}}</ref>
In August, Tsien had a conversation on the subject with the then Under Secretary of the Navy Dan A. Kimball, whom Tsien knew on a personal basis. After Tsien told him of the allegations, Kimball responded, "Hell, I don't think you're a Communist", at which point Tsien indicated that he still intended to leave the country, saying "I'm Chinese. I don't want to build weapons to kill my countrymen. It's that simple." Kimball then said, "I won't let you out of the country."
8月，钱存训与当时的海军副部长丹 · a · 金博尔(Dan a. Kimball)就这个问题进行了交谈，钱存训私下认识金博尔。钱存训告诉他这些指控后，金博尔回应说，“见鬼，我不认为你是共产主义者”。钱存训暗示，他仍然打算离开中国，并说“我是中国人。”。我不想制造杀死我同胞的武器。就是这么简单。”金博尔接着说，“我不会让你出国的。”
After the firm in charge of arranging Tsien's move back to China tipped off U.S. Customs that some of the papers encountered among his possessions were marked "Secret" or "Confidential," U.S. officials seized them from a Pasadena warehouse. The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service issued a warrant for Tsien's arrest on 25 August. Tsien claimed that the security-stamped documents were mostly written by himself and had outdated classifications, adding that, "There were some drawings and logarithm tables, etc., which someone might have mistaken for codes."<ref>Chang (1995), p. 157.</ref> Included in the material was a scrapbook with news clippings about the trials of those charged with atomic espionage, such as [[Klaus Fuchs]].<ref>Chang (1995), p. 160.</ref> Subsequent examination of the documents showed they contained no classified material.<ref name="MJ550913" />
After the firm in charge of arranging Tsien's move back to China tipped off U.S. Customs that some of the papers encountered among his possessions were marked "Secret" or "Confidential," U.S. officials seized them from a Pasadena warehouse. The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service issued a warrant for Tsien's arrest on 25 August. Tsien claimed that the security-stamped documents were mostly written by himself and had outdated classifications, adding that, "There were some drawings and logarithm tables, etc., which someone might have mistaken for codes." Included in the material was a scrapbook with news clippings about the trials of those charged with atomic espionage, such as Klaus Fuchs. Subsequent examination of the documents showed they contained no classified material. Weinbaum's trial commenced on 30 August and both Frank Oppenheimer and Parsons testified against him. Weinbaum was convicted of perjury and sentenced to four years. Tsien was taken into custody on 6 September 1950 for questioning
在负责安排钱存训返回中国的公司向美国海关透露，钱存训的一些文件被标记为“秘密”或“机密”之后，美国官员从帕萨迪纳市的一个仓库中没收了这些文件。8月25日，美国美国移民及归化局发出了对钱存训的逮捕令。钱存训声称，这些加了安全标签的文件大部分是他自己写的，分类已经过时，并补充说，“里面有一些绘图和对数表等，有人可能把它们误认为代码。”这些材料包括一本剪贴簿，里面有关于那些被指控从事原子间谍活动的人受审的剪报，比如克劳斯 · 福克斯。随后对这些文件的检查表明，其中没有任何机密材料。对 Weinbaum 的审判于8月30日开始，Frank Oppenheimer 和 Parsons 都作了不利于他的证词。温鲍姆因伪证罪被判刑四年。钱存训于1950年9月6日被拘留审问
While at Caltech, Tsien had secretly attended meetings with J. Robert Oppenheimer's brother [[Frank Oppenheimer]], [[John Whiteside Parsons|Jack Parsons]], and [[Frank Malina]] that were organized by the Russian-born Jewish chemist Sidney Weinbaum and called Professional Unit 122 of the Pasadena Communist Party.<ref>[[Ray Monk]], ''Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center'' [[Random House]] {{ISBN|978-0-385-50407-2}} (2012)</ref> Weinbaum's trial commenced on 30 August and both Frank Oppenheimer and Parsons testified against him.<ref>[[George Pendle]], ''Strange Angel: The Otherworldly Life of Rocket Scientist John Whiteside Parsons'' [[Mariner Books]] (2006) {{ISBN|0-297-84853-4}} p. 291.</ref> Weinbaum was convicted of perjury and sentenced to four years.<ref>Chang (1995), p. 159.</ref> Tsien was taken into custody on 6 September 1950 for questioning<ref name="MJ550913" /> and for two weeks detained at [[Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island|Terminal Island]], a low-security United States federal prison near the ports of Los Angeles and [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]].
On 26 April 1951, Tsien was declared subject to deportation and forbidden from leaving Los Angeles County without permission, effectively placing him under house arrest.
1951年4月26日，钱存训被宣布被驱逐出境，未经许可不得离开洛杉矶县，实际上将他软禁在家。
When Tsien had returned from China with his new bride in 1947, he had answered "no" on an immigration questionnaire that asked if he ever had been a member of an organization advocating overthrow of the U.S. Government by force. This, together with an American [[CPUSA|Communist Party]] document from 1938 with Tsien's name on it, was used to argue that Tsien was a national security threat. Prosecutors also cited a cross-examination session where Tsien said, "I owe allegiance to the people of China" and would "certainly not" let the United States government make his decision for him as to whom he would owe allegiance to in the event of a conflict between the U.S. and communist China.<ref>{{harvnb|Ryan|Summerlin|1968|pp=113, 115}}</ref>
During this time, Tsien wrote Engineering Cybernetics, which was published by McGraw Hill in 1954. The book deals with the practice of stabilizing servomechanisms. In its 18 chapters, it considers non-interacting controls of many-variable systems, control design by perturbation theory, and von Neumann's theory of error control (chapter 18). Ezra Krendel reviewed the book, stating that it is "difficult to overstate the value of Tsien's book to those interested in the overall theory of complex control systems." Evidently, Tsien's approach is primarily practical, as Krendel notes that for servomechanisms, the "usual linear design criterion of stability is inadequate and other criteria arising from the physics of the problem must be used."
在此期间，钱学森撰写了《工程控制论》 ，并于1954年由麦格劳 · 希尔出版社出版。这本书论述了稳定伺服机构的实践。在它的18章中，它考虑了多变量系统的非相互作用控制，摄动理论的控制设计，和 von Neumann 的错误控制理论(第18章)。埃兹拉 · 克伦德尔评论了这本书，指出“对于那些对复杂控制系统的整体理论感兴趣的人来说，很难夸大钱永健这本书的价值。”显然，钱的方法主要是实用的，正如克伦德尔指出，对于伺服机构，“通常的线性稳定性设计标准是不充分的，其他标准产生的物理问题必须使用。”
On 26 April 1951, Tsien was declared subject to deportation and forbidden from leaving [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] without permission, effectively placing him under [[house arrest]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ryan|Summerlin|1968|p=141}}</ref>
Qian became the subject of five years of secret diplomacy and negotiation between the U.S. and China. During this time, he lived under constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any classified research duties. Qian arrived at Hong Kong on 8 October 1955 and entered China via the Kowloon–Canton Railway later that day.
钱成为中美之间长达五年的秘密外交和谈判的对象。在这段时间里，他一直生活在监视之下，被允许在没有任何分类研究任务的情况下教书。钱于一九五五年十月八日抵达香港，并于当日稍后经九广铁路进入中国。
During this time, Tsien wrote ''Engineering Cybernetics'', which was published by [[McGraw Hill]] in 1954. The book deals with the practice of stabilizing [[servomechanism]]s. In its 18 chapters, it considers non-interacting controls of many-variable systems, control design by [[perturbation theory]], and [[John von Neumann|von Neumann]]'s theory of [[error control]] (chapter 18). Ezra Krendel reviewed<ref>Ezra Krendel (1955) "Review of Engineering Cybernetics", [[Journal of the Franklin Institute]] 259(4): 367</ref> the book, stating that it is "difficult to overstate the value of Tsien's book to those interested in the overall theory of complex [[control system]]s." Evidently, Tsien's approach is primarily practical, as Krendel notes that for servomechanisms, the "usual linear design criterion of stability is inadequate and other criteria arising from the physics of the problem must be used."
Under Secretary Kimball, who had tried for several years to keep Qian in the U.S., commented on his treatment: "It was the stupidest thing this country ever did. He was no more a Communist than I was, and we forced him to go."
几年来一直试图让钱留在美国的金博尔副国务卿评论了他的待遇: “这是这个国家做过的最愚蠢的事情。他和我一样不是共产主义者，我们强迫他离开。”
== Return to China ==
Qian became the subject of five years of secret diplomacy and negotiation between the U.S. and China. During this time, he lived under constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any classified research duties.<ref name="caltech1" /> Qian received support from his colleagues at Caltech during his incarceration, including president [[Lee DuBridge]], who flew to Washington to argue Qian's case. Caltech appointed attorney [[Grant Cooper (attorney)|Grant Cooper]] to defend Qian.
He was heavily involved in the establishment of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in 1958 and served as the Chairman of the Department of Modern Mechanics of the university for a number of years.
他于一九五八年参与中国科技大学的成立，并担任大学现代力学系系主任多年。
The travel ban on Qian was lifted on {{date|1955-08-04|dmy}},<ref name="MJ550913" /> and he resigned from Caltech shortly thereafter. With President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] personally agreeing, Qian departed from Los Angeles for Hong Kong aboard the ''[[SS President Cleveland (1947)|SS President Cleveland]]'' in September 1955 amidst rumors that his release was a swap for 11 U.S. airmen held captive by China since the end of the Korean War.<ref>Brownell, Richard. Space exploration. Detroit, Lucent Books, 2012. 82 p.</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.astronautix.com/t/tsien.html | title=Tsien}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CooeAAAAIBAJ&pg=3115%2C1559834 |title=Scientist To Be Deported By U.S. |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date={{date|1955-09-13|dmy}} |newspaper=DAytona Beach Morning Journal |agency = AP |access-date = {{date|2015-02-02|dmy}} }}</ref> Qian arrived at Hong Kong on 8 October 1955 and entered China via the [[Kowloon–Canton Railway]] later that day.
Outside of rocketry, Qian had a presence in numerous areas of study. He was among the creators of systematics, and made contributions to science and technology systems, somatic science, engineering science, military science, social science, the natural sciences, geography, philosophy, literature and art, and education. His advancements in the concepts, theories, and methods of the system science field include studying the open complex giant system. Additionally, he helped establish the Chinese school of complexity science.
除了火箭技术，钱在许多领域的研究存在。他是系统科学的创始人之一，在科学技术体系、躯体科学、工程科学、军事科学、社会科学、自然科学、地理学、哲学、文学艺术和教育等方面做出了贡献。他在系统科学领域的概念、理论和方法方面的进展包括研究开放的复杂巨系统。此外，他还帮助建立了中国复杂性科学学派。
Under Secretary Kimball, who had tried for several years to keep Qian in the U.S., commented on his treatment: "It was the stupidest thing this country ever did. He was no more a Communist than I was, and we forced him to go."<ref name="autogenerated57" />
From the 1980s onward, Qian had advocated the scientific investigation of traditional Chinese medicine, Qigong, and the concept of "special human body functions". He particularly encouraged scientists to accumulate observational data on qigong so that future scientific theories could be established.
