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During the Second Red Scare, in the 1950s, the US federal government accused him of communist sympathies. In 1950, despite protests by his colleagues, he was stripped of his security clearance. He decided to return to China, but he was detained at Terminal Island, near Los Angeles.

During the Second Red Scare, in the 1950s, the US federal government accused him of communist sympathies. In 1950, despite protests by his colleagues, he was stripped of his security clearance. He decided to return to China, but he was detained at Terminal Island, near Los Angeles.

After spending five years under house arrest, he was released in 1955 in exchange for the repatriation of American pilots who had been captured during the Korean War. He left the United States in September 1955 on the American President Lines passenger liner SS President Cleveland, arriving in China via Hong Kong.

After spending five years under house arrest, he was released in 1955 in exchange for the repatriation of American pilots who had been captured during the Korean War. He left the United States in September 1955 on the American President Lines passenger liner SS President Cleveland, arriving in China via Hong Kong.

Upon his return, he helped lead the Chinese nuclear weapons program. This effort ultimately led to China's first successful atomic bomb test and hydrogen bomb test, making China the fifth nuclear weapons state, and achieving the fastest fission-to-fusion development in history. Additionally, Qian's work led to the development of the Dongfeng ballistic missile and the Chinese space program. For his contributions, he became known as the "Father of Chinese Rocketry", nicknamed the "King of Rocketry". He is recognized as one of the founding fathers of Two Bombs, One Satellite.

Upon his return, he helped lead the Chinese nuclear weapons program. This effort ultimately led to China's first successful atomic bomb test and hydrogen bomb test, making China the fifth nuclear weapons state, and achieving the fastest fission-to-fusion development in history. Additionally, Qian's work led to the development of the Dongfeng ballistic missile and the Chinese space program. For his contributions, he became known as the "Father of Chinese Rocketry", nicknamed the "King of Rocketry". He is recognized as one of the founding fathers of Two Bombs, One Satellite.

回国后，他帮助领导了中国的核武器计划。这一努力最终导致了中国第一次成功的原子弹试验和氢弹试验，使中国成为第五个拥有核武器的国家，并实现了历史上最快的裂变-聚变发展。此外，钱的工作导致了东风弹道导弹和中国太空计划的发展。由于他的贡献，他被称为“中国火箭之父” ，绰号“火箭之王”。他被公认为“两炸一卫”的创始人之一。

回国后，他帮助领导了中国的核武器计划。这一努力最终促成了中国原子弹试验和氢弹试验的首次成功 ，使中国成为第五个核武器国家，并实现了历史上最快的裂变-聚变发展。此外，钱学森的工作还促成了东风弹道导弹和中国太空计划的发展。由于他的贡献，他被称为“中国火箭之父”，绰号“火箭之王”。他是公认的两弹一星奠基人之一

In 1957, Qian was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He served as a Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1987 to 1998.

In 1957, Qian was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He served as a Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1987 to 1998.

He was the cousin of mechanical engineer Hsue-Chu Tsien, who was involved in the aerospace industries of China and the United States; his nephew is Roger Y. Tsien, the 2008 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

He was the cousin of mechanical engineer Hsue-Chu Tsien, who was involved in the aerospace industries of China and the United States; his nephew is Roger Y. Tsien, the 2008 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

== Early life and education ==

== Early life and education 早期生活和教育经历==

Qian was born in [[Shanghai]], with ancestral roots in [[Hangzhou]]. He graduated from [[The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University]], with [[Lu Shijia]] as classmate, and attended National Chiao Tung University (now [[Shanghai Jiaotong University]]) in 1934. There, he received a degree in [[mechanical engineering]] with an emphasis on railroad administration. He interned at [[Nanchang Laoyingfang Airport|Nanchang Air Force Base]].

Qian was born in [[Shanghai]], with ancestral roots in [[Hangzhou]]. He graduated from [[The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University]], with [[Lu Shijia]] as classmate, and attended National Chiao Tung University (now [[Shanghai Jiaotong University]]) in 1934. There, he received a degree in [[mechanical engineering]] with an emphasis on railroad administration. He interned at [[Nanchang Laoyingfang Airport|Nanchang Air Force Base]].

Qian was born in Shanghai, with ancestral roots in Hangzhou. He graduated from The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University, with Lu Shijia as classmate, and attended National Chiao Tung University (now Shanghai Jiaotong University) in 1934. There, he received a degree in mechanical engineering with an emphasis on railroad administration. He interned at Nanchang Air Force Base.

