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| − | 此词条暂由袁一博翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。{{see also|Biological reproduction}}
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| | 本词条已由[[用户:Qige96|Ricky]]、[[用户:Paradoxist-Paradoxer|Paradoxist@Paradoxer]]审校。 | | 本词条已由[[用户:Qige96|Ricky]]、[[用户:Paradoxist-Paradoxer|Paradoxist@Paradoxer]]审校。 |
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| − | [[Image:DNA chemical structure.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[Molecular structure]] of [[DNA]] ]] | + | [[Image:DNA chemical structure.svg|thumb|right|200px|DNA分子结构 ]] |
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| − | [[Molecular structure of DNA DNA分子结构]]
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| − | [ DNA 的分子结构]
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| − | '''Self-replication''' is any behavior of a [[dynamical system]] that yields construction of an identical or similar copy of itself. [[Cell (biology)|Biological cell]]s, given suitable environments, reproduce by [[cell division]]. During cell division, [[DNA]] is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during [[reproduction]]. [[virus (biology)|Biological viruses]] can [[Viral replication|replicate]], but only by commandeering the reproductive machinery of cells through a process of infection. Harmful [[prion]] proteins can replicate by converting normal proteins into rogue forms.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8435320.stm |title='Lifeless' prion proteins are 'capable of evolution' |work=BBC News |date=2010-01-01 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref> [[Computer virus]]es reproduce using the hardware and software already present on computers. Self-replication in [[robotics]] has been an area of research and a subject of interest in [[science fiction]]. Any self-replicating mechanism which does not make a perfect copy ([[mutation]]) will experience [[genetic variation]] and will create variants of itself. These variants will be subject to [[natural selection]], since some will be better at surviving in their current environment than others and will out-breed them.
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| − | Self-replication is any behavior of a dynamical system that yields construction of an identical or similar copy of itself. Biological cells, given suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. Biological viruses can replicate, but only by commandeering the reproductive machinery of cells through a process of infection. Harmful prion proteins can replicate by converting normal proteins into rogue forms. Computer viruses reproduce using the hardware and software already present on computers. Self-replication in robotics has been an area of research and a subject of interest in science fiction. Any self-replicating mechanism which does not make a perfect copy (mutation) will experience genetic variation and will create variants of itself. These variants will be subject to natural selection, since some will be better at surviving in their current environment than others and will out-breed them.
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| − | '''<font color="#ff8000">自复制 Self-replication </font>'''是一个动力系统任何能产生与自身相同或相似的复制体的的行为。生物细胞，在适当的环境下，通过细胞分裂进行繁殖。在细胞分裂过程中，DNA 被复制，并在生殖过程中传递给后代。生物病毒可以复制，但只能通过感染过程控制细胞的生殖机制。有害的朊病毒蛋白可以通过将正常的蛋白质转化为反常形式来复制。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8435320.stm |title='Lifeless' prion proteins are 'capable of evolution' |work=BBC News |date=2010-01-01 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref>计算机病毒利用计算机上已有的硬件和软件进行复制。自我复制机器人学一直是一个研究领域，也是科幻小说中的一个兴趣主题。任何不能完美复制的自复制机制(变异)都会经历遗传变异，产生自身的变异体。这些变异体将受到自然选择的影响，因为有些变异会比其他变异更好地在当前环境中生存，并将超越他们。 | + | '''自复制 Self-replication'''是一个动力系统任何能产生与自身相同或相似的复制体的的行为。生物细胞，在适当的环境下，通过细胞分裂进行繁殖。在细胞分裂过程中，DNA 被复制，并在生殖过程中传递给后代。生物病毒可以复制，但只能通过感染过程控制细胞的生殖机制。有害的朊病毒蛋白可以通过将正常的蛋白质转化为反常形式来复制。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8435320.stm |title='Lifeless' prion proteins are 'capable of evolution' |work=BBC News |date=2010-01-01 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref>计算机病毒利用计算机上已有的硬件和软件进行复制。自我复制机器人学一直是一个研究领域，也是科幻小说中的一个兴趣主题。任何不能完美复制的自复制机制(变异)都会经历遗传变异，产生自身的变异体。这些变异体将受到自然选择的影响，因为有些变异会比其他变异更好地在当前环境中生存，并将超越他们。 |
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| | {{See also|Von Neumann universal constructor}} | | {{See also|Von Neumann universal constructor}} |
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| − | Early research by [[John von Neumann]]<ref name=Hixon_vonNeumann>{{cite book|last=von Neumann|first=John|title=The Hixon Symposium|year=1948|location=Pasadena, California|pages=1–36}}</ref> established that replicators have several parts:
| + | [[约翰·冯·诺依曼 John_von_Neumann]]的早期研究<ref name=Hixon_vonNeumann>{{cite book|last=von Neumann|first=John|title=The Hixon Symposium|year=1948|location=Pasadena, California|pages=1–36}}</ref>表明复制因子有几个部分： |
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| − | Early research by John von Neumann established that replicators have several parts:
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| − | [[约翰·冯·诺依曼_John_von_Neumann|约翰·冯·诺伊曼]]的早期研究<ref name=Hixon_vonNeumann>{{cite book|last=von Neumann|first=John|title=The Hixon Symposium|year=1948|location=Pasadena, California|pages=1–36}}</ref>表明复制因子有几个部分:
| + | *'''<font color="#ff8000">复制机 replicator</font>'''的编码表示 |
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| − | *A coded representation of the replicator
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| − | *A mechanism to copy the coded representation
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| − | *A mechanism for effecting construction within the host environment of the replicator
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| − | *'''<font color="#ff8000">复制机（replicator）</font>'''的的编码表示 | |
| | *一种能复制编码后的复制机表示的机制 | | *一种能复制编码后的复制机表示的机制 |
| | *一种能在复制机所在环境中启动构建过程的机制 | | *一种能在复制机所在环境中启动构建过程的机制 |
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| − | Exceptions to this pattern may be possible, although none have yet been achieved. For example, scientists have come close to constructing [https://arstechnica.com/science/2011/04/investigations-into-the-ancient-rna-world/ RNA that can be copied] in an "environment" that is a solution of RNA monomers and transcriptase. In this case, the body is the genome, and the specialized copy mechanisms are external. The requirement for an outside copy mechanism has not yet been overcome, and such systems are more accurately characterized as "assisted replication" than "self-replication".
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| − | Exceptions to this pattern may be possible, although none have yet been achieved. For example, scientists have come close to constructing [https://arstechnica.com/science/2011/04/investigations-into-the-ancient-rna-world/ RNA that can be copied] in an "environment" that is a solution of RNA monomers and transcriptase. In this case, the body is the genome, and the specialized copy mechanisms are external. The requirement for an outside copy mechanism has not yet been overcome, and such systems are more accurately characterized as "assisted replication" than "self-replication".
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| − | 这种模式可能有例外，尽管尚未由任何发现。例如，科学家们已经接近于在 RNA 单体和转录酶的“环境”中构建[https://arstechnica.com/science/2011/04/investigations-into-the-ancient-RNA-world/ 可复制的RNA ]。在这种情况下，身体就是基因组，专门的复制机制是外部的。对外部复制机制的需求尚未被克服，这种系统更准确地描述为“辅助复制”而不是“自我复制”。
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| − | However, the simplest possible case is that only a genome exists. Without some specification of the self-reproducing steps, a genome-only system is probably better characterized as something like a [[crystal]].
| + | 这种模式可能有例外，尽管尚未由任何发现。例如，科学家们已经接近于在 RNA 单体和转录酶的“环境”中构建[https://arstechnica.com/science/2011/04/investigations-into-the-ancient-RNA-world/ 可复制的RNA]。在这种情况下，身体就是基因组，专门的复制机制是外部的。对外部复制机制的需求尚未被克服，这种系统更准确地描述为“辅助复制”而不是“自我复制”。 |
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| − | However, the simplest possible case is that only a genome exists. Without some specification of the self-reproducing steps, a genome-only system is probably better characterized as something like a crystal.
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| | 然而，最简单的可能情况是只有一个基因组存在。如果没有一些自我繁殖步骤的说明，一个只有基因组的系统可能被描述为类似于晶体的东西会更为恰当。 | | 然而，最简单的可能情况是只有一个基因组存在。如果没有一些自我繁殖步骤的说明，一个只有基因组的系统可能被描述为类似于晶体的东西会更为恰当。 |
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| | ===自复制的种类=== | | ===自复制的种类=== |
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| − | Recent research<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.MolecularAssembler.com/KSRM/5.1.htm | date = 2004 | accessdate = 29 June 2013 | last = Freitas | first = Robert | last2 = Merkle | first2 = Ralph | title = Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines - General Taxonomy of Replicators}}</ref> has begun to categorize replicators, often based on the amount of support they require.
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| − | Recent research has begun to categorize replicators, often based on the amount of support they require.