自20世纪80年代以来，钱一直倡导对中医气功的科学研究，倡导“人体特殊功能”的概念。他特别鼓励科学家们积累气功的观测数据，以便建立未来的科学理论。
Upon his return, Qian began a remarkably successful career in rocket science, boosted by the reputation he garnered for his past achievements as well as Chinese state support for his nuclear research. He led and eventually became the father of the Chinese missile program, which constructed the [[Dongfeng (missile)|Dongfeng ballistic missiles]] and the [[Long March (rocket family)|Long March space rockets]].
Qian Xuesen Library, Xi'an Jiaotong University
西安交通大学钱学森图书馆
== Chinese nuclear program and other studies ==
In October 1956, he became the director of the [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|Fifth Academy]] of the [[Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of National Defense]], tasked with ballistic missile and nuclear weapons development. He was part of the overall effort that resulted in the successful "596" atomic bomb test on 16 October 1964, and the "Test No. 6" hydrogen bomb test on 17 June 1967. This was the fastest [[Nuclear fission|fission]]-to-[[Nuclear fusion|fusion]] development in history at 32 months, compared to 86 months for the United States and 75 months for the USSR, and gave China a [[thermonuclear device]] ahead of major Western powers like [[France]].
Qian retired in 1991 and lived quietly in Beijing, refusing to speak to Westerners.
钱于1991年退休，平静地生活在北京，拒绝与西方人交谈。
Qian's reputation as a prominent scientist who was caught up in the red scare in the United States gave him considerable influence in the era of [[Mao Zedong]] and afterward. Qian eventually rose through Party ranks to become a [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|Central Committee]] member. He became associated with the ''China's Space Program - From Conception to Manned Spaceflight'' initiative.
In 1979, Qian was awarded Caltech's Distinguished Alumni Award for his achievements. Qian eventually received his award from Caltech, and with the help of his friend Frank Marble brought it to his home in a widely covered ceremony. Furthermore, in the early 1990s, the filing cabinets containing Qian's research work were offered to him by Caltech.
1979年，钱获得加州理工学院杰出校友奖。钱最终从加州理工学院获得了这个奖项，在朋友弗兰克 · 马布尔的帮助下，钱在一个被广泛报道的仪式上把它带回了家。此外，在20世纪90年代早期，加州理工学院向他提供了装有钱研究成果的文件柜。
Qian was elected as an [[academician]] of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] in 1957, a lifelong honor granted to Chinese scientists who have made significant advancements in their field. He organized scientific seminars and dedicated some of his time to training successors for his positions.<ref>[http://www.stdaily.com/kjrb/content/2010-10/24/content_239983.htm 科技网 -《科技日报》- 钱学森的系统科学成就和贡献] {{webarchive |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120514150132/http://www.stdaily.com/kjrb/content/2010-10/24/content_239983.htm |date = 2012-05-14 }}</ref>
Qian was invited to visit the US by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics after the normalization of the Sino-US relationship, but he refused the invitation, having wanted a formal apology for his detention. In a reminiscence published in 2002, Marble stated that he believed Qian had "lost faith in the American government" but that he had "always had very warm feelings for the American people."
在中美关系正常化之后，美国航天航空学会邀请钱访问美国，但他拒绝了邀请，并要求对拘留他一事进行正式道歉。在2002年发表的一份回忆录中，马柏表示，他认为钱“对美国政府失去了信心” ，但他“一直对美国人民怀有非常温暖的感情”
He was heavily involved in the establishment of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in 1958 and served as the Chairman of the Department of Modern Mechanics of the university for a number of years.
The Chinese government launched its manned space program in 1992, reportedly with some help from Russia due to their extended history in space. Qian's research was used as the basis for the Long March rocket, which successfully launched the Shenzhou V mission in October 2003. The elderly Qian was able to watch China's first manned space mission on television from his hospital bed.
中国政府在1992年启动了载人航天计划，据报道，由于中国在太空的长期历史，得到了俄罗斯的一些帮助。钱的研究被用作长征火箭的基础，长征火箭于2003年10月成功发射了神舟五号任务。钱老在病床上通过电视观看了中国第一次载人航天飞行。
Outside of rocketry, Qian had a presence in numerous areas of study. He was among the creators of [[systematics]], and made contributions to science and technology systems, [[somatic science]], [[engineering science]], [[military science]], [[social science]], the [[natural sciences]], geography, [[philosophy]], literature and art, and education. His advancements in the concepts, theories, and methods of the [[system science]] field include studying the [[open complex giant system]].<ref>钱学森：《创建系统学（新世纪版）》，上海交通大学出版社</ref><ref>钱学森：《论系统工程（新世纪版）》，上海交通大学出版社</ref> Additionally, he helped establish the Chinese school of [[complexity science]].
In 2008, he was named Aviation Week and Space Technology Person of the Year. The recognition was not intended as an honor, but is given to the person judged to have the greatest impact on aviation in the past year. Furthermore, that year China Central Television named Qian as one of the eleven most inspiring people in China.
2008年，他被评为航空周刊和航天技术年度人物。这种认可并不是一种荣誉，而是给予那些在过去一年中被认为对航空业影响最大的人。此外，那一年，中国中央电视台将钱列为中国十一个最鼓舞人心的人物之一。
From the 1980s onward, Qian had advocated the scientific investigation of [[traditional Chinese medicine]], [[Qigong]], and the concept of "special human body functions". He particularly encouraged scientists to accumulate observational data on qigong so that future scientific theories could be established.<ref>{{cite book |author = Qian Xuesen |title = 《创建人体科学》 |location = Chengdu |publisher = Sichuan Education Publishing House |date = May 1989 |edition = 1st |display-authors = etal }}</ref>
In July 2009, the Omega Alpha Association, an international systems engineering honor society, named Qian (H. S. Tsien) one of four Honorary Members.
2009年7月，欧米茄阿尔法协会，一个国际系统工程荣誉学会，命名为钱(钱)四名荣誉会员之一。
== Later life ==
On October 31, 2009, Qian died at the age of 98 in Beijing.
2009年10月31日，钱在北京去世，享年98岁。
[[File:钱学森图书馆.jpg|250px|thumb|Qian Xuesen Library, Xi'an Jiaotong University]]
A Chinese film production, Hsue-shen Tsien, directed by Zhang Jianya and starring Chen Kun as Qian was simultaneously released in Asia and North America on December 11, 2011, and on March 2, 2012, it was released in China.
2011年12月11日，由张建亚导演、陈坤主演的中国电影《钱》在亚洲和北美同步上映，2012年3月2日在中国上映。
Qian retired in 1991 and lived quietly in Beijing, refusing to speak to Westerners.<ref>Peter Grier, "The forgotten 'spy' case of a rocket scientist" ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' Vol. 92 Issue 244, November 2000</ref>
In 1979, Qian was awarded Caltech's ''Distinguished Alumni Award'' for his achievements. Qian eventually received his award from Caltech, and with the help of his friend [[Frank Marble]] brought it to his home in a widely covered ceremony. Furthermore, in the early 1990s, the filing cabinets containing Qian's research work were offered to him by Caltech.
Science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke, in his 1982 novel 2010: Odyssey Two, named a Chinese spaceship after him. The science fiction novel series The Expanse by James S. A. Corey also named a Martian spaceship after him (MCRN Xuesen). In the 1981 novel Noble House by James Clavell, the American-Chinese scientist who defected to China and helped develop the first atom bomb for China, Dr. Joseph Yu, is a fictionalized version of Dr. Qian Xuesen.
科幻小说作家亚瑟·查理斯·克拉克在他1982年的小说《2010: 奥德赛2》中，用他的名字命名了一艘中国的宇宙飞船。詹姆斯 · s · a · 科里(James s. a. Corey)的科幻小说系列《浩瀚无垠》(The exposure)也以他的名字命名了一艘火星宇宙飞船(MCRN Xuesen)。1981年，美籍华裔科学家詹姆斯 · 克拉维尔(James Clavell)投奔中国，帮助中国研制出了第一颗原子弹。在他的小说《贵族之家》(Noble House)中，余(Joseph Yu)博士是钱学森博士的虚构版本。
Qian was invited to visit the US by the [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] after the [[China-United States Relations|normalization of the Sino-US relationship]], but he refused the invitation, having wanted a formal apology for his detention. In a reminiscence published in 2002, Marble stated that he believed Qian had "lost faith in the American government" but that he had "always had very warm feelings for the American people."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pr.caltech.edu/periodicals/CaltechNews/articles/v36/tsien.html |title=Tsien Revisited |access-date=2005-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211095210/http://pr.caltech.edu/periodicals/CaltechNews/articles/v36/tsien.html |archive-date=2006-12-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Chinese government launched its manned space program in 1992, reportedly with some help from Russia due to their extended history in space. Qian's research was used as the basis for the [[Long March (rocket family)|Long March rocket]], which successfully launched the [[Shenzhou V]] mission in October 2003. The elderly Qian was able to watch China's first manned space mission on television from his hospital bed.
In 2008, he was named [[Aviation Week and Space Technology]] Person of the Year. The recognition was not intended as an honor, but is given to the person judged to have the greatest impact on aviation in the past year.<ref name="2008poy" /><ref>Hold Your Fire, Aviation Week and Space Technology, Vol. 168., No. 1, January 7, 2008, p. 8.</ref> Furthermore, that year [[China Central Television]] named Qian as one of the eleven most inspiring people in China.<ref>Person of the Year, Aviation Week and Space Technology, Vol. 168., No. 12, March 24, 2008, p. 22.</ref>
In July 2009, the [[Omega Alpha Association]], an international systems engineering honor society, named Qian (H. S. Tsien) one of four Honorary Members.<ref name="Omega Alpha">http://www.omegalpha.org/honorary members/html</ref>
On October 31, 2009, Qian died at the age of 98 in Beijing.<ref name="2009latimes">{{cite news |url = http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-qian-xuesen1-2009nov01-story.html |title = Qian Xuesen dies at 98; rocket scientist helped establish Jet Propulsion Laboratory |date = {{date|2009-11-01|dmy}} |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |first1 = Claire |last1 = Noland |access-date = 2015-02-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-10/31/content_12365319.htm |title = China's "father of space technology" dies at 98 |agency = Xinhua |date = 2009-10-31 |accessdate = 2009-11-01 }}</ref>
A Chinese film production, ''[[Hsue-shen Tsien (film)|Hsue-shen Tsien]]'', directed by Zhang Jianya and starring Chen Kun as Qian was simultaneously released in [[Asia]] and [[North America]] on December 11, 2011,<ref>{{YouTube|u0TVeM3HqU4|钱学森HD1280高清国语中英双字Hsue-shen Tsien (2012)}}</ref> and on March 2, 2012, it was released in China.
