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{{short description|French mathematician, physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science}}

{{short description|French mathematician, physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science}}

 

{{More citations needed|date=April 2017}}

{{More citations needed|date=April 2017}}

 

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

 

Jules Henri Poincaré ( [US: stress final syllable], ; 29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as "The Last Universalist", since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime.

Jules Henri Poincaré ( [US: stress final syllable], ; 29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as "The Last Universalist", since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime.

As a mathematician and physicist, he made many original fundamental contributions to pure and applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and celestial mechanics. In his research on the three-body problem, Poincaré became the first person to discover a chaotic deterministic system which laid the foundations of modern chaos theory. He is also considered to be one of the founders of the field of topology.

As a mathematician and physicist, he made many original fundamental contributions to pure and applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and celestial mechanics. In his research on the three-body problem, Poincaré became the first person to discover a chaotic deterministic system which laid the foundations of modern chaos theory. He is also considered to be one of the founders of the field of topology.

Poincaré made clear the importance of paying attention to the invariance of laws of physics under different transformations, and was the first to present the Lorentz transformations in their modern symmetrical form. Poincaré discovered the remaining relativistic velocity transformations and recorded them in a letter to Hendrik Lorentz in 1905. Thus he obtained perfect invariance of all of Maxwell's equations, an important step in the formulation of the theory of special relativity. In 1905, Poincaré first proposed gravitational waves (ondes gravifiques) emanating from a body and propagating at the speed of light as being required by the Lorentz transformations.

Poincaré made clear the importance of paying attention to the invariance of laws of physics under different transformations, and was the first to present the Lorentz transformations in their modern symmetrical form. Poincaré discovered the remaining relativistic velocity transformations and recorded them in a letter to Hendrik Lorentz in 1905. Thus he obtained perfect invariance of all of Maxwell's equations, an important step in the formulation of the theory of special relativity. In 1905, Poincaré first proposed gravitational waves (ondes gravifiques) emanating from a body and propagating at the speed of light as being required by the Lorentz transformations.

庞加莱阐明了物理定律在不同变换下的不变性的重要性，并率先提出了洛伦兹变换的现代对称形式。庞加莱发现了剩下的相对论速度变换，并在1905年写给亨德里克 · 洛伦兹的信中记录了它们。因此，他得到了所有麦克斯韦方程的完美不变性，这是狭义相对论理论形成过程中的重要一步。1905年，庞加莱首次提出引力波(ondes 引力波) ，它从物体中发射出来，并按照洛伦兹变换的要求以光速传播。

庞加莱阐明了物理定律在不同变换下的不变性的重要性，并率先提出了<font color="#ff8000"> 洛伦兹变换</font>的现代对称形式。庞加莱发现了剩下的相对论速度变换，并在1905年写给亨德里克 · 洛伦兹的信中记录了它们。因此，他得到了所有<font color="#ff8000">麦克斯韦方程</font>的完美不变性，这是<font color="#ff8000">狭义相对论理论 </font>形成过程中的重要一步。1905年，庞加莱首次提出<font color="#ff8000">引力波(ondes 引力波)</font>，它从物体中发射出来，并按照<font color="#ff8000"> 洛伦兹变换</font>的要求以光速传播。

Early in the 20th century he formulated the Poincaré conjecture that became over time one of the famous unsolved problems in mathematics until it was solved in 2002–2003 by Grigori Perelman.

Early in the 20th century he formulated the Poincaré conjecture that became over time one of the famous unsolved problems in mathematics until it was solved in 2002–2003 by Grigori Perelman.

==Life==

==Life生平==

Poincaré was born on 29 April 1854 in Cité Ducale neighborhood, [[Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle]], into an influential French family.<ref>Belliver, 1956</ref> His father Léon Poincaré (1828–1892) was a professor of medicine at the [[University of Nancy]].<ref>Sagaret, 1911</ref> His younger sister Aline married the spiritual philosopher [[Émile Boutroux]]. Another notable member of Henri's family was his cousin, [[Raymond Poincaré]], a fellow member of the [[Académie française]], who would serve as President of France from 1913 to 1920.<ref name="IEP">[http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/poincare.htm The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] Jules Henri Poincaré article by Mauro Murzi&nbsp;– Retrieved November 2006.</ref>

Poincaré was born on 29 April 1854 in Cité Ducale neighborhood, [[Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle]], into an influential French family.<ref>Belliver, 1956</ref> His father Léon Poincaré (1828–1892) was a professor of medicine at the [[University of Nancy]].<ref>Sagaret, 1911</ref> His younger sister Aline married the spiritual philosopher [[Émile Boutroux]]. Another notable member of Henri's family was his cousin, [[Raymond Poincaré]], a fellow member of the [[Académie française]], who would serve as President of France from 1913 to 1920.<ref name="IEP">[http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/poincare.htm The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] Jules Henri Poincaré article by Mauro Murzi&nbsp;– Retrieved November 2006.</ref>

Poincaré was born on 29 April 1854 in Cité Ducale neighborhood, Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, into an influential French family. His father Léon Poincaré (1828–1892) was a professor of medicine at the University of Nancy. His younger sister Aline married the spiritual philosopher Émile Boutroux. Another notable member of Henri's family was his cousin, Raymond Poincaré, a fellow member of the Académie française, who would serve as President of France from 1913 to 1920.

Poincaré was born on 29 April 1854 in Cité Ducale neighborhood, Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, into an influential French family. His father Léon Poincaré (1828–1892) was a professor of medicine at the University of Nancy. His younger sister Aline married the spiritual philosopher Émile Boutroux. Another notable member of Henri's family was his cousin, Raymond Poincaré, a fellow member of the Académie française, who would serve as President of France from 1913 to 1920.

1854年4月29日，庞加莱出生在 Cité Ducale 一个有影响力的法国家庭，家住默尔特-摩泽尔省南希。他的父亲 Léon poincaré (1828-1892)是南希大学的医学教授。他的妹妹艾琳嫁给了精神哲学家埃米尔 · 布特鲁克斯。的家族中另一个著名的成员是他的表弟，雷蒙·普恩加莱，法兰西学术院的同事，他在1913年到1920年间担任法国总统。

1854年4月29日，庞加莱出生在公爵城 Cité Ducale 一个有影响力的法国家庭，家住默尔特-摩泽尔省南希。他的父亲 莱翁·波因加Léon poincaré (1828-1892)是南希大学的医学教授。他的妹妹艾琳嫁给了精神哲学家埃米尔 · 布特鲁克斯。家族中另一个著名的成员是他的表弟，雷蒙·普恩加莱，法兰西学术院的同事，他在1913年到1920年间担任法国总统。

===Education===

===Education教育===

[[File:Henri Poincaré maison natale Nancy plaque.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Plaque on the birthplace of Henri Poincaré at house number 117 on the Grande Rue in the city of Nancy]]

[[File:Henri Poincaré maison natale Nancy plaque.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Plaque on the birthplace of Henri Poincaré at house number 117 on the Grande Rue in the city of Nancy]]