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| | 最近的研究<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.MolecularAssembler.com/KSRM/5.1.htm | date = 2004 | accessdate = 29 June 2013 | last = Freitas | first = Robert | last2 = Merkle | first2 = Ralph | title = Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines - General Taxonomy of Replicators}}</ref>已经开始对复制者进行分类，通常基于它们所需要的支持程度。 | | 最近的研究<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.MolecularAssembler.com/KSRM/5.1.htm | date = 2004 | accessdate = 29 June 2013 | last = Freitas | first = Robert | last2 = Merkle | first2 = Ralph | title = Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines - General Taxonomy of Replicators}}</ref>已经开始对复制者进行分类，通常基于它们所需要的支持程度。 |
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| − | *Natural replicators have all or most of their design from nonhuman sources. Such systems include natural life forms.
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| − | *[[Autotroph]]ic replicators can reproduce themselves "in the wild". They mine their own materials. It is conjectured that non-biological autotrophic replicators could be designed by humans, and could easily accept specifications for human products.
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| − | *Self-reproductive systems are conjectured systems which would produce copies of themselves from industrial feedstocks such as metal bar and wire.
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| − | *Self-assembling systems assemble copies of themselves from finished, delivered parts. Simple examples of such systems have been demonstrated at the macro scale.
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| − | *'''<font color="#ff8000">天然复制机（Natural replicators）</font>'''的设计全部或绝大部分不经人手，浑然天成（😂）。这样的系统包含自然的生命形式。 | + | *'''<font color="#ff8000">天然复制机 Natural replicators</font>'''的设计全部或绝大部分不经人手，浑然天成。这样的系统包含自然的生命形式。 |
| − | *'''<font color="#ff8000">无机复制机（Autotrophic replicators）</font>'''可以在自然环境下进行自我复制。它们自己会收集自身的物质。据推测，非生物的无机复制因子可以由人类设计而成，并且可以轻易按照人类人品的规格去设计。 | + | *'''<font color="#ff8000">无机复制机 Autotrophic replicators</font>'''可以在自然环境下进行自我复制。它们自己会收集自身的物质。据推测，非生物的无机复制因子可以由人类设计而成，并且可以轻易按照人类人品的规格去设计。 |
| − | *'''<font color="#ff8000">自生产系统（Self-reproductive systems）</font>'''存在于假想当中，可以利用工业原料，例如金属棒和金属丝，以产生自身的拷贝 | + | *'''<font color="#ff8000">自生产系统 Self-reproductive systems</font>'''存在于假想当中，可以利用工业原料，例如金属棒和金属丝，以产生自身的拷贝。 |
| − | *'''<font color="#ff8000">自组装系统（Self-assembling systems）</font>'''自动将它们各种已完成的部分组装起来。这种系统的简单例子已经在宏观尺度得到展示。 | + | *'''<font color="#ff8000">自组装系统 Self-assembling systems</font>'''自动将它们各种已完成的部分组装起来。这种系统的简单例子已经在宏观尺度得到展示。 |
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| | The design space for machine replicators is very broad. A comprehensive study to date by Robert Freitas and Ralph Merkle has identified 137 design dimensions grouped into a dozen separate categories, including: (1) Replication Control, (2) Replication Information, (3) Replication Substrate, (4) Replicator Structure, (5) Passive Parts, (6) Active Subunits, (7) Replicator Energetics, (8) Replicator Kinematics, (9) Replication Process, (10) Replicator Performance, (11) Product Structure, and (12) Evolvability. | | The design space for machine replicators is very broad. A comprehensive study to date by Robert Freitas and Ralph Merkle has identified 137 design dimensions grouped into a dozen separate categories, including: (1) Replication Control, (2) Replication Information, (3) Replication Substrate, (4) Replicator Structure, (5) Passive Parts, (6) Active Subunits, (7) Replicator Energetics, (8) Replicator Kinematics, (9) Replication Process, (10) Replicator Performance, (11) Product Structure, and (12) Evolvability. |