== In popular culture ==
[[Science fiction]] author [[Arthur C. Clarke]], in his 1982 novel ''[[2010: Odyssey Two]],'' named a Chinese spaceship after him. The science fiction novel series ''[[The Expanse (novel series)|The Expanse]]'' by [[James S. A. Corey]] also named a Martian spaceship after him (MCRN Xuesen). In the 1981 novel '' [[Noble House (book)|Noble House]]'' by [[James Clavell]], the American-Chinese scientist who defected to China and helped develop the first atom bomb for China, Dr. Joseph Yu, is a fictionalized version of Dr. Qian Xuesen.
== Scientific papers ==
* 1938: (with [[Theodore von Karman]]) "Boundary Layer in Compressible Fluids", ''Journal of Aeronautical Sciences'', April
* 1938: "Supersonic Flow Over an Inclined Body of Revolution", ''Journal of Aeronautical Sciences'', October
* 1938: (with [[Frank Malina]]) "Flight analysis of a Sounding Rocket with Special Reference to Propulsion by Successive Impulses", ''Journal of Aeronautical Sciences'', December
* 1939: [http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/8.916 Two-dimensional subsonic flow of compressible fluids], ''Journal of Aeronautical Sciences'' 6(10): 399–407.<ref>N. Coburn (1945) "The Kármán–Tsien Pressure-Volume Relation n the Two-dimensional Supersonic Flow of Compressible Fluids", ''Quarterly of Applied Mathematics'' 3: 106–16.</ref>
* 1939: (with [[Theodore von Kármán]]) [http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/8.1019 The buckling of thin cylindrical shells under axial compression], ''Journal of Aeronautical Sciences'' 7(2):43 to 50.
* 1943: "Symmetrical Joukowsky Airfoils in shear flow", ''Quarterly of Applied Mathematics'', 1: 130–48.
* 1943: [http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/8.10985 On the Design of the Contraction Cone for a Wind Tunnel], ''Journal of Aeronautical Sciences'', 10(2): 68–70.
* 1945: (with Theodore von Kármán), "Lifting- line Theory for a Wing in Nonuniform Flow," ''Quarterly of Applied Mathematics'', 3: 1–11.
* 1946: "Similarity laws of hypersonic flows", [[MIT Journal of Mathematics and Physics]] 25: 247–251, {{mr |id = 0018074 }}.
* 1946: "Superaerodynamics, Mechanics of Rarefied Gases", ''Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences'', 13 (12)
* 1949: "Rockets and Other Thermal Jets Using Nuclear Energy", in ''The Science and Engineering of Nuclear Power'', Addison-Wesley, Vol. 2.
* 1950: "Instruction and Research at the Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Center", ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'', June 1950
* 1951: "Optimum Thrust Programming for a Sounding Rocket" (with Robert C. Evans), ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 21(5)
* 1952: "The Transfer Functions of Rocket Nozzles", ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 22(3)
* 1952: "A Similarity Law for Stressing Rapidly Heated Thin-Walled Cylinders" (with C.M.Cheng), ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 22(3)
* 1952: "Automatic Navigation of a Long Range Rocket Vehicle", (with T.D.Adamson and E.L. Knuth) ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 22(4)
* 1952: "A Method for Comparing the Performance of Power Plants for Vertical Flight", ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 22(4)
* 1952: "Serbo-Stabilization of Combustion in Rocket Motors", ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 22(5)
* 1953: "Physical Mechanics, a New Field in Engineering Science", ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 23(1)
* 1953: "The Properties of Pure Liquids", ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 23(1)
* 1953: "Take-Off from Satellite Orbit", ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 23(4)
* 1956: "The Poincaré-Lighthill-Kuo Method", ''Advances in Applied Mechanics'' 4: 281–349, {{mr |id = 0079929 }}.
* 1958: "The equations of gas dynamics", in ''Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics'' v. 3, [[Princeton University Press]], {{mr |id = 0097212 }}.
== Monographs ==
* 1954: {{cite book |url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3734950;view=1up;seq=7 |title = Engineering Cybernetics |date = 4 April 2020 |publisher = McGraw Hill |oclc = 299574775 |location = New York, NY }}
** 1957: {{cite book |title = Technische Kybernetik |translator = Dr. H. Kaltenecker (into German) |publisher = Berliner Union |location = Stuttgart }}
* 2007: {{cite book |title = Hydrodynamics |year = 2007 |publisher = Jiaotong University Press |isbn = 978-7-313-04199-9 |type = manuscript facsimile }}
== See also ==
{{Portal|China|Physics|Systems science|Engineering|Spaceflight|Aviation|World War II|Biography}}
* [[Aeronautics]]
* [[Engineering cybernetics]]
* [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
* [[Theodore von Kármán]]
* [[Chien-Shiung Wu]]
* [[Ye Qisun]]
* [[Guo Yonghuai]]
Works cited
引用作品
* [[Hsue-Chu Tsien]]
* [[McCarthyism]]
* [[People's Liberation Army Rocket Force]]
** [[Dongfeng (missile)]]
* [[Chinese space program]]
** [[Long March (rocket family)]]
* [[China and weapons of mass destruction|Chinese nuclear program]]
** [[596 (nuclear test)|Project 596]]
** [[Test No. 6]]
* [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation]] (formerly known as the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of Defense)
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
;Works cited
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QtfndLdZhnAC |author-link = Iris Chang |last1 = Chang |first1 = Iris |title = Thread of the Silkworm |year = 1995 |publisher = BasicBooks |location = New York, NY |isbn = 978-0-465-08716-7 }}
* O'Donnell, Franklin (2002). [http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/about_JPL/jpl101.pdf JPL 101]. California Institute of Technology. JPL 400–1048.
* Harvey, Brian (2004). ''China's Space Program: From Conception to Manned Spaceflight''. Springer-Verlag. {{ISBN|978-1-85233-566-3}}.
* {{cite journal |last1 = Viorst |first1 = Milton |authorlink = Milton Viorst |title = The Bitter Tea of Dr. Tsien |date = September 1967 |journal = Esquire |url = |access-date = }}
* {{cite book|last1=Ryan|first1=William L.|last2=Summerlin|first2=Sam|title=The China Cloud: America's Tragic Blunder and China's Rise to Nuclear Power|place=Boston|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|year=1968|oclc=443363|lccn=68024245|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
Category:1911 births
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060502182903/http://www.astronautix.com/articles/china.htm China], Encyclopedia Astronautica
Category:2009 deaths
分类: 2009年死亡人数
* [http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/space/10/03/china.space.timeline/ CNN.com timeline of China space program]
Category:20th-century Chinese engineers
类别: 20世纪中国工程师
* {{cite web |url = http://archives.caltech.edu/news/tsien.html |title = In the News: The father of Chinese rocketry |author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date = |website = Caltech |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} }}
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<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Qian Xuesen]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[钱学森/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
[[Category:待整理页面]]
{{Redirect|Hsue-Shen Tsien|the 2012 biographical film|Hsue-shen Tsien (film)}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Qian (surname)|Qian (Tsien)]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
{信息盒科学家
| name = Qian Xuesen<br /><small>Hsue-Shen Tsien</small>
| name = Qian Xuesen<br /><small>Hsue-Shen Tsien</small>
| name = Qian Xuesen<br /><small>Hsue-Shen Tsien</small>
| native_name = 钱学森
| native_name = 钱学森
| native_name = 钱学森
| native_name_lang = zh-Hans-CN
| native_name_lang = zh-Hans-CN
| native _ name _ lang = zh-Hans-CN
| image = Tsien Hsue-shen.jpg
| image = Tsien Hsue-shen.jpg
| image = Tsien Hsue-shen.jpg
| image_size =
| image_size =
图片大小 =
| caption =
| caption =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1911|12|11|df=yes}}
| birth_date =
出生日期
| birth_place = [[Shanghai]], [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]]
| birth_place = Shanghai, Qing Empire
出生地: 上海，清朝
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2009|10|31|1911|12|11|df=yes}}
| death_date =
死亡日期
| death_place = [[Beijing]], [[China]]
| death_place = Beijing, China
死亡地点: 中国北京
| nationality = [[Nationality Law of China|Chinese]]
| nationality = Chinese
| 国籍 = 中国
| field = [[Aerospace engineering]]<br/>[[Aeronautics]]<br />[[Engineering cybernetics]]
| field = Aerospace engineering<br/>Aeronautics<br />Engineering cybernetics
工程控制论 | field = 航空航天工业奖
| work_institutions = [[California Institute of Technology]] (professor) and [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (co-founder)<br />[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (professor)<br />[[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|Fifth Academy]] of the [[Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of National Defense, PRC]] (first director)<br />Institute of Mechanics of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (first director)<br />Commission of Science and Technology for National Defense of the [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] (vice-director)
| work_institutions = California Institute of Technology (professor) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (co-founder)<br />Massachusetts Institute of Technology (professor)<br />Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense, PRC (first director)<br />Institute of Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (first director)<br />Commission of Science and Technology for National Defense of the PLA (vice-director)
中国科学院力学研究所(第一所)中国科学院力学研究所(第一所)中国科学院力学研究所(第一所)中国科学院国防科学技术委员会(第一所)中国科学院国防科学技术委员会(第一所)中国科学技术委员会(第一所)中国科学技术委员会(第一所)中国科学技术委员会(第一所)中国科学技术委员会(第一所)中国科学技术委员会(第一所)中国科学技术委员会(第一所)中国科学技术委员会(第二所)中国科学技术委员会(第二所)中国科
| alma_mater = [[Shanghai Jiaotong University|National Chiao Tung University]]<br />{{nowrap|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}<br />[[California Institute of Technology]]
| alma_mater = National Chiao Tung University<br /><br />California Institute of Technology
加利福尼亚理工学院国立交通大学
| thesis_title = Problems in motion of compressible fluids and reaction propulsion
| thesis_title = Problems in motion of compressible fluids and reaction propulsion
可压缩流体运动和反作用推进问题
| thesis_url = http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-01122004-105646
| thesis_url = http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-01122004-105646
Http://resolver.caltech.edu/caltechetd:etd-01122004-105646
| thesis_year = 1939
| thesis_year = 1939
论文年份 = 1939
| doctoral_advisor = [[Theodore von Kármán]]
| doctoral_advisor = Theodore von Kármán
| doctoral_advisor = Theodore von Kármán
| doctoral_students = [[Cheng Chemin]]
| doctoral_students = Cheng Chemin
博士生 = Cheng Chemin
| known_for = Co-founder of the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]<br />Founder of [[engineering cybernetics]]<br />Father of [[Chinese space program]] <br /> Work on the [[Manhattan Project]]
| known_for = Co-founder of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory<br />Founder of engineering cybernetics<br />Father of Chinese space program <br /> Work on the Manhattan Project
工程控制论创始人中国太空计划之父曼哈顿计划工作喷气推进实验室
| prizes = Distinguished Alumni Award from Caltech (1979)
| prizes = Distinguished Alumni Award from Caltech (1979)
| 奖金 = 加州理工学院杰出校友奖(1979年)
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
| 脚注 =
| signature =
| signature =
签名 =
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Jiang Ying (musician)|Jiang Ying]]|1947}}
| spouse =
配偶 =
| children = Qian Yonggang<br />Qian Yungjen
| children = Qian Yonggang<br />Qian Yungjen
| children = 钱永刚 < br/> 钱永仁
| module = {{Chinese |child = yes
| module = {{Chinese |child = yes
{ Chinese | child = yes
|s = 钱学森
|s = 钱学森
|s = 钱学森
|p = Qián Xuésēn
|p = Qián Xuésēn
|p = Qián Xuésēn
|t = 錢學森
|t = 錢學森
|t = 錢學森
|w = Ch'ien Hsüeh-sen
|w = Ch'ien Hsüeh-sen
|w = Ch'ien Hsüeh-sen
|l = [[Qian (surname)]] [[learning]]-[[forest]]
|l = Qian (surname) learning-forest
| l = 倩(姓)学林
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|q|ian|2|-|xue|2|.|s|en|1}}
|mi=
| mi =
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
'''Qian Xuesen''', or '''Hsue-Shen Tsien''' ({{zh |s = 钱学森 }}; 11 December 1911 – 31 October 2009), was a Chinese [[mathematician]], [[cyberneticist]], [[aerospace engineer]], and [[physicist]] who made significant contributions to the field of [[aerodynamics]] and established [[engineering cybernetics]]. Recruited from [[MIT]], he joined [[Theodore von Kármán]]'s group at [[Caltech]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://history.nasa.gov/biost-z.html |title = Biographies of Aerospace Officials and Policymakers |publisher = NASA |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} }}</ref> During [[WWII]], he was involved in the [[Manhattan Project]], which ultimately led to the successful development of the first [[atomic bomb]] in America.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/01/qian-xuesen-obituary|title=Qian Xuesen obituary|last1=Brown|first1=Kerry|date=2009-11-01|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-11-21|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="The Two Lives of Qian Xuesen">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/evan-osnos/the-two-lives-of-qian-xuesen|title=The Two Lives of Qian Xuesen|last1=Osnos|first1=Evan|journal=The New Yorker|date=2009-11-03|access-date=2019-11-21|language=en|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Later on, he would eventually return to China, where he would make important contributions to [[China]]'s [[missile]] and [[Chinese space program|space program]].
