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| | 这个常数(不一定是零)被称为系统的余熵。 | | 这个常数(不一定是零)被称为系统的余熵。 |
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| − | ==History== | + | ==历史 History== |
| − | 历史
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| − | {{see also|Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics}}<br>
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| − | Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics<br>
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| | 热学和统计物理学的哲学 | | 热学和统计物理学的哲学 |
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| − | [[Mechanical equivalent of heat|Circa 1797, Count Rumford (born Benjamin Thompson)]] showed that endless mechanical action can generate indefinitely large amounts of heat from a fixed amount of working substance thus challenging the caloric theory of heat, which held that there would be a finite amount of caloric heat/energy in a fixed amount of working substance. The first established thermodynamic principle, which eventually became the second law of thermodynamics, was formulated by [[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Sadi Carnot]] in 1824. By 1860, as formalized in the works of those such as [[Rudolf Clausius]] and [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|William Thomson]], two established principles of thermodynamics had evolved, the first principle and the second principle, later restated as thermodynamic laws. By 1873, for example, thermodynamicist [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]], in his memoir ''Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids'', clearly stated the first two absolute laws of thermodynamics. Some textbooks throughout the 20th century have numbered the laws differently. In some fields removed from chemistry, the second law was considered to deal with the efficiency of heat engines only, whereas what was called the third law dealt with entropy increases. Directly defining zero points for entropy calculations was not considered to be a law. Gradually, this separation was combined into the second law and the modern third law was widely adopted.
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| − | Circa 1797, Count Rumford (born Benjamin Thompson) showed that endless mechanical action can generate indefinitely large amounts of heat from a fixed amount of working substance thus challenging the caloric theory of heat, which held that there would be a finite amount of caloric heat/energy in a fixed amount of working substance. The first established thermodynamic principle, which eventually became the second law of thermodynamics, was formulated by Sadi Carnot in 1824. By 1860, as formalized in the works of those such as Rudolf Clausius and William Thomson, two established principles of thermodynamics had evolved, the first principle and the second principle, later restated as thermodynamic laws. By 1873, for example, thermodynamicist Josiah Willard Gibbs, in his memoir Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids, clearly stated the first two absolute laws of thermodynamics. Some textbooks throughout the 20th century have numbered the laws differently. In some fields removed from chemistry, the second law was considered to deal with the efficiency of heat engines only, whereas what was called the third law dealt with entropy increases. '''<font color="#32CD32"> Directly defining zero points for entropy calculations was not considered to be a law.</font>''' Gradually, this separation was combined into the second law and the modern third law was widely adopted.
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| | 大约在1797年，拉姆福德(出生于本杰明·汤普森)表明，无休止的机械作用可以从固定数量的工作物质中产生无限量的热量，从而挑战了热量理论。该理论认为在固定数量的工作物质中会有有限的热量 / 能量。1824年，萨迪·卡诺 Sadi Carnot建立了第一个热力学原理，也就是后来的热力学第二定律。到1860年，正如鲁道夫·克劳修斯 Rudolf Clausius和威廉·汤姆森 William Thomson等人的著作所正式规定的那样，已经确立的两个热力学原理得到了发展，第一个原理和第二个原理，后来被重新定义为热力学定律。例如，1873年，热力学学家乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯 Josiah Willard Gibbs在他的回忆录《流体热力学的图解法》中明确阐述了热力学的前两个绝对定律。整个20世纪的一些教科书对这些定律进行了不同的编号。在一些与化学无关的领域，第二定律被认为仅仅处理热机的效率问题，而所谓的第三定律则处理熵增问题。'''<font color="#32CD32">直接定义熵计算的零点不被认为是一条定律。</font>'''这种分离逐渐形成了第二定律，现代第三定律被广泛采用。 | | 大约在1797年，拉姆福德(出生于本杰明·汤普森)表明，无休止的机械作用可以从固定数量的工作物质中产生无限量的热量，从而挑战了热量理论。该理论认为在固定数量的工作物质中会有有限的热量 / 能量。1824年，萨迪·卡诺 Sadi Carnot建立了第一个热力学原理，也就是后来的热力学第二定律。到1860年，正如鲁道夫·克劳修斯 Rudolf Clausius和威廉·汤姆森 William Thomson等人的著作所正式规定的那样，已经确立的两个热力学原理得到了发展，第一个原理和第二个原理，后来被重新定义为热力学定律。例如，1873年，热力学学家乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯 Josiah Willard Gibbs在他的回忆录《流体热力学的图解法》中明确阐述了热力学的前两个绝对定律。整个20世纪的一些教科书对这些定律进行了不同的编号。在一些与化学无关的领域，第二定律被认为仅仅处理热机的效率问题，而所谓的第三定律则处理熵增问题。'''<font color="#32CD32">直接定义熵计算的零点不被认为是一条定律。</font>'''这种分离逐渐形成了第二定律，现代第三定律被广泛采用。 |
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| | *热力学方程表 [[Table of thermodynamic equations]] | | *热力学方程表 [[Table of thermodynamic equations]] |
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| | ==References==<br> | | ==References==<br> |