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Holism (from Greek  holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts. The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book Holism and Evolution.

Holism (from Greek  holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts. The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book Holism and Evolution.

<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论 Holism</font>（源自希腊holos“all，whole，entire”）是指各种系统（例如物理的、生物的、社会的）应该被视为整体，而不仅仅作为各个部分的集合的观点。<ref>{{Citation | first = Barry | last = Oshry | title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life | publisher = Berrett-Koehler | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Sunny Y | last = Auyang | title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999}}.</ref> “整体论”这个词是扬·斯密茨 Jan Smuts在1926年出版的《整体论与进化》<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, [[Oxford University Press]], September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>一书中提出的。

<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论 Holism</font>（源自希腊holos“all，whole，entire”）是指各种系统（例如物理的、生物的、社会的）应该被视为整体，而不仅仅作为各个部分的集合的观点。<ref>{{Citation | first = Barry | last = Oshry | title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life | publisher = Berrett-Koehler | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Sunny Y | last = Auyang | title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999}}.</ref> “整体论”由扬·斯密茨 Jan Smuts在1926年出版的《整体论与进化》<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, [[Oxford University Press]], September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>一书中提出。

The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures. However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts. In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.

The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures. However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts. In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.

<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论</font>的确切含义取决于语境。Smuts最初用<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论</font>来指自然界中从单元结构的有序组合中产生整体的倾向。<ref name=oed /> 然而，在<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论</font>的一般用法中，<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论</font>通常指整体优于部分之和的观点。<ref name=poynton>J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121</ref>在这个含义下，<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论</font>也可以称为<font color="#ff8000">整体主义 wholism </font> ，它可以与<font color="#ff8000"> 还原论 reductionism</font>或<font color="#ff8000"> 原子论 atomism </font>形成对比。<ref> "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>

<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论</font>的确切含义取决于语境。Smuts最初用<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论</font>来指自然界中从单元结构的有序组合中产生整体的倾向。<ref name=oed /> 然而，在<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论</font>的一般用法中，<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论</font>通常指整体优于部分之和的观点。<ref name=poynton>J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121</ref>在这个含义下，<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论</font>也被称为<font color="#ff8000">整体主义 wholism </font> ，并与<font color="#ff8000"> 还原论 reductionism</font>或<font color="#ff8000"> 原子论 atomism </font>形成对比。<ref> "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>