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| − | 机械复制机的设计空间非常广阔。迄今为止，罗伯特·弗雷塔斯(Robert Freitas)和拉尔夫·默克尔(Ralph Merkle)的综合研究<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.MolecularAssembler.com/KSRM/5.1.9.htm | date = 2004 | accessdate = 29 June 2013 | last1 = Freitas | first1 = Robert | last2 = Merkle | first2 = Ralph | title = Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines - Freitas-Merkle Map of the Kinematic Replicator Design Space (2003–2004)}}</ref> 已经确定了137个设计维度并将其分为十几个独立的类别，包括: (1)复制控制，(2)复制信息，(3)复制基质，(4)复制机结构，(5)被动部件，(6)主动子单元，(7)复制机能量学，(8)复制机运动学，(9)复制过程，(10)复制机性能，(11)产物结构，和(12)可演化性。 | + | 机械复制机的设计空间非常广阔。迄今为止，罗伯特·弗雷塔斯 Robert Freitas和拉尔夫·默克尔 Ralph Merkle的综合研究<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.MolecularAssembler.com/KSRM/5.1.9.htm | date = 2004 | accessdate = 29 June 2013 | last1 = Freitas | first1 = Robert | last2 = Merkle | first2 = Ralph | title = Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines - Freitas-Merkle Map of the Kinematic Replicator Design Space (2003–2004)}}</ref> 已经确定了137个设计维度并将其分为十几个独立的类别，包括： |
| | + | :(1)复制控制， |
| | + | :(2)复制信息， |
| | + | :(3)复制基质， |
| | + | :(4)复制机结构， |
| | + | :(5)被动部件， |
| | + | :(6)主动子单元， |
| | + | :(7)复制机能量学， |
| | + | :(8)复制机运动学， |
| | + | :(9)复制过程， |
| | + | :(10)复制机性能， |
| | + | :(11)产物结构， |
| | + | :(12)可演化性。 |
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| | {{Main|Quine (computing)}} | | {{Main|Quine (computing)}} |
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| − | In [[computer science]] a [[Quine (computing)|quine]] is a self-reproducing computer program that, when executed, outputs its own code. For example, a quine in the [[Python (programming language)|Python programming language]] is:
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| − | In computer science a quine is a self-reproducing computer program that, when executed, outputs its own code. For example, a quine in the Python programming language is:
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| − | 在计算机科学中，quine 是一种自我复制的计算机程序，当执行时，输出自己的代码。例如，利用Python语言编写的一个 quine 是:
| + | 在[[计算机科学]]中，quine是一种自我复制的计算机程序，当执行时，输出自己的代码。例如，利用Python语言编写的一个 quine 如下: |
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| | :<code>a='a=%r;print(a%%a)';print(a%a)</code> | | :<code>a='a=%r;print(a%%a)';print(a%a)</code> |
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| − | A more trivial approach is to write a program that will make a copy of any stream of data that it is directed to, and then direct it at itself. In this case the program is treated as both executable code, and as data to be manipulated. This approach is common in most self-replicating systems, including biological life, and is simpler as it does not require the program to contain a complete description of itself.
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| − | A more trivial approach is to write a program that will make a copy of any stream of data that it is directed to, and then direct it at itself. In this case the program is treated as both executable code, and as data to be manipulated. This approach is common in most self-replicating systems, including biological life, and is simpler as it does not require the program to contain a complete description of itself.
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| | 一种更简单的方法是编写一个程序，这个程序将复制它所指向的任何数据流，然后把程序指向自己。在这种情况下，程序既被当作可执行代码，也被当作要操作的数据。这种方法在包括生物生命在内的大多数自复制系统中都很常见，而且更简单，因为它不需要程序包含对自身的完整描述。 | | 一种更简单的方法是编写一个程序，这个程序将复制它所指向的任何数据流，然后把程序指向自己。在这种情况下，程序既被当作可执行代码，也被当作要操作的数据。这种方法在包括生物生命在内的大多数自复制系统中都很常见，而且更简单，因为它不需要程序包含对自身的完整描述。 |
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| − | In many programming languages an empty program is legal, and executes without producing errors or other output. The output is thus the same as the source code, so the program is trivially self-reproducing.
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| − | In many programming languages an empty program is legal, and executes without producing errors or other output. The output is thus the same as the source code, so the program is trivially self-reproducing.
