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'''复杂适应系统 Complex adaptive system '''(CAS)是一种系统，在这种系统中，对系统单个组成单元的理解并不能完美解释系统的整体行为<ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page">{{Cite book|title=Complex adaptive systems : an introduction to computational models of social life|last=Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400835522|location=|pages=|oclc=760073369}}</ref>。在复杂适应系统中，系统的整体比其单独某个部分<ref>Holland, J. H. (1998). Emergence: From chaos to order. Reading, MA: Helix Books.</ref>或部分之和都更加复杂、更有意义。复杂适应系统是[[非线性动力系统]]的子集<ref name="Lansing 2003 pp. 183–204">{{cite journal | last=Lansing | first=J. Stephen | title=Complex Adaptive Systems | journal=Annual Review of Anthropology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=32 | issue=1 | year=2003 | issn=0084-6570 | doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093440 | pages=183–204}}</ref>，其研究高度跨学科，融合了自然科学和社会科学的知识开发出了系统级的模型和见解，从而使得系统可以实现'''[[异质主体]] Heterogeneous agents'''、'''[[相变]] Phase transition '''和'''[[涌现]]行为 Emergent behavior'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2016/01/a_crude_look_at_the_whole_looks_at_complexity_theory_which_wants_to_understand.html|title=The Theory of Everything and Then Some|last=Auerbach|first=David|date=2016-01-19|work=Slate|access-date=2017-03-07|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> 。

'''复杂适应系统 Complex adaptive system '''(CAS)是一个复杂系统，因为它们基于'''[[动态的交互网络]] Dynamic network analysis'''，而不是单个静态实体的简单聚合，也就是说，集合的行为不能通过每个组件的行为来进行预测。<ref name=CAS-T-01>{{cite web |url=http://tejas.iimb.ac.in/articles/12.php|title=Insights from Complexity Theory: Understanding Organisations better |publisher= by Assoc. Prof. Amit Gupta, Student contributor - S. Anish, IIM Bangalore|date= |accessdate=1 June 2012 }}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-02>{{cite journal |title=Ten Principles of Complexity & Enabling Infrastructures |publisher= by Professor Eve Mitleton-Kelly, Director Complexity Research Programme, London School of Economics |date= |citeseerx = 10.1.1.98.3514}}</ref><ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page"/> 同时它们也是适应性的，因为个体和集体的行为会随着微观事件或事件集合的发生而进行变异或自组织。<ref name=CAS-T-01/><ref name=CAS-T-02/><ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page"/>

复杂适应系统的方法都是基于'''复制方程 replicator dynamics''' 。

这种系统是''[[复杂系统]]/[[复杂]]的''，因为它们是'''[[动态的交互网络]] Dynamic network analysis'''，并不是单个静态实体的简单聚合，也就是说，集合的行为不能通过每个组件的行为来进行预测。<ref name=CAS-T-01>{{cite web |url=http://tejas.iimb.ac.in/articles/12.php|title=Insights from Complexity Theory: Understanding Organisations better |publisher= by Assoc. Prof. Amit Gupta, Student contributor - S. Anish, IIM Bangalore|date= |accessdate=1 June 2012 }}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-02>{{cite journal |title=Ten Principles of Complexity & Enabling Infrastructures |publisher= by Professor Eve Mitleton-Kelly, Director Complexity Research Programme, London School of Economics |date= |citeseerx = 10.1.1.98.3514}}</ref><ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page"/> 同时它们也是适应性的，因为个体和集体的行为会随着微事件或事件集合的发生而进行变异或自我组织。<ref name=CAS-T-01/><ref name=CAS-T-02/><ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page"/>

复杂适应系统是[[非线性动力系统]]的子集<ref name="Lansing 2003 pp. 183–204">{{cite journal | last=Lansing | first=J. Stephen | title=Complex Adaptive Systems | journal=Annual Review of Anthropology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=32 | issue=1 | year=2003 | issn=0084-6570 | doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093440 | pages=183–204}}</ref>，其研究高度跨学科，融合了自然科学和社会科学的知识开发出了系统级的模型和见解，从而使得系统可以实现'''[[异质主体]] Heterogeneous agents'''、'''[[相变]] Phase transition '''和'''[[涌现]]行为 Emergent behavior'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2016/01/a_crude_look_at_the_whole_looks_at_complexity_theory_which_wants_to_understand.html|title=The Theory of Everything and Then Some|last=Auerbach|first=David|date=2016-01-19|work=Slate|access-date=2017-03-07|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> 。

 

在复杂适应系统中，系统的整体比其单独某个部分<ref>Holland, J. H. (1998). Emergence: From chaos to order. Reading, MA: Helix Books.</ref>或部分之和都更加复杂、更有意义。