Qian Xuesen, or Hsue-Shen Tsien (; 11 December 1911 – 31 October 2009), was a Chinese mathematician, cyberneticist, aerospace engineer, and physicist who made significant contributions to the field of aerodynamics and established engineering cybernetics. Recruited from MIT, he joined Theodore von Kármán's group at Caltech. During WWII, he was involved in the Manhattan Project, which ultimately led to the successful development of the first atomic bomb in America. Later on, he would eventually return to China, where he would make important contributions to China's missile and space program.
钱学森，即钱学森(; 1911年12月11日至2009年10月31日) ，是中国数学家、控制论家、航空航天工程师和物理学家，在空气动力学领域做出了重大贡献，建立了工程控制论。从麻省理工学院毕业后，他加入了西奥多·冯·卡门在加州理工学院的团队。在第二次世界大战期间，他参与了曼哈顿计划，这最终导致了美国第一颗原子弹的成功研制。后来，他最终回到了中国，在那里他为中国的导弹和太空计划做出了重要贡献。
During the [[Second Red Scare]], in the 1950s, the [[US federal government]] accused him of [[communist]] sympathies. In 1950, despite protests by his colleagues, he was stripped of his security clearance.<ref name="autogenerated57">{{cite journal |date = {{Date|2008-01-07|dmy}} |title = Person of the Year: Qian Xuesen |url = http://aviationweek.com/awin/qian-xuesen-laid-foundation-china-s-space-rise |journal = Aviation Week and Space Technology |volume = 168 |pages = 57–61 |last1 = Perrett |first1 = Bradley |last2 = Asker |first2 = James R. |number = 1 |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} }} {{subreq}}</ref> He decided to return to China, but he was detained at [[Terminal Island]], near [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.astronautix.com/astros/tsien.htm |author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title = Tsien |website = Encyclopedia Astronautica |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131013215748/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/tsien.htm |archive-date = 2013-10-13 }}</ref>
During the Second Red Scare, in the 1950s, the US federal government accused him of communist sympathies. In 1950, despite protests by his colleagues, he was stripped of his security clearance. He decided to return to China, but he was detained at Terminal Island, near Los Angeles.
在20世纪50年代的第二次红色恐慌期间，美国联邦政府指责他同情共产主义。1950年，尽管他的同事抗议，他还是被剥夺了安全许可。他决定返回中国，但他被拘留在终点岛，洛杉矶附近。
After spending five years under [[house arrest]],<ref name="caltech1">{{cite web |url = http://today.caltech.edu/today/story-display.tcl?story_id=39604 |title = Tsien Hsue-Shen Dies |website = Caltech |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date = {{Date|2009-11-02|dmy}} |accessdate = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100612190920/http://today.caltech.edu/today/story-display.tcl?story_id=39604 |archive-date = {{date|2010-06-12|dmy}} |url-status = dead }}</ref> he was released in 1955 in exchange for the [[repatriation]] of American pilots who had been captured during the [[Korean War]]. He left the United States in September 1955 on the [[American President Lines]] passenger liner [[SS President Cleveland (1947)|SS ''President Cleveland'']], arriving in China via [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="MJ550913">{{cite news |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LAkkAAAAIBAJ&pg=7147%2C5707600 |title = US Deporting Rocket Expert |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date = {{Date|1955-09-13|dmy}} |newspaper=The Milwaukee Journal |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} }}</ref>
After spending five years under house arrest, he was released in 1955 in exchange for the repatriation of American pilots who had been captured during the Korean War. He left the United States in September 1955 on the American President Lines passenger liner SS President Cleveland, arriving in China via Hong Kong.
在被软禁五年后，他于1955年被释放，条件是遣返在朝鲜战争中被俘的美国飞行员。1955年9月，他乘坐美国总统航运公司的客轮克利夫兰总统号(1947年)号离开美国，经香港抵达中国。
Upon his return, he helped lead the [[China and weapons of mass destruction|Chinese nuclear weapons program]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-qian-xuesen1-2009nov01-story.html |title = Qian Xuesen dies at 98; rocket scientist helped establish Jet Propulsion Laboratory|website = LA Times |date = {{Date|2016-09-16|dmy}} |access-date = {{Date|2019-11-26|dmy}} }}</ref> This effort ultimately led to China's first successful [[596 (nuclear test)|atomic bomb test]] and [[Test No. 6|hydrogen bomb test]], making China the fifth nuclear weapons state, and achieving the fastest [[Nuclear fission|fission]]-to-[[Nuclear fusion|fusion]] development in history. Additionally, Qian's work led to the development of the [[Dongfeng (missile)|Dongfeng ballistic missile]] and the [[Chinese space program]]. For his contributions, he became known as the "Father of Chinese Rocketry", nicknamed the "King of Rocketry".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://scitech.people.com.cn/GB/10294899.html |title = 钱学森：历尽险阻报效祖国 火箭之王淡泊名誉 |trans-title = Qian Xuesen: King of Rocketry who experienced obstacles in serving the Motherland |website = 人民网 (People.com.cn) |date = {{Date|2009-10-31|dmy}} |access-date = {{Date|2009-10-31|dmy}} |language = zh-Hans-CN }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://news.163.com/09/1031/17/5MVIKNT90001124J.html |title = 美国航空周刊2008年度人物:钱学森 |trans-title = US Aviation Week & Space Technology Person of the Year 2008: Qian Xuesen |website = 网易探索(广州) |date = {{Date|2009-10-31|dmy}} |access-date = {{Date|2009-11-11|dmy}} |language = zh-Hans-CN }}</ref> He is recognized as one of the founding fathers of [[Two Bombs, One Satellite]].<ref>{{cite news |title = 23位两弹一星元勋已有17人离世 媒体解析其功绩 |url = http://news.china.com/domesticgd/10000159/20160529/22762769.html |website = China.com |date = 30 May 2016 |language = zh-Hans-CN}}</ref>
Upon his return, he helped lead the Chinese nuclear weapons program. This effort ultimately led to China's first successful atomic bomb test and hydrogen bomb test, making China the fifth nuclear weapons state, and achieving the fastest fission-to-fusion development in history. Additionally, Qian's work led to the development of the Dongfeng ballistic missile and the Chinese space program. For his contributions, he became known as the "Father of Chinese Rocketry", nicknamed the "King of Rocketry". He is recognized as one of the founding fathers of Two Bombs, One Satellite.
回国后，他帮助领导了中国的核武器计划。这一努力最终导致了中国第一次成功的原子弹试验和氢弹试验，使中国成为第五个拥有核武器的国家，并实现了历史上最快的裂变-聚变发展。此外，钱的工作导致了东风弹道导弹和中国太空计划的发展。由于他的贡献，他被称为“中国火箭之父” ，绰号“火箭之王”。他被公认为“两炸一卫”的创始人之一。
In 1957, Qian was elected an [[academician]] of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]. He served as a [[Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] from 1987 to 1998.
In 1957, Qian was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He served as a Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1987 to 1998.
1957年钱当选中国科学院院士。1987年至1998年任中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会副主席。
He was the cousin of [[mechanical engineer]] [[Hsue-Chu Tsien]], who was involved in the aerospace industries of China and the United States; his nephew is [[Roger Y. Tsien]], the 2008 winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]].
He was the cousin of mechanical engineer Hsue-Chu Tsien, who was involved in the aerospace industries of China and the United States; his nephew is Roger Y. Tsien, the 2008 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
他的侄子是2008年诺贝尔化学奖得主钱学森。
== Early life and education ==
Qian was born in [[Shanghai]], with ancestral roots in [[Hangzhou]]. He graduated from [[The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University]], with [[Lu Shijia]] as classmate, and attended National Chiao Tung University (now [[Shanghai Jiaotong University]]) in 1934. There, he received a degree in [[mechanical engineering]] with an emphasis on railroad administration. He interned at [[Nanchang Laoyingfang Airport|Nanchang Air Force Base]].
Qian was born in Shanghai, with ancestral roots in Hangzhou. He graduated from The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University, with Lu Shijia as classmate, and attended National Chiao Tung University (now Shanghai Jiaotong University) in 1934. There, he received a degree in mechanical engineering with an emphasis on railroad administration. He interned at Nanchang Air Force Base.
钱生于上海，祖籍杭州。他毕业于北京师范大学附属中学，和陆世佳同学，并于1934年就读于国立交通大学交通大学。在那里，他获得了机械工程学位，重点是铁路管理。他在 Nanchang Air Force Base 实习。
In August 1935, Qian left China on a [[Boxer Indemnity Scholarship]] to study mechanical engineering at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), where he earned a [[Master of Science]] degree after one year.
In August 1935, Qian left China on a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship to study mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he earned a Master of Science degree after one year.