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| | 在许多编程语言中，空程序是合法的，并且执行时不会产生错误或其他输出。因此，其输出是相同的源代码，所以这种程序是一种简单的自复制机。 | | 在许多编程语言中，空程序是合法的，并且执行时不会产生错误或其他输出。因此，其输出是相同的源代码，所以这种程序是一种简单的自复制机。 |
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| | In geometry a self-replicating tiling is a tiling pattern in which several congruent tiles may be joined together to form a larger tile that is similar to the original. This is an aspect of the field of study known as tessellation. The "sphinx" hexiamond is the only known self-replicating pentagon. For example, four such concave pentagons can be joined together to make one with twice the dimensions. Solomon W. Golomb coined the term rep-tiles for self-replicating tilings. | | In geometry a self-replicating tiling is a tiling pattern in which several congruent tiles may be joined together to form a larger tile that is similar to the original. This is an aspect of the field of study known as tessellation. The "sphinx" hexiamond is the only known self-replicating pentagon. For example, four such concave pentagons can be joined together to make one with twice the dimensions. Solomon W. Golomb coined the term rep-tiles for self-replicating tilings. |
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| − | 在几何学中，'''<font color="#ff8000">自复制式平铺（self-replicating tiling）</font>'''是一种平铺方法，其中几个全等的图形可以连接在一起，形成一个较大的类似于原来的图形。这属于一个被称为密铺的研究领域。 称为“狮身人面像”的六块多形组 （hexiamond）是唯一已知的自我复制的五边形<ref>For an image that does not show how this replicates, see: Eric W. Weisstein. "Sphinx." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Sphinx.html http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Sphinx.html]</ref> 。例如，4个图中的凹五边形可以一起组成一个和原形状相似但是2倍大小的凹五边形。所罗门·格伦布 <ref>For further illustrations, see [http://www.geoaustralia.com/italian/Sphinx/Guide.html Teaching TILINGS / TESSELLATIONS with Geo Sphinx]</ref>为这样的自我复制纹样创造了 rep-tiles 这个术语。 | + | 在几何学中，'''<font color="#ff8000">自复制式平铺 self-replicating tiling</font>'''是一种平铺方法，其中几个全等的图形可以连接在一起，形成一个较大的类似于原来的图形。这属于一个被称为'''密铺'''的研究领域。 称为“斯芬克斯 sphinx”的六块多形组 hexiamond是唯一已知的自我复制的五边形<ref>For an image that does not show how this replicates, see: Eric W. Weisstein. "Sphinx." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Sphinx.html http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Sphinx.html]</ref> 。例如，4个图中的凹五边形可以一起组成一个和原形状相似但是2倍大小的凹五边形。所罗门·格伦布 Solomon W. Golomb <ref>For further illustrations, see [http://www.geoaustralia.com/italian/Sphinx/Guide.html Teaching TILINGS / TESSELLATIONS with Geo Sphinx]</ref>为这样的自我复制纹样创造了 rep-tiles 这个术语。 |
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| − | --[[用户:粲兰|袁一博]]（[[用户讨论:粲兰|讨论]]）“‘狮身人面像’双锥六面体是已知唯一能自复制的五角形。”这句对应原句"The 'sphinx' hexiamond is the only known self-replicating pentagon."疑似存在几何上的逻辑错误，hexiamond并不是一个平面几何图形。
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| − | --[[用户:Qige96|Ricky]]（[[用户讨论:Qige96|讨论]]） 已修改
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| − | In 2012, [[Lee Sallows]] identified rep-tiles as a special instance of a [[self-tiling tile set]] or setiset. A setiset of order ''n'' is a set of ''n'' shapes that can be assembled in ''n'' different ways so as to form larger replicas of themselves. Setisets in which every shape is distinct are called 'perfect'. A rep-''n'' rep-tile is just a setiset composed of ''n'' identical pieces.
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| − | In 2012, Lee Sallows identified rep-tiles as a special instance of a self-tiling tile set or '''<font color="#32CD32">setiset</font>'''. A setiset of order n is a set of n shapes that can be assembled in n different ways so as to form larger replicas of themselves. Setisets in which every shape is distinct are called 'perfect'. A rep-n rep-tile is just a setiset composed of n identical pieces.
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| − | 2012年，李·萨洛斯(Lee Sallows) 将 rep-tiles 定义为一种特殊的自平铺纹样集（setiset）。一组 ''n'' 阶的复制品是一组 ''n'' 个形状的复制品，它们可以以 ''n'' 种不同的方式组合，以便形成更大的自复制产物。每个形状各不相同的自平铺纹样集被称为“完美的”。n次重复的 rep-tile 只是由 n 个相同部分组成的一个集合。
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| − | --[[用户:粲兰|袁一博]]（[[用户讨论:粲兰|讨论]]）“setiset”找不到合适的翻译。
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| | + | 2012年，李·萨洛斯 Lee Sallows将 rep-tiles 定义为一种特殊的自平铺纹样集或组 。一组 ''n'' 阶的复制品是一组 ''n'' 个形状的复制品，它们可以以 ''n'' 种不同的方式组合，以便形成更大的自复制产物。每个形状各不相同的自平铺纹样集被称为“完美的”。n次重复的 rep-tile 只是由 n 个相同部分组成的一个集合。 |
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| | ===自复制的粘土晶体=== | | ===自复制的粘土晶体=== |
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| − | One form of natural self-replication that isn't based on DNA or RNA occurs in clay crystals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160823-the-idea-that-life-began-as-clay-crystals-is-50-years-old |title=The idea that life began as clay crystals is 50 years old |publisher=bbc.com |date=2016-08-24 |accessdate=2019-11-10}}</ref> Clay consists of a large number of small crystals, and clay is an environment that promotes crystal growth. Crystals consist of a regular lattice of atoms and are able to grow if e.g. placed in a water solution containing the crystal components; automatically arranging atoms at the crystal boundary into the crystalline form. Crystals may have irregularities where the regular atomic structure is broken, and when crystals grow, these irregularities may propagate, creating a form of self-replication of crystal irregularities. Because these irregularities may affect the probability of a crystal breaking apart to form new crystals, crystals with such irregularities could even be considered to undergo evolutionary development.