Qian was born in Shanghai, with ancestral roots in Hangzhou. He graduated from The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University, with Lu Shijia as classmate, and attended National Chiao Tung University (now Shanghai Jiaotong University) in 1934. There, he received a degree in mechanical engineering with an emphasis on railroad administration. He interned at Nanchang Air Force Base.

While at MIT he was called Hsue-Shen Tsien. He was influenced by the methods of American engineering education, especially its focus on experimentation. This was in contrast to the contemporary approach practiced by many Chinese scientists, which emphasized theoretical elements rather than "hands-on" experience. Tsien's experiments included plotting of pitot pressures using mercury-filled manometers.

While at MIT he was called Hsue-Shen Tsien. He was influenced by the methods of American engineering education, especially its focus on experimentation. This was in contrast to the contemporary approach practiced by many Chinese scientists, which emphasized theoretical elements rather than "hands-on" experience. Tsien's experiments included plotting of pitot pressures using mercury-filled manometers.

Theodore von Kármán, Tsien's doctoral advisor, described their first meeting:

Theodore von Kármán, Tsien's doctoral advisor, described their first meeting:

钱永健的西奥多·冯·卡门，钱永健的博士生导师，描述了他们的第一次会面:

西奥多·冯·卡门，钱学森的博士生导师，描述了他们的第一次会面:

{{quote|One day in 1936 he came to me for advice on further graduate studies. This was our first meeting. I looked up to observe a slight short young man, with a serious look, who answered my questions with unusual precision. I was immediately impressed with the keenness and quickness of his mind, and I suggested that he enroll at Caltech for advanced study ... Tsien agreed. He worked with me on many mathematical problems. I found him to be quite imaginative, with a mathematical aptitude that he combined successfully with a great ability to visualize accurately the physical picture of natural phenomena. Even as a young student he helped clear up some of my own ideas on several difficult topics. These are gifts which I had not often encountered and Tsien and I became close colleagues.<ref name=TvK>Theodore von Kármán with Lee Edson (1967) ''The Wind and Beyond'', chapter 38: Dr. Tsien of Red China, pp.&nbsp;308–15.</ref>{{rp|309}}}}

{{quote|One day in 1936 he came to me for advice on further graduate studies. This was our first meeting. I looked up to observe a slight short young man, with a serious look, who answered my questions with unusual precision. I was immediately impressed with the keenness and quickness of his mind, and I suggested that he enroll at Caltech for advanced study ... Tsien agreed. He worked with me on many mathematical problems. I found him to be quite imaginative, with a mathematical aptitude that he combined successfully with a great ability to visualize accurately the physical picture of natural phenomena. Even as a young student he helped clear up some of my own ideas on several difficult topics. These are gifts which I had not often encountered and Tsien and I became close colleagues.<ref name=TvK>Theodore von Kármán with Lee Edson (1967) ''The Wind and Beyond'', chapter 38: Dr. Tsien of Red China, pp.&nbsp;308–15.</ref>{{rp|309}}}}

 

Kármán made his home a social scene for the aerodynamicists of Pasadena, and Tsien was drawn in: "Tsien enjoyed visiting my home, and my sister took to him because of his interesting ideas and straightforward manner."

Kármán made his home a social scene for the aerodynamicists of Pasadena, and Tsien was drawn in: "Tsien enjoyed visiting my home, and my sister took to him because of his interesting ideas and straightforward manner."

对于帕萨迪纳的空气动力学家来说，卡门把自己的家变成了一个社交场所，钱被吸引了进来: “钱喜欢来我家，我姐姐喜欢他，因为他有趣的想法和直截了当的态度。”

对于帕萨迪纳的空气动力学家来说，卡门把自己的家变成了一个社交场所，钱学森被吸引了进来: “钱学森喜欢来我家，我姐姐喜欢他，因为他有趣的想法和直截了当的态度。”

== Career in the United States ==

== Career in the United States 美国生涯==

[[File:Left-right Ludwig Prandtl, Theodore Von Karman, Tsien Hsue-sen.jpg|thumb|250px|Left to right: [[Ludwig Prandtl]] (German scientist), Hsue-Shen Tsien, [[Theodore von Kármán]]. Prandtl served Germany during [[World War II]]; von Kármán and Tsien served the United States; after 1956, Tsien served China. Tsien's overseas cap displays his temporary [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] rank of colonel. Prandtl was von Kármán's doctoral adviser; von Kármán in turn was Tsien's.]]