1935年8月，钱获得庚款奖学金离开中国，前往麻省理工学院(MIT)学习机械工程，一年后获得理学硕士学位。
While at MIT he was called Hsue-Shen Tsien. He was influenced by the methods of American engineering education, especially its focus on experimentation. This was in contrast to the contemporary approach practiced by many Chinese scientists, which emphasized theoretical elements rather than "hands-on" experience. Tsien's experiments included plotting of pitot pressures using mercury-filled manometers.
While at MIT he was called Hsue-Shen Tsien. He was influenced by the methods of American engineering education, especially its focus on experimentation. This was in contrast to the contemporary approach practiced by many Chinese scientists, which emphasized theoretical elements rather than "hands-on" experience. Tsien's experiments included plotting of pitot pressures using mercury-filled manometers.
在麻省理工学院的时候，他的名字叫许淑慎。他受到美国工程教育方法的影响，尤其是美国工程教育对实验的重视。这与许多中国科学家采用的当代方法形成了鲜明对比，当代方法强调理论要素，而不是“实践”经验。钱永健的实验包括使用充满水银的压力计绘制皮托管压力。
[[Theodore von Kármán]], Tsien's doctoral advisor, described their first meeting:
Theodore von Kármán, Tsien's doctoral advisor, described their first meeting:
钱永健的西奥多·冯·卡门，钱永健的博士生导师，描述了他们的第一次会面:
{{quote|One day in 1936 he came to me for advice on further graduate studies. This was our first meeting. I looked up to observe a slight short young man, with a serious look, who answered my questions with unusual precision. I was immediately impressed with the keenness and quickness of his mind, and I suggested that he enroll at Caltech for advanced study ... Tsien agreed. He worked with me on many mathematical problems. I found him to be quite imaginative, with a mathematical aptitude that he combined successfully with a great ability to visualize accurately the physical picture of natural phenomena. Even as a young student he helped clear up some of my own ideas on several difficult topics. These are gifts which I had not often encountered and Tsien and I became close colleagues.<ref name=TvK>Theodore von Kármán with Lee Edson (1967) ''The Wind and Beyond'', chapter 38: Dr. Tsien of Red China, pp. 308–15.</ref>{{rp|309}}}}
Kármán made his home a social scene for the aerodynamicists of Pasadena, and Tsien was drawn in: "Tsien enjoyed visiting my home, and [[Josephine de Karman|my sister]] took to him because of his interesting ideas and straightforward manner."
Kármán made his home a social scene for the aerodynamicists of Pasadena, and Tsien was drawn in: "Tsien enjoyed visiting my home, and my sister took to him because of his interesting ideas and straightforward manner."
对于帕萨迪纳的空气动力学家来说，卡门把自己的家变成了一个社交场所，钱被吸引了进来: “钱喜欢来我家，我姐姐喜欢他，因为他有趣的想法和直截了当的态度。”
== Career in the United States ==
[[File:Left-right Ludwig Prandtl, Theodore Von Karman, Tsien Hsue-sen.jpg|thumb|250px|Left to right: [[Ludwig Prandtl]] (German scientist), Hsue-Shen Tsien, [[Theodore von Kármán]]. Prandtl served Germany during [[World War II]]; von Kármán and Tsien served the United States; after 1956, Tsien served China. Tsien's overseas cap displays his temporary [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] rank of colonel. Prandtl was von Kármán's doctoral adviser; von Kármán in turn was Tsien's.]]
Left to right: [[Ludwig Prandtl (German scientist), Hsue-Shen Tsien, Theodore von Kármán. Prandtl served Germany during World War II; von Kármán and Tsien served the United States; after 1956, Tsien served China. Tsien's overseas cap displays his temporary U.S. Army rank of colonel. Prandtl was von Kármán's doctoral adviser; von Kármán in turn was Tsien's.]]
从左到右: [路德维希普兰特尔(德国科学家) ，钱学森，西奥多·冯·卡门。普朗特在第二次世界大战期间为德国服务; 冯 · 卡尔曼和钱为美国服务; 1956年后，钱为中国服务。钱存训的海外军帽展示了他暂时的美国陆军上校军衔。普朗特是冯 · 卡门的博士生导师，而冯 · 卡门则是西恩的博士生导师
Shortly after arriving at Caltech in 1936, Tsien became fascinated with the rocketry ideas of [[Frank Malina]], other students of von Kármán, and their associates, including [[John Whiteside Parsons|Jack Parsons]]. Along with his fellow students, he was involved in rocket-related experiments at the [[Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory]] at Caltech. Around the university, the dangerous and explosive nature of their work earned them the nickname "Suicide Squad."<ref name="caltech2" /><ref>{{cite book |url = https://archive.org/details/threadofsilkworm00chan/page/109 |last1 = Chang |first1 = Iris |authorlink = Iris Chang |title = Thread of the Silkworm |year = 1995 |publisher = BasicBooks |pages = [https://archive.org/details/threadofsilkworm00chan/page/109 109–117] |location = New York |isbn = 978-0-465-08716-7 }}</ref> Tsien received his PhD from Caltech in 1939.<ref name="thesis-tsien-1939">{{cite thesis |url = http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-01122004-105646 |title = Problems in motion of compressible fluids and reaction propulsion |year = 1939 |institution = [[California Institute of Technology]] |degree = Ph.D. |last1 = Tsien |first1 = Hsue-shen }}</ref>
Shortly after arriving at Caltech in 1936, Tsien became fascinated with the rocketry ideas of Frank Malina, other students of von Kármán, and their associates, including Jack Parsons. Along with his fellow students, he was involved in rocket-related experiments at the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at Caltech. Around the university, the dangerous and explosive nature of their work earned them the nickname "Suicide Squad." Tsien received his PhD from Caltech in 1939.
1936年到达加州理工学院后不久，钱就着迷于弗兰克 · 马里纳、冯 · 卡曼的其他学生以及他们的同事，包括杰克 · 帕森斯的火箭思想。和他的同学们一起，他在加州理工学院的古根海姆航空试验室参与了火箭相关的实验。在大学里，他们工作的危险性和爆炸性为他们赢得了“自杀小队”的绰号钱存训于1939年获得加州理工学院的博士学位。
During the [[Second World War]], Tsien worked in the [[Manhattan Project]], which led to America successfully developing the first [[atomic bomb]].<ref name="The Two Lives of Qian Xuesen"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-02-06/us-trained-scientist-was-deported-then-became-father-chinese-rocketry|title=A US-trained scientist was deported, then became the 'father of Chinese rocketry'|website=Public Radio International|language=en|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiichina.com/its-not-rocket-science-except-when-it-is-the-strange-case-of-qian-xuesen/|title=It's Not Rocket Science, Except When it is: The Strange Case of Qian Xuesen|date=2018-08-15|website=RADII {{!}} Culture, Innovation, and Life in today's China|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref> In 1943, Tsien and two other members of their rocketry group drafted the first document to use the name [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL), originally a proposal to the Army for developing missiles in response to Germany's [[V-2 rocket]]. This led to [[Private (missile)|Private A]], which flew in 1944, and later the [[MGM-5 Corporal|Corporal]], the [[WAC Corporal]], and other designs.
During the Second World War, Tsien worked in the Manhattan Project, which led to America successfully developing the first atomic bomb. In 1943, Tsien and two other members of their rocketry group drafted the first document to use the name Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), originally a proposal to the Army for developing missiles in response to Germany's V-2 rocket. This led to Private A, which flew in 1944, and later the Corporal, the WAC Corporal, and other designs.
第二次世界大战期间，钱存训参与曼哈顿计划，使美国成功研制出第一颗原子弹。1943年，钱永健和他们火箭研究小组的另外两名成员起草了第一份文件，使用了喷气推进实验室的名字，最初是为了应对德国的 V-2火箭而向陆军提出的开发导弹的建议。这导致了1944年飞行的二等兵 a，以及后来的下士、 WAC 下士和其他设计。
In 1945, as an Army colonel with a security clearance, Tsien was sent to Germany to investigate laboratories and question German scientists, including [[Wernher von Braun]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/world/asia/04qian.html|title=Qian Xuesen, Father of China's Space Program, Dies at 98|last1=WINES|first1=MICHAEL|date=2009-11-04|work=[[New York Times]]|access-date=2019-11-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125721495250424443|title=Trained in the U.S., Scientist Became China's 'Rocket King'|date=2009-11-04|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=2019-11-24|language=en}}</ref>
In 1945, as an Army colonel with a security clearance, Tsien was sent to Germany to investigate laboratories and question German scientists, including Wernher von Braun.
1945年，钱存训作为一名拥有安全许可的陆军上校，被派往德国调查实验室，质询包括沃纳·冯·布劳恩在内的德国科学家。
Von Kármán wrote of Tsien, "At the age of 36, he was an undisputed genius whose work was providing an enormous impetus to advances in high-speed aerodynamics and jet propulsion."<ref name="2008poy">{{cite journal |url = http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/aw010708p1.xml |title = Qian Xuesen Laid Foundation For Space Rise in China |last1 = Perrett |first1 = Bradley |date = {{Date|2008-01-06|dmy}} |journal = Aviation Week and Space Technology |volume = 168 |number = 1 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110521055346/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2Faw010708p1.xml |archive-date = 2011-05-21 |url-status = dead |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} }}</ref> During this time, he worked on designing an intercontinental space plane, which would later inspire the [[X-20 Dyna-Soar]], a precursor to the American [[Space Shuttle]].
Von Kármán wrote of Tsien, "At the age of 36, he was an undisputed genius whose work was providing an enormous impetus to advances in high-speed aerodynamics and jet propulsion." During this time, he worked on designing an intercontinental space plane, which would later inspire the X-20 Dyna-Soar, a precursor to the American Space Shuttle.
冯 · 卡曼在提到钱存训时写道: “在他36岁的时候，他是一个无可争议的天才，他的工作为高速空气动力学和喷气推进技术的发展提供了巨大的推动力。”在此期间，他致力于设计一种洲际航天飞机，这种飞机后来激发了美国航天飞机的前身 X-20动力-翱翔。
Tsien married [[Jiang Ying (musician)|Jiang Ying]] (蒋英), a famed opera singer and the daughter of [[Jiang Baili]] (蒋百里) and his wife, Japanese nurse Satô Yato. The elder Jiang was a military strategist and adviser to [[Kuomintang]] leader [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. The Tsiens were married on 14 September 1947<ref>Chang (1995), p. 139.</ref> in [[Shanghai]], and had two children; their son [[Qian Yonggang]] (钱永刚, also known as Yucon Tsien<ref>{{cite web |url = https://dl.library.ucla.edu/islandora/object/edu.ucla.library.specialCollections.latimes:4566 |title = California Institute of Technology scientist, Dr. Hsue-shen Tsien with his family onboard SS President Cleveland, 1955 |publisher = Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive |access-date = 2019-03-24 }}</ref>) was born in [[Boston]] on 13 October 1948,<ref>Chang (1995), p. 141.</ref> while their daughter [[Qian Yongzhen]] (钱永真) was born in early 1950<ref>Chang (1995), p. 153.</ref> when the family was residing in [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]], California.