| + | 粘土晶体中存在一种不基于 DNA 或 RNA 的天然自复制。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160823-the-idea-that-life-began-as-clay-crystals-is-50-years-old |title=The idea that life began as clay crystals is 50 years old |publisher=bbc.com |date=2016-08-24 |accessdate=2019-11-10}}</ref>粘土由大量的小晶体组成，粘土是促进晶体生长的环境。晶体由规则的原子晶格组成的，将其放置在含有晶体成分的水溶液中能够生长，并自动地将晶体边界上的原子排列成晶体形式。当正常的原子结构被破坏时，晶体可能具有不规则性，当晶体生长时，这些不规则性可能会传播，形成一种不规则晶体的自我复制。由于这些不规则结构可能会影响晶体分裂形成新晶体的概率，因此这种不规则结构的晶体甚至可以被认为是在经历演化过程。 |
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| − | One form of natural self-replication that isn't based on DNA or RNA occurs in clay crystals. Clay consists of a large number of small crystals, and clay is an environment that promotes crystal growth. Crystals consist of a regular lattice of atoms and are able to grow if e.g. placed in a water solution containing the crystal components; automatically arranging atoms at the crystal boundary into the crystalline form. Crystals may have irregularities where the regular atomic structure is broken, and when crystals grow, these irregularities may propagate, creating a form of self-replication of crystal irregularities. Because these irregularities may affect the probability of a crystal breaking apart to form new crystals, crystals with such irregularities could even be considered to undergo evolutionary development.
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| − | 粘土晶体中存在一种不基于 DNA 或 RNA 的天然自复制。粘土由大量的小晶体组成，粘土是促进晶体生长的环境。晶体由规则的原子晶格组成的，将其放置在含有晶体成分的水溶液中能够生长，并自动地将晶体边界上的原子排列成晶体形式。当正常的原子结构被破坏时，晶体可能具有不规则性，当晶体生长时，这些不规则性可能会传播，形成一种不规则晶体的自我复制。由于这些不规则结构可能会影响晶体分裂形成新晶体的概率，因此这种不规则结构的晶体甚至可以被认为是在经历演化过程。
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| | ===应用=== | | ===应用=== |
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| − | It is a long-term goal of some engineering sciences to achieve a [[clanking replicator]], a material device that can self-replicate. The usual reason is to achieve a low cost per item while retaining the utility of a manufactured good. Many authorities say that in the limit, the cost of self-replicating items should approach the cost-per-weight of wood or other biological substances, because self-replication avoids the costs of [[labour (economics)|labor]], [[Capital (economics)|capital]] and [[distribution (business)|distribution]] in conventional [[factory|manufactured goods]].
| + | 一些工程科学的长期目标是制造出一种可以自复制的'''<font color="ff8000">铿锵复制机 clanking replicator''' </font>。通常的原因是为了在保证产品的功效的同时降低每件商品的成本。许多权威人士表示，自复制产品的成本应该能逼近木材或其他生物材质的单位重量成本，因为自我复制不需要传统工业产品所需的劳动力、资本和分销成本。 |
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| − | It is a long-term goal of some engineering sciences to achieve a clanking replicator, a material device that can self-replicate. The usual reason is to achieve a low cost per item while retaining the utility of a manufactured good. Many authorities say that in the limit, the cost of self-replicating items should approach the cost-per-weight of wood or other biological substances, because self-replication avoids the costs of labor, capital and distribution in conventional manufactured goods.