[[File:Left-right Ludwig Prandtl, Theodore Von Karman, Tsien Hsue-sen.jpg|thumb|250px|Left to right: [[Ludwig Prandtl]] (German scientist), Hsue-Shen Tsien, [[Theodore von Kármán]]. Prandtl served Germany during [[World War II]]; von Kármán and Tsien served the United States; after 1956, Tsien served China. Tsien's overseas cap displays his temporary [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] rank of colonel. Prandtl was von Kármán's doctoral adviser; von Kármán in turn was Tsien's.]]

Left to right: [[Ludwig Prandtl (German scientist), Hsue-Shen Tsien, Theodore von Kármán. Prandtl served Germany during World War II; von Kármán and Tsien served the United States; after 1956, Tsien served China. Tsien's overseas cap displays his temporary U.S. Army rank of colonel. Prandtl was von Kármán's doctoral adviser; von Kármán in turn was Tsien's.]]

Left to right: [[Ludwig Prandtl (German scientist), Hsue-Shen Tsien, Theodore von Kármán. Prandtl served Germany during World War II; von Kármán and Tsien served the United States; after 1956, Tsien served China. Tsien's overseas cap displays his temporary U.S. Army rank of colonel. Prandtl was von Kármán's doctoral adviser; von Kármán in turn was Tsien's.]]

从左到右: [路德维希普兰特尔(德国科学家) ，钱学森，西奥多·冯·卡门。普朗特在第二次世界大战期间为德国服务; 冯 · 卡尔曼和钱为美国服务; 1956年后，钱为中国服务。钱存训的海外军帽展示了他暂时的美国陆军上校军衔。普朗特是冯 · 卡门的博士生导师，而冯 · 卡门则是西恩的博士生导师

从左到右: [路德维希 普朗特(德国科学家) ，钱学森，西奥多·冯·卡门。普朗特在第二次世界大战期间为德国服务; 冯·卡门和钱学森为美国服务; 1956年后，钱学森为中国服务。钱保留的海外军帽展示了他暂时的美国陆军上校军衔。普朗特是冯·卡门的博士生导师，而冯·卡门则是钱学森的博士生导师

Shortly after arriving at Caltech in 1936, Tsien became fascinated with the rocketry ideas of Frank Malina, other students of von Kármán, and their associates, including Jack Parsons. Along with his fellow students, he was involved in rocket-related experiments at the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at Caltech. Around the university, the dangerous and explosive nature of their work earned them the nickname "Suicide Squad." Tsien received his PhD from Caltech in 1939.

Shortly after arriving at Caltech in 1936, Tsien became fascinated with the rocketry ideas of Frank Malina, other students of von Kármán, and their associates, including Jack Parsons. Along with his fellow students, he was involved in rocket-related experiments at the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at Caltech. Around the university, the dangerous and explosive nature of their work earned them the nickname "Suicide Squad." Tsien received his PhD from Caltech in 1939.

During the Second World War, Tsien worked in the Manhattan Project, which led to America successfully developing the first atomic bomb. In 1943, Tsien and two other members of their rocketry group drafted the first document to use the name Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), originally a proposal to the Army for developing missiles in response to Germany's V-2 rocket. This led to Private A, which flew in 1944, and later the Corporal, the WAC Corporal, and other designs.

During the Second World War, Tsien worked in the Manhattan Project, which led to America successfully developing the first atomic bomb. In 1943, Tsien and two other members of their rocketry group drafted the first document to use the name Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), originally a proposal to the Army for developing missiles in response to Germany's V-2 rocket. This led to Private A, which flew in 1944, and later the Corporal, the WAC Corporal, and other designs.

第二次世界大战期间，钱存训参与曼哈顿计划，使美国成功研制出第一颗原子弹。1943年，钱永健和他们火箭研究小组的另外两名成员起草了第一份文件，使用了喷气推进实验室的名字，最初是为了应对德国的 V-2火箭而向陆军提出的开发导弹的建议。这导致了1944年飞行的二等兵 a，以及后来的下士、 WAC 下士和其他设计。

第二次世界大战期间，钱学森参与曼哈顿计划，帮助美国成功研制出第一颗原子弹。1943年，钱学森和他们火箭研究小组的另外两名成员起草了第一份文件，使用喷气推进实验室（JPL）这个名字，这最初是向陆军提出的一项针对德国V-2火箭发展导弹的建议。这促成了1944年的私人飞机A，以及后来的下士，WAC下士和其他设计。