Tsien married Jiang Ying (蒋英), a famed opera singer and the daughter of Jiang Baili (蒋百里) and his wife, Japanese nurse Satô Yato. The elder Jiang was a military strategist and adviser to Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek. The Tsiens were married on 14 September 1947 in Shanghai, and had two children; their son Qian Yonggang (钱永刚, also known as Yucon Tsien) was born in Boston on 13 October 1948, while their daughter Qian Yongzhen (钱永真) was born in early 1950 when the family was residing in Pasadena, California.
Tsien married Jiang Ying (蒋英), a famed opera singer and the daughter of Jiang Baili (蒋百里) and his wife, Japanese nurse Satô Yato.老蒋是国民党领袖蒋的军事战略家和顾问。The Tsiens were married on 14 September 1947 in Shanghai, and had two children; their son Qian Yonggang (钱永刚, also known as Yucon Tsien) was born in Boston on 13 October 1948, while their daughter Qian Yongzhen (钱永真) was born in early 1950 when the family was residing in Pasadena, California.
Shortly after his wedding, Tsien returned to America to take up a teaching position at MIT. Jiang Ying would join him in December 1947.<ref>Chang (1995), pp. 139–140.</ref> In 1949, with the recommendation of von Kármán, Tsien became Robert H. Goddard Professor of Jet Propulsion at Caltech.<ref name="caltech2">{{cite web |url = https://www.caltech.edu/about/history |title = GALCIT History }}{{dead link |date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Shortly after his wedding, Tsien returned to America to take up a teaching position at MIT. Jiang Ying would join him in December 1947. In 1949, with the recommendation of von Kármán, Tsien became Robert H. Goddard Professor of Jet Propulsion at Caltech.
婚礼后不久，钱存训回到美国，在麻省理工任教。1947年12月，蒋英加入了他的行列。1949年，在冯 · 卡门的推荐下，西恩成为加州理工学院喷气推进罗伯特·戈达德的教授。
In 1947, Tsien was granted a permanent resident permit,<ref name="MJ550913" /> and in 1949, he applied for naturalization, although he could not obtain citizenship.<ref name="autogenerated57" /> Except for the memories of a few individuals,<ref name="autogenerated57" /> there is no other official proof indicating that Tsien had tried to apply for naturalization. Years later, his wife Jiang Ying said in an interview with [[Phoenix Television]] that Tsien did not apply for naturalization.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://v.ifeng.com/history/renwujingdian//201202/18b53c55-2072-4e66-90d8-5cea9450fd38.shtml |script-title = zh:2012-02-18我的中国心 天籁美音——蒋英 |trans-title = My Chinese Heart heavenly tone: Jiang Ying |date = {{Date|2012-02-18|dmy}} |author = 凤凰卫视 |publisher = 凤凰网/凤凰视频 |access-date = {{Date|2015-02-02|dmy}} |language = zh }}</ref>
In 1947, Tsien was granted a permanent resident permit,
1947年钱存训获得永久居留许可,
=== Detention ===
By the early 1940s, US Army Intelligence was already aware of allegations that Tsien was a Communist, but his security clearance was not suspended.<ref>Chang (1995), p. 158.</ref> However, on 6 June 1950, his security clearance was revoked and Tsien was questioned by the FBI. Two weeks later Tsien announced that he would be resigning from Caltech and returning to China, which by then was effectively governed by the Communist Party of China led by [[Mao Zedong]].<ref name="caltech1" /><ref>Chang (1995), pp. 149–150.</ref>
By the early 1940s, US Army Intelligence was already aware of allegations that Tsien was a Communist, but his security clearance was not suspended. However, on 6 June 1950, his security clearance was revoked and Tsien was questioned by the FBI. Two weeks later Tsien announced that he would be resigning from Caltech and returning to China, which by then was effectively governed by the Communist Party of China led by Mao Zedong.
到20世纪40年代早期，美国陆军情报局已经知道钱存训是共产主义者的指控，但是他的安全许可并没有被停职。然而，1950年6月6日，他的安全许可被撤销，钱存训受到联邦调查局的审问。两周后，钱存训宣布他将辞去加州理工学院的工作，回到中国，那时中国实际上是由毛泽东领导的中国共产党统治的。
In August, Tsien had a conversation on the subject with the then [[Under Secretary of the Navy]] [[Dan A. Kimball]], whom Tsien knew on a personal basis. After Tsien told him of the allegations, Kimball responded, "Hell, I don't think you're a Communist", at which point Tsien indicated that he still intended to leave the country, saying "I'm Chinese. I don't want to build weapons to kill my countrymen. It's that simple." Kimball then said, "I won't let you out of the country."<ref>{{harvnb|Ryan|Summerlin|1968|p=215}}</ref>
In August, Tsien had a conversation on the subject with the then Under Secretary of the Navy Dan A. Kimball, whom Tsien knew on a personal basis. After Tsien told him of the allegations, Kimball responded, "Hell, I don't think you're a Communist", at which point Tsien indicated that he still intended to leave the country, saying "I'm Chinese. I don't want to build weapons to kill my countrymen. It's that simple." Kimball then said, "I won't let you out of the country."
8月，钱存训与当时的海军副部长丹 · a · 金博尔(Dan a. Kimball)就这个问题进行了交谈，钱存训私下认识金博尔。钱存训告诉他这些指控后，金博尔回应说，“见鬼，我不认为你是共产主义者”。钱存训暗示，他仍然打算离开中国，并说“我是中国人。”。我不想制造杀死我同胞的武器。就是这么简单。”金博尔接着说，“我不会让你出国的。”
After the firm in charge of arranging Tsien's move back to China tipped off U.S. Customs that some of the papers encountered among his possessions were marked "Secret" or "Confidential," U.S. officials seized them from a Pasadena warehouse. The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service issued a warrant for Tsien's arrest on 25 August. Tsien claimed that the security-stamped documents were mostly written by himself and had outdated classifications, adding that, "There were some drawings and logarithm tables, etc., which someone might have mistaken for codes."<ref>Chang (1995), p. 157.</ref> Included in the material was a scrapbook with news clippings about the trials of those charged with atomic espionage, such as [[Klaus Fuchs]].<ref>Chang (1995), p. 160.</ref> Subsequent examination of the documents showed they contained no classified material.<ref name="MJ550913" />
After the firm in charge of arranging Tsien's move back to China tipped off U.S. Customs that some of the papers encountered among his possessions were marked "Secret" or "Confidential," U.S. officials seized them from a Pasadena warehouse. The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service issued a warrant for Tsien's arrest on 25 August. Tsien claimed that the security-stamped documents were mostly written by himself and had outdated classifications, adding that, "There were some drawings and logarithm tables, etc., which someone might have mistaken for codes." Included in the material was a scrapbook with news clippings about the trials of those charged with atomic espionage, such as Klaus Fuchs. Subsequent examination of the documents showed they contained no classified material. Weinbaum's trial commenced on 30 August and both Frank Oppenheimer and Parsons testified against him. Weinbaum was convicted of perjury and sentenced to four years. Tsien was taken into custody on 6 September 1950 for questioning
在负责安排钱存训返回中国的公司向美国海关透露，钱存训的一些文件被标记为“秘密”或“机密”之后，美国官员从帕萨迪纳市的一个仓库中没收了这些文件。8月25日，美国美国移民及归化局发出了对钱存训的逮捕令。钱存训声称，这些加了安全标签的文件大部分是他自己写的，分类已经过时，并补充说，“里面有一些绘图和对数表等，有人可能把它们误认为代码。”这些材料包括一本剪贴簿，里面有关于那些被指控从事原子间谍活动的人受审的剪报，比如克劳斯 · 福克斯。随后对这些文件的检查表明，其中没有任何机密材料。对 Weinbaum 的审判于8月30日开始，Frank Oppenheimer 和 Parsons 都作了不利于他的证词。温鲍姆因伪证罪被判刑四年。钱存训于1950年9月6日被拘留审问
While at Caltech, Tsien had secretly attended meetings with J. Robert Oppenheimer's brother [[Frank Oppenheimer]], [[John Whiteside Parsons|Jack Parsons]], and [[Frank Malina]] that were organized by the Russian-born Jewish chemist Sidney Weinbaum and called Professional Unit 122 of the Pasadena Communist Party.<ref>[[Ray Monk]], ''Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center'' [[Random House]] {{ISBN|978-0-385-50407-2}} (2012)</ref> Weinbaum's trial commenced on 30 August and both Frank Oppenheimer and Parsons testified against him.<ref>[[George Pendle]], ''Strange Angel: The Otherworldly Life of Rocket Scientist John Whiteside Parsons'' [[Mariner Books]] (2006) {{ISBN|0-297-84853-4}} p. 291.</ref> Weinbaum was convicted of perjury and sentenced to four years.<ref>Chang (1995), p. 159.</ref> Tsien was taken into custody on 6 September 1950 for questioning<ref name="MJ550913" /> and for two weeks detained at [[Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island|Terminal Island]], a low-security United States federal prison near the ports of Los Angeles and [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]].
On 26 April 1951, Tsien was declared subject to deportation and forbidden from leaving Los Angeles County without permission, effectively placing him under house arrest.
1951年4月26日，钱存训被宣布被驱逐出境，未经许可不得离开洛杉矶县，实际上将他软禁在家。
When Tsien had returned from China with his new bride in 1947, he had answered "no" on an immigration questionnaire that asked if he ever had been a member of an organization advocating overthrow of the U.S. Government by force. This, together with an American [[CPUSA|Communist Party]] document from 1938 with Tsien's name on it, was used to argue that Tsien was a national security threat. Prosecutors also cited a cross-examination session where Tsien said, "I owe allegiance to the people of China" and would "certainly not" let the United States government make his decision for him as to whom he would owe allegiance to in the event of a conflict between the U.S. and communist China.<ref>{{harvnb|Ryan|Summerlin|1968|pp=113, 115}}</ref>
During this time, Tsien wrote Engineering Cybernetics, which was published by McGraw Hill in 1954. The book deals with the practice of stabilizing servomechanisms. In its 18 chapters, it considers non-interacting controls of many-variable systems, control design by perturbation theory, and von Neumann's theory of error control (chapter 18). Ezra Krendel reviewed the book, stating that it is "difficult to overstate the value of Tsien's book to those interested in the overall theory of complex control systems." Evidently, Tsien's approach is primarily practical, as Krendel notes that for servomechanisms, the "usual linear design criterion of stability is inadequate and other criteria arising from the physics of the problem must be used."