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| − | 一些工程科学的长期目标是制造出一种可以自复制的铿锵复制机（clanking replicator）。通常的原因是为了在保证产品的功效的同时降低每件商品的成本。许多权威人士表示，自复制产品的成本应该能逼近木材或其他生物材质的单位重量成本，因为自我复制不需要传统工业产品所需的劳动力、资本和分销成本。
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| − | A fully novel artificial replicator is a reasonable near-term goal.
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| − | A fully novel artificial replicator is a reasonable near-term goal.
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| | 制造出一个全新的人工复制机是一个合理的近期目标。 | | 制造出一个全新的人工复制机是一个合理的近期目标。 |
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| − | A [[NASA]] study recently placed the complexity of a [[clanking replicator]] at approximately that of [[Intel]]'s [[Pentium (brand)|Pentium]] 4 CPU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/studies/final_report/883Toth-Fejel.pdf |title=Modeling Kinematic Cellular Automata Final Report |publisher= |date=April 30, 2004 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref> That is, the technology is achievable with a relatively small engineering group in a reasonable commercial time-scale at a reasonable cost.
| + | 美国宇航局最近的一项研究表明，铿锵复制机的复杂度大约相当于英特尔奔腾4处理器的复杂度。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/studies/final_report/883Toth-Fejel.pdf |title=Modeling Kinematic Cellular Automata Final Report |publisher= |date=April 30, 2004 |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref> 也就是说，这项技术在一个合理的商业时间规模内，是可以由一个相对较小的工程团队以一个合理的成本实现的。 |
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| − | A NASA study recently placed the complexity of a clanking replicator at approximately that of Intel's Pentium 4 CPU. That is, the technology is achievable with a relatively small engineering group in a reasonable commercial time-scale at a reasonable cost.
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| − | 美国宇航局最近的一项研究表明，铿锵复制机的复杂度大约相当于英特尔奔腾4处理器的复杂度。也就是说，这项技术在一个合理的商业时间规模内，是可以由一个相对较小的工程团队以一个合理的成本实现的。
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| − | Given the currently keen interest in biotechnology and the high levels of funding in that field, attempts to exploit the replicative ability of existing cells are timely, and may easily lead to significant insights and advances.
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| − | Given the currently keen interest in biotechnology and the high levels of funding in that field, attempts to exploit the replicative ability of existing cells are timely, and may easily lead to significant insights and advances.
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| | 目前学术界对生物技术的有着浓厚兴趣，这一领域的也有大量资金，这正是尝试利用现有细胞的复制能力的时候，而且可以期望产生重大的洞察和进展。 | | 目前学术界对生物技术的有着浓厚兴趣，这一领域的也有大量资金，这正是尝试利用现有细胞的复制能力的时候，而且可以期望产生重大的洞察和进展。 |
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| − | A variation of self replication is of practical relevance in [[compiler]] construction, where a similar [[bootstrapping]] problem occurs as in natural self replication. A compiler ([[phenotype]]) can be applied on the compiler's own [[source code]] ([[genotype]]) producing the compiler itself. During compiler development, a modified ([[Mutation|mutated]]) source is used to create the next generation of the compiler. This process differs from natural self-replication in that the process is directed by an engineer, not by the subject itself.
| + | 自复制的一种变体在编译器构造中具有实际意义，在天然自复制中也会出现类似的自我改进现象。编译器(表现型)可以应用于编译器自身的源代码（基因型） ，从而产生编译器本身。在编译器开发过程中，一般使用修改（变异）的源代码来创建下一代编译器。这个过程不同于天然的自我复制，因为这个过程是由工程师指导的，而不是复制机本身。 |
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| − | A variation of self replication is of practical relevance in compiler construction, where a similar bootstrapping problem occurs as in natural self replication. A compiler (phenotype) can be applied on the compiler's own source code (genotype) producing the compiler itself. During compiler development, a modified (mutated) source is used to create the next generation of the compiler. This process differs from natural self-replication in that the process is directed by an engineer, not by the subject itself.