 

 

In 1945, as an Army colonel with a security clearance, Tsien was sent to Germany to investigate laboratories and question German scientists, including [[Wernher von Braun]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/world/asia/04qian.html|title=Qian Xuesen, Father of China's Space Program, Dies at 98|last1=WINES|first1=MICHAEL|date=2009-11-04|work=[[New York Times]]|access-date=2019-11-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125721495250424443|title=Trained in the U.S., Scientist Became China's 'Rocket King'|date=2009-11-04|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=2019-11-24|language=en}}</ref>

In 1945, as an Army colonel with a security clearance, Tsien was sent to Germany to investigate laboratories and question German scientists, including [[Wernher von Braun]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/world/asia/04qian.html|title=Qian Xuesen, Father of China's Space Program, Dies at 98|last1=WINES|first1=MICHAEL|date=2009-11-04|work=[[New York Times]]|access-date=2019-11-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125721495250424443|title=Trained in the U.S., Scientist Became China's 'Rocket King'|date=2009-11-04|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=2019-11-24|language=en}}</ref>

In 1945, as an Army colonel with a security clearance, Tsien was sent to Germany to investigate laboratories and question German scientists, including Wernher von Braun.

In 1945, as an Army colonel with a security clearance, Tsien was sent to Germany to investigate laboratories and question German scientists, including Wernher von Braun.

Von Kármán wrote of Tsien, "At the age of 36, he was an undisputed genius whose work was providing an enormous impetus to advances in high-speed aerodynamics and jet propulsion." During this time, he worked on designing an intercontinental space plane, which would later inspire the X-20 Dyna-Soar, a precursor to the American Space Shuttle.

Von Kármán wrote of Tsien, "At the age of 36, he was an undisputed genius whose work was providing an enormous impetus to advances in high-speed aerodynamics and jet propulsion." During this time, he worked on designing an intercontinental space plane, which would later inspire the X-20 Dyna-Soar, a precursor to the American Space Shuttle.

冯 · 卡曼在提到钱存训时写道: “在他36岁的时候，他是一个无可争议的天才，他的工作为高速空气动力学和喷气推进技术的发展提供了巨大的推动力。”在此期间，他致力于设计一种洲际航天飞机，这种飞机后来激发了美国航天飞机的前身 X-20动力-翱翔。

冯·卡门在提到钱学森时写道: “在他36岁的时候，他是一个无可争议的天才，他的工作为高速空气动力学和喷气推进技术的发展提供了巨大的动力。”在此期间，他致力于设计一种洲际航天飞机，它是美国航天飞机的前身，并为后来X-20 Dyna-Soar的生产带来了灵感。

Tsien married Jiang Ying (蒋英), a famed opera singer and the daughter of Jiang Baili (蒋百里) and his wife, Japanese nurse Satô Yato. The elder Jiang was a military strategist and adviser to Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek. The Tsiens were married on 14 September 1947 in Shanghai, and had two children; their son Qian Yonggang (钱永刚, also known as Yucon Tsien) was born in Boston on 13 October 1948, while their daughter Qian Yongzhen (钱永真) was born in early 1950 when the family was residing in Pasadena, California.

Tsien married Jiang Ying (蒋英), a famed opera singer and the daughter of Jiang Baili (蒋百里) and his wife, Japanese nurse Satô Yato. The elder Jiang was a military strategist and adviser to Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek. The Tsiens were married on 14 September 1947 in Shanghai, and had two children; their son Qian Yonggang (钱永刚, also known as Yucon Tsien) was born in Boston on 13 October 1948, while their daughter Qian Yongzhen (钱永真) was born in early 1950 when the family was residing in Pasadena, California.

Shortly after his wedding, Tsien returned to America to take up a teaching position at MIT. Jiang Ying would join him in December 1947. In 1949, with the recommendation of von Kármán, Tsien became Robert H. Goddard Professor of Jet Propulsion at Caltech.

Shortly after his wedding, Tsien returned to America to take up a teaching position at MIT. Jiang Ying would join him in December 1947. In 1949, with the recommendation of von Kármán, Tsien became Robert H. Goddard Professor of Jet Propulsion at Caltech.

In 1947, Tsien was granted a permanent resident permit,

In 1947, Tsien was granted a permanent resident permit,

1947年钱存训获得永久居留许可,

1947年钱学森获得永久居留许可,