在此期间，钱学森撰写了《工程控制论》 ，并于1954年由麦格劳 · 希尔出版社出版。这本书论述了稳定伺服机构的实践。在它的18章中，它考虑了多变量系统的非相互作用控制，摄动理论的控制设计，和 von Neumann 的错误控制理论(第18章)。埃兹拉 · 克伦德尔评论了这本书，指出“对于那些对复杂控制系统的整体理论感兴趣的人来说，很难夸大钱永健这本书的价值。”显然，钱的方法主要是实用的，正如克伦德尔指出，对于伺服机构，“通常的线性稳定性设计标准是不充分的，其他标准产生的物理问题必须使用。”
On 26 April 1951, Tsien was declared subject to deportation and forbidden from leaving [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] without permission, effectively placing him under [[house arrest]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ryan|Summerlin|1968|p=141}}</ref>
Qian became the subject of five years of secret diplomacy and negotiation between the U.S. and China. During this time, he lived under constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any classified research duties. Qian arrived at Hong Kong on 8 October 1955 and entered China via the Kowloon–Canton Railway later that day.
钱成为中美之间长达五年的秘密外交和谈判的对象。在这段时间里，他一直生活在监视之下，被允许在没有任何分类研究任务的情况下教书。钱于一九五五年十月八日抵达香港，并于当日稍后经九广铁路进入中国。
During this time, Tsien wrote ''Engineering Cybernetics'', which was published by [[McGraw Hill]] in 1954. The book deals with the practice of stabilizing [[servomechanism]]s. In its 18 chapters, it considers non-interacting controls of many-variable systems, control design by [[perturbation theory]], and [[John von Neumann|von Neumann]]'s theory of [[error control]] (chapter 18). Ezra Krendel reviewed<ref>Ezra Krendel (1955) "Review of Engineering Cybernetics", [[Journal of the Franklin Institute]] 259(4): 367</ref> the book, stating that it is "difficult to overstate the value of Tsien's book to those interested in the overall theory of complex [[control system]]s." Evidently, Tsien's approach is primarily practical, as Krendel notes that for servomechanisms, the "usual linear design criterion of stability is inadequate and other criteria arising from the physics of the problem must be used."
Under Secretary Kimball, who had tried for several years to keep Qian in the U.S., commented on his treatment: "It was the stupidest thing this country ever did. He was no more a Communist than I was, and we forced him to go."
几年来一直试图让钱留在美国的金博尔副国务卿评论了他的待遇: “这是这个国家做过的最愚蠢的事情。他和我一样不是共产主义者，我们强迫他离开。”
== Return to China ==
Qian became the subject of five years of secret diplomacy and negotiation between the U.S. and China. During this time, he lived under constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any classified research duties.<ref name="caltech1" /> Qian received support from his colleagues at Caltech during his incarceration, including president [[Lee DuBridge]], who flew to Washington to argue Qian's case. Caltech appointed attorney [[Grant Cooper (attorney)|Grant Cooper]] to defend Qian.
He was heavily involved in the establishment of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in 1958 and served as the Chairman of the Department of Modern Mechanics of the university for a number of years.
他于一九五八年参与中国科技大学的成立，并担任大学现代力学系系主任多年。
The travel ban on Qian was lifted on {{date|1955-08-04|dmy}},<ref name="MJ550913" /> and he resigned from Caltech shortly thereafter. With President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] personally agreeing, Qian departed from Los Angeles for Hong Kong aboard the ''[[SS President Cleveland (1947)|SS President Cleveland]]'' in September 1955 amidst rumors that his release was a swap for 11 U.S. airmen held captive by China since the end of the Korean War.<ref>Brownell, Richard. Space exploration. Detroit, Lucent Books, 2012. 82 p.</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.astronautix.com/t/tsien.html | title=Tsien}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CooeAAAAIBAJ&pg=3115%2C1559834 |title=Scientist To Be Deported By U.S. |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date={{date|1955-09-13|dmy}} |newspaper=DAytona Beach Morning Journal |agency = AP |access-date = {{date|2015-02-02|dmy}} }}</ref> Qian arrived at Hong Kong on 8 October 1955 and entered China via the [[Kowloon–Canton Railway]] later that day.
Outside of rocketry, Qian had a presence in numerous areas of study. He was among the creators of systematics, and made contributions to science and technology systems, somatic science, engineering science, military science, social science, the natural sciences, geography, philosophy, literature and art, and education. His advancements in the concepts, theories, and methods of the system science field include studying the open complex giant system. Additionally, he helped establish the Chinese school of complexity science.
除了火箭技术，钱在许多领域的研究存在。他是系统科学的创始人之一，在科学技术体系、躯体科学、工程科学、军事科学、社会科学、自然科学、地理学、哲学、文学艺术和教育等方面做出了贡献。他在系统科学领域的概念、理论和方法方面的进展包括研究开放的复杂巨系统。此外，他还帮助建立了中国复杂性科学学派。
Under Secretary Kimball, who had tried for several years to keep Qian in the U.S., commented on his treatment: "It was the stupidest thing this country ever did. He was no more a Communist than I was, and we forced him to go."<ref name="autogenerated57" />
From the 1980s onward, Qian had advocated the scientific investigation of traditional Chinese medicine, Qigong, and the concept of "special human body functions". He particularly encouraged scientists to accumulate observational data on qigong so that future scientific theories could be established.
自20世纪80年代以来，钱一直倡导对中医气功的科学研究，倡导“人体特殊功能”的概念。他特别鼓励科学家们积累气功的观测数据，以便建立未来的科学理论。
Upon his return, Qian began a remarkably successful career in rocket science, boosted by the reputation he garnered for his past achievements as well as Chinese state support for his nuclear research. He led and eventually became the father of the Chinese missile program, which constructed the [[Dongfeng (missile)|Dongfeng ballistic missiles]] and the [[Long March (rocket family)|Long March space rockets]].
Qian Xuesen Library, Xi'an Jiaotong University
西安交通大学钱学森图书馆
== Chinese nuclear program and other studies ==
In October 1956, he became the director of the [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|Fifth Academy]] of the [[Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of National Defense]], tasked with ballistic missile and nuclear weapons development. He was part of the overall effort that resulted in the successful "596" atomic bomb test on 16 October 1964, and the "Test No. 6" hydrogen bomb test on 17 June 1967. This was the fastest [[Nuclear fission|fission]]-to-[[Nuclear fusion|fusion]] development in history at 32 months, compared to 86 months for the United States and 75 months for the USSR, and gave China a [[thermonuclear device]] ahead of major Western powers like [[France]].
Qian retired in 1991 and lived quietly in Beijing, refusing to speak to Westerners.
钱于1991年退休，平静地生活在北京，拒绝与西方人交谈。
Qian's reputation as a prominent scientist who was caught up in the red scare in the United States gave him considerable influence in the era of [[Mao Zedong]] and afterward. Qian eventually rose through Party ranks to become a [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|Central Committee]] member. He became associated with the ''China's Space Program - From Conception to Manned Spaceflight'' initiative.
In 1979, Qian was awarded Caltech's Distinguished Alumni Award for his achievements. Qian eventually received his award from Caltech, and with the help of his friend Frank Marble brought it to his home in a widely covered ceremony. Furthermore, in the early 1990s, the filing cabinets containing Qian's research work were offered to him by Caltech.
1979年，钱获得加州理工学院杰出校友奖。钱最终从加州理工学院获得了这个奖项，在朋友弗兰克 · 马布尔的帮助下，钱在一个被广泛报道的仪式上把它带回了家。此外，在20世纪90年代早期，加州理工学院向他提供了装有钱研究成果的文件柜。
Qian was elected as an [[academician]] of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] in 1957, a lifelong honor granted to Chinese scientists who have made significant advancements in their field. He organized scientific seminars and dedicated some of his time to training successors for his positions.<ref>[http://www.stdaily.com/kjrb/content/2010-10/24/content_239983.htm 科技网 -《科技日报》- 钱学森的系统科学成就和贡献] {{webarchive |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120514150132/http://www.stdaily.com/kjrb/content/2010-10/24/content_239983.htm |date = 2012-05-14 }}</ref>
Qian was invited to visit the US by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics after the normalization of the Sino-US relationship, but he refused the invitation, having wanted a formal apology for his detention. In a reminiscence published in 2002, Marble stated that he believed Qian had "lost faith in the American government" but that he had "always had very warm feelings for the American people."
在中美关系正常化之后，美国航天航空学会邀请钱访问美国，但他拒绝了邀请，并要求对拘留他一事进行正式道歉。在2002年发表的一份回忆录中，马柏表示，他认为钱“对美国政府失去了信心” ，但他“一直对美国人民怀有非常温暖的感情”
He was heavily involved in the establishment of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in 1958 and served as the Chairman of the Department of Modern Mechanics of the university for a number of years.
The Chinese government launched its manned space program in 1992, reportedly with some help from Russia due to their extended history in space. Qian's research was used as the basis for the Long March rocket, which successfully launched the Shenzhou V mission in October 2003. The elderly Qian was able to watch China's first manned space mission on television from his hospital bed.
中国政府在1992年启动了载人航天计划，据报道，由于中国在太空的长期历史，得到了俄罗斯的一些帮助。钱的研究被用作长征火箭的基础，长征火箭于2003年10月成功发射了神舟五号任务。钱老在病床上通过电视观看了中国第一次载人航天飞行。
Outside of rocketry, Qian had a presence in numerous areas of study. He was among the creators of [[systematics]], and made contributions to science and technology systems, [[somatic science]], [[engineering science]], [[military science]], [[social science]], the [[natural sciences]], geography, [[philosophy]], literature and art, and education. His advancements in the concepts, theories, and methods of the [[system science]] field include studying the [[open complex giant system]].<ref>钱学森：《创建系统学（新世纪版）》，上海交通大学出版社</ref><ref>钱学森：《论系统工程（新世纪版）》，上海交通大学出版社</ref> Additionally, he helped establish the Chinese school of [[complexity science]].
In 2008, he was named Aviation Week and Space Technology Person of the Year. The recognition was not intended as an honor, but is given to the person judged to have the greatest impact on aviation in the past year. Furthermore, that year China Central Television named Qian as one of the eleven most inspiring people in China.
2008年，他被评为航空周刊和航天技术年度人物。这种认可并不是一种荣誉，而是给予那些在过去一年中被认为对航空业影响最大的人。此外，那一年，中国中央电视台将钱列为中国十一个最鼓舞人心的人物之一。
From the 1980s onward, Qian had advocated the scientific investigation of [[traditional Chinese medicine]], [[Qigong]], and the concept of "special human body functions". He particularly encouraged scientists to accumulate observational data on qigong so that future scientific theories could be established.<ref>{{cite book |author = Qian Xuesen |title = 《创建人体科学》 |location = Chengdu |publisher = Sichuan Education Publishing House |date = May 1989 |edition = 1st |display-authors = etal }}</ref>
In July 2009, the Omega Alpha Association, an international systems engineering honor society, named Qian (H. S. Tsien) one of four Honorary Members.
2009年7月，欧米茄阿尔法协会，一个国际系统工程荣誉学会，命名为钱(钱)四名荣誉会员之一。
== Later life ==
On October 31, 2009, Qian died at the age of 98 in Beijing.