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| − | 自复制的一种变体在编译器构造中具有实际意义，在天然自复制中也会出现类似的自我改进现象。编译器(表现型)可以应用于编译器自身的源代码(基因型) ，从而产生编译器本身。在编译器开发过程中，一般使用修改(变异)的源代码来创建下一代编译器。这个过程不同于天然的自我复制，因为这个过程是由工程师指导的，而不是复制机本身。 | |
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| − | ==Mechanical self-replication 机械自复制==
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| | + | ==机械中的自复制== |
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| | {{Main|Self-replicating machine}} | | {{Main|Self-replicating machine}} |
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| | + | 机器人学领域的一项活动就是机器的自复制。由于所有机器人（至少在现代）都有相当数量的相同特性，一个自复制机器人（或者可能是一群机器人）需要做到以下几点： |
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| − | An activity in the field of robots is the self-replication of machines. Since all robots (at least in modern times) have a fair number of the same features, a self-replicating robot (or possibly a hive of robots) would need to do the following:
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| − | An activity in the field of robots is the self-replication of machines. Since all robots (at least in modern times) have a fair number of the same features, a self-replicating robot (or possibly a hive of robots) would need to do the following:
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| − | 机器人学（robotics）领域的一项活动就是机器的自复制。由于所有机器人(至少在现代)都有相当数量的相同特性，一个自复制机器人(或者可能是一群机器人)需要做到以下几点:
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| − | *Obtain construction materials
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| | *获得构建材料 | | *获得构建材料 |
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| − | *Manufacture new parts including its smallest parts and thinking apparatus
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| | *制造新零件，包括最小的零件和思维组件 | | *制造新零件，包括最小的零件和思维组件 |
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| − | *Provide a consistent power source
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| | *提供一个稳定一致的动力源 | | *提供一个稳定一致的动力源 |
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| − | *Program the new members
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| | *为新成员编程 | | *为新成员编程 |
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| − | *error correct any mistakes in the offspring
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| | *改正子代产物的任何错误 | | *改正子代产物的任何错误 |
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| | + | 在纳米级别上，组装者也可能被设计成在自身动力下进行自复制。这反过来又导致了“灰蛊 grey goo” 版本的世界末日，就像在诸如《花开 Bloom》，《掠食 Prey》和《递归Recursion》这样的科幻小说中描述的那样。 |
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| | + | 美国前瞻协会已经为机械自复制领域的研究者们发布了指导方针。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foresight.org/guidelines/ |title=Molecular Nanotechnology Guidelines |publisher=Foresight.org |date= |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref> 指导方针建议研究者使用一些特定的技术来防止机械复制因子失控，比如使用广播结构 broadcast architecture。 |
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| − | On a [[Nanotechnology|nano]] scale, [[Assembler (nanotechnology)|assemblers]] might also be designed to self-replicate under their own power. This, in turn, has given rise to the "[[grey goo]]" version of [[Armageddon]], as featured in such science fiction novels as ''[[Bloom (novel)|Bloom]]'', ''[[Prey (novel)|Prey]]'', and ''[[Recursion (novel)|Recursion]]''.
| + | 关于与工业时代相关的机械复制的详细文章，请参阅'''<font color="#ff8000">大规模生产 mass production</font>'''。 |
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| − | On a nano scale, assemblers might also be designed to self-replicate under their own power. This, in turn, has given rise to the "grey goo" version of Armageddon, as featured in such science fiction novels as Bloom, Prey, and Recursion.
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| − | 在纳米级别上，组装者也可能被设计成在自身动力下进行自复制。这反过来又导致了“灰蛊”（grey goo）版本的世界末日，就像在诸如《花开》，《掠食》和《递归》这样的科幻小说中描述的那样。
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| − | | + | ==研究领域== |
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| − | The [[Foresight Institute]] has published guidelines for researchers in mechanical self-replication.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foresight.org/guidelines/ |title=Molecular Nanotechnology Guidelines |publisher=Foresight.org |date= |accessdate=2013-10-22}}</ref> The guidelines recommend that researchers use several specific techniques for preventing mechanical replicators from getting out of control, such as using a [[broadcast architecture]].
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| − | The Foresight Institute has published guidelines for researchers in mechanical self-replication. The guidelines recommend that researchers use several specific techniques for preventing mechanical replicators from getting out of control, such as using a broadcast architecture.
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| − | 美国前瞻协会已经为机械自复制领域的研究者们发布了指导方针。指导方针建议研究者使用一些特定的技术来防止机械复制因子失控，比如使用广播结构。
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| − | For a detailed article on mechanical reproduction as it relates to the industrial age see [[mass production]].
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| − | For a detailed article on mechanical reproduction as it relates to the industrial age see mass production.
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| − | 关于与工业时代相关的机械复制的详细文章，请参阅'''<font color="#ff8000">大规模生产(mass production)</font>'''。
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| − | ==Fields 研究领域==
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| | {{refimprove section|date=August 2017}} | | {{refimprove section|date=August 2017}} |
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| − | Research has occurred in the following areas:
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| − | Research has occurred in the following areas:
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| | 以下领域已开展的与自复制相关的研究: | | 以下领域已开展的与自复制相关的研究: |