2009年10月31日，钱在北京去世，享年98岁。
[[File:钱学森图书馆.jpg|250px|thumb|Qian Xuesen Library, Xi'an Jiaotong University]]
A Chinese film production, Hsue-shen Tsien, directed by Zhang Jianya and starring Chen Kun as Qian was simultaneously released in Asia and North America on December 11, 2011, and on March 2, 2012, it was released in China.
2011年12月11日，由张建亚导演、陈坤主演的中国电影《钱》在亚洲和北美同步上映，2012年3月2日在中国上映。
Qian retired in 1991 and lived quietly in Beijing, refusing to speak to Westerners.<ref>Peter Grier, "The forgotten 'spy' case of a rocket scientist" ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' Vol. 92 Issue 244, November 2000</ref>
In 1979, Qian was awarded Caltech's ''Distinguished Alumni Award'' for his achievements. Qian eventually received his award from Caltech, and with the help of his friend [[Frank Marble]] brought it to his home in a widely covered ceremony. Furthermore, in the early 1990s, the filing cabinets containing Qian's research work were offered to him by Caltech.
Science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke, in his 1982 novel 2010: Odyssey Two, named a Chinese spaceship after him. The science fiction novel series The Expanse by James S. A. Corey also named a Martian spaceship after him (MCRN Xuesen). In the 1981 novel Noble House by James Clavell, the American-Chinese scientist who defected to China and helped develop the first atom bomb for China, Dr. Joseph Yu, is a fictionalized version of Dr. Qian Xuesen.
科幻小说作家亚瑟·查理斯·克拉克在他1982年的小说《2010: 奥德赛2》中，用他的名字命名了一艘中国的宇宙飞船。詹姆斯 · s · a · 科里(James s. a. Corey)的科幻小说系列《浩瀚无垠》(The exposure)也以他的名字命名了一艘火星宇宙飞船(MCRN Xuesen)。1981年，美籍华裔科学家詹姆斯 · 克拉维尔(James Clavell)投奔中国，帮助中国研制出了第一颗原子弹。在他的小说《贵族之家》(Noble House)中，余(Joseph Yu)博士是钱学森博士的虚构版本。
Qian was invited to visit the US by the [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] after the [[China-United States Relations|normalization of the Sino-US relationship]], but he refused the invitation, having wanted a formal apology for his detention. In a reminiscence published in 2002, Marble stated that he believed Qian had "lost faith in the American government" but that he had "always had very warm feelings for the American people."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pr.caltech.edu/periodicals/CaltechNews/articles/v36/tsien.html |title=Tsien Revisited |access-date=2005-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211095210/http://pr.caltech.edu/periodicals/CaltechNews/articles/v36/tsien.html |archive-date=2006-12-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Chinese government launched its manned space program in 1992, reportedly with some help from Russia due to their extended history in space. Qian's research was used as the basis for the [[Long March (rocket family)|Long March rocket]], which successfully launched the [[Shenzhou V]] mission in October 2003. The elderly Qian was able to watch China's first manned space mission on television from his hospital bed.
In 2008, he was named [[Aviation Week and Space Technology]] Person of the Year. The recognition was not intended as an honor, but is given to the person judged to have the greatest impact on aviation in the past year.<ref name="2008poy" /><ref>Hold Your Fire, Aviation Week and Space Technology, Vol. 168., No. 1, January 7, 2008, p. 8.</ref> Furthermore, that year [[China Central Television]] named Qian as one of the eleven most inspiring people in China.<ref>Person of the Year, Aviation Week and Space Technology, Vol. 168., No. 12, March 24, 2008, p. 22.</ref>
In July 2009, the [[Omega Alpha Association]], an international systems engineering honor society, named Qian (H. S. Tsien) one of four Honorary Members.<ref name="Omega Alpha">http://www.omegalpha.org/honorary members/html</ref>
On October 31, 2009, Qian died at the age of 98 in Beijing.<ref name="2009latimes">{{cite news |url = http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-qian-xuesen1-2009nov01-story.html |title = Qian Xuesen dies at 98; rocket scientist helped establish Jet Propulsion Laboratory |date = {{date|2009-11-01|dmy}} |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |first1 = Claire |last1 = Noland |access-date = 2015-02-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-10/31/content_12365319.htm |title = China's "father of space technology" dies at 98 |agency = Xinhua |date = 2009-10-31 |accessdate = 2009-11-01 }}</ref>
A Chinese film production, ''[[Hsue-shen Tsien (film)|Hsue-shen Tsien]]'', directed by Zhang Jianya and starring Chen Kun as Qian was simultaneously released in [[Asia]] and [[North America]] on December 11, 2011,<ref>{{YouTube|u0TVeM3HqU4|钱学森HD1280高清国语中英双字Hsue-shen Tsien (2012)}}</ref> and on March 2, 2012, it was released in China.
== In popular culture ==
[[Science fiction]] author [[Arthur C. Clarke]], in his 1982 novel ''[[2010: Odyssey Two]],'' named a Chinese spaceship after him. The science fiction novel series ''[[The Expanse (novel series)|The Expanse]]'' by [[James S. A. Corey]] also named a Martian spaceship after him (MCRN Xuesen). In the 1981 novel '' [[Noble House (book)|Noble House]]'' by [[James Clavell]], the American-Chinese scientist who defected to China and helped develop the first atom bomb for China, Dr. Joseph Yu, is a fictionalized version of Dr. Qian Xuesen.
== Scientific papers ==
* 1938: (with [[Theodore von Karman]]) "Boundary Layer in Compressible Fluids", ''Journal of Aeronautical Sciences'', April
* 1938: "Supersonic Flow Over an Inclined Body of Revolution", ''Journal of Aeronautical Sciences'', October
* 1938: (with [[Frank Malina]]) "Flight analysis of a Sounding Rocket with Special Reference to Propulsion by Successive Impulses", ''Journal of Aeronautical Sciences'', December
* 1939: [http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/8.916 Two-dimensional subsonic flow of compressible fluids], ''Journal of Aeronautical Sciences'' 6(10): 399–407.<ref>N. Coburn (1945) "The Kármán–Tsien Pressure-Volume Relation n the Two-dimensional Supersonic Flow of Compressible Fluids", ''Quarterly of Applied Mathematics'' 3: 106–16.</ref>
* 1939: (with [[Theodore von Kármán]]) [http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/8.1019 The buckling of thin cylindrical shells under axial compression], ''Journal of Aeronautical Sciences'' 7(2):43 to 50.
* 1943: "Symmetrical Joukowsky Airfoils in shear flow", ''Quarterly of Applied Mathematics'', 1: 130–48.
* 1943: [http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/8.10985 On the Design of the Contraction Cone for a Wind Tunnel], ''Journal of Aeronautical Sciences'', 10(2): 68–70.
* 1945: (with Theodore von Kármán), "Lifting- line Theory for a Wing in Nonuniform Flow," ''Quarterly of Applied Mathematics'', 3: 1–11.
* 1946: "Similarity laws of hypersonic flows", [[MIT Journal of Mathematics and Physics]] 25: 247–251, {{mr |id = 0018074 }}.
* 1946: "Superaerodynamics, Mechanics of Rarefied Gases", ''Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences'', 13 (12)
* 1949: "Rockets and Other Thermal Jets Using Nuclear Energy", in ''The Science and Engineering of Nuclear Power'', Addison-Wesley, Vol. 2.
* 1950: "Instruction and Research at the Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Center", ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'', June 1950
* 1951: "Optimum Thrust Programming for a Sounding Rocket" (with Robert C. Evans), ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 21(5)
* 1952: "The Transfer Functions of Rocket Nozzles", ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 22(3)
* 1952: "A Similarity Law for Stressing Rapidly Heated Thin-Walled Cylinders" (with C.M.Cheng), ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 22(3)
* 1952: "Automatic Navigation of a Long Range Rocket Vehicle", (with T.D.Adamson and E.L. Knuth) ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 22(4)
* 1952: "A Method for Comparing the Performance of Power Plants for Vertical Flight", ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 22(4)
* 1952: "Serbo-Stabilization of Combustion in Rocket Motors", ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 22(5)
* 1953: "Physical Mechanics, a New Field in Engineering Science", ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 23(1)
* 1953: "The Properties of Pure Liquids", ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 23(1)
* 1953: "Take-Off from Satellite Orbit", ''Journal of the American Rocket Society'' 23(4)
* 1956: "The Poincaré-Lighthill-Kuo Method", ''Advances in Applied Mechanics'' 4: 281–349, {{mr |id = 0079929 }}.
* 1958: "The equations of gas dynamics", in ''Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics'' v. 3, [[Princeton University Press]], {{mr |id = 0097212 }}.
== Monographs ==
* 1954: {{cite book |url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3734950;view=1up;seq=7 |title = Engineering Cybernetics |date = 4 April 2020 |publisher = McGraw Hill |oclc = 299574775 |location = New York, NY }}
** 1957: {{cite book |title = Technische Kybernetik |translator = Dr. H. Kaltenecker (into German) |publisher = Berliner Union |location = Stuttgart }}
* 2007: {{cite book |title = Hydrodynamics |year = 2007 |publisher = Jiaotong University Press |isbn = 978-7-313-04199-9 |type = manuscript facsimile }}
== See also ==
{{Portal|China|Physics|Systems science|Engineering|Spaceflight|Aviation|World War II|Biography}}
* [[Aeronautics]]
* [[Engineering cybernetics]]
* [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
* [[Theodore von Kármán]]
* [[Chien-Shiung Wu]]
* [[Ye Qisun]]
* [[Guo Yonghuai]]
Works cited
引用作品
* [[Hsue-Chu Tsien]]
* [[McCarthyism]]
* [[People's Liberation Army Rocket Force]]
** [[Dongfeng (missile)]]
* [[Chinese space program]]
** [[Long March (rocket family)]]
* [[China and weapons of mass destruction|Chinese nuclear program]]
** [[596 (nuclear test)|Project 596]]
** [[Test No. 6]]
* [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation]] (formerly known as the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of Defense)
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
;Works cited
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QtfndLdZhnAC |author-link = Iris Chang |last1 = Chang |first1 = Iris |title = Thread of the Silkworm |year = 1995 |publisher = BasicBooks |location = New York, NY |isbn = 978-0-465-08716-7 }}
* O'Donnell, Franklin (2002). [http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/about_JPL/jpl101.pdf JPL 101]. California Institute of Technology. JPL 400–1048.
* Harvey, Brian (2004). ''China's Space Program: From Conception to Manned Spaceflight''. Springer-Verlag. {{ISBN|978-1-85233-566-3}}.
* {{cite journal |last1 = Viorst |first1 = Milton |authorlink = Milton Viorst |title = The Bitter Tea of Dr. Tsien |date = September 1967 |journal = Esquire |url = |access-date = }}
* {{cite book|last1=Ryan|first1=William L.|last2=Summerlin|first2=Sam|title=The China Cloud: America's Tragic Blunder and China's Rise to Nuclear Power|place=Boston|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|year=1968|oclc=443363|lccn=68024245|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
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<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Qian Xuesen]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[钱学森/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
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