更改

=== Detention ===

=== Detention软禁 ===

By the early 1940s, US Army Intelligence was already aware of allegations that Tsien was a Communist, but his security clearance was not suspended.<ref>Chang (1995), p.&nbsp;158.</ref> However, on 6 June 1950, his security clearance was revoked and Tsien was questioned by the FBI. Two weeks later Tsien announced that he would be resigning from Caltech and returning to China, which by then was effectively governed by the Communist Party of China led by [[Mao Zedong]].<ref name="caltech1" /><ref>Chang (1995), pp.&nbsp;149–150.</ref>

By the early 1940s, US Army Intelligence was already aware of allegations that Tsien was a Communist, but his security clearance was not suspended.<ref>Chang (1995), p.&nbsp;158.</ref> However, on 6 June 1950, his security clearance was revoked and Tsien was questioned by the FBI. Two weeks later Tsien announced that he would be resigning from Caltech and returning to China, which by then was effectively governed by the Communist Party of China led by [[Mao Zedong]].<ref name="caltech1" /><ref>Chang (1995), pp.&nbsp;149–150.</ref>

By the early 1940s, US Army Intelligence was already aware of allegations that Tsien was a Communist, but his security clearance was not suspended. However, on 6 June 1950, his security clearance was revoked and Tsien was questioned by the FBI. Two weeks later Tsien announced that he would be resigning from Caltech and returning to China, which by then was effectively governed by the Communist Party of China led by Mao Zedong.

By the early 1940s, US Army Intelligence was already aware of allegations that Tsien was a Communist, but his security clearance was not suspended. However, on 6 June 1950, his security clearance was revoked and Tsien was questioned by the FBI. Two weeks later Tsien announced that he would be resigning from Caltech and returning to China, which by then was effectively governed by the Communist Party of China led by Mao Zedong.

In August, Tsien had a conversation on the subject with the then Under Secretary of the Navy Dan A. Kimball, whom Tsien knew on a personal basis. After Tsien told him of the allegations, Kimball responded, "Hell, I don't think you're a Communist", at which point Tsien indicated that he still intended to leave the country, saying "I'm Chinese. I don't want to build weapons to kill my countrymen. It's that simple." Kimball then said, "I won't let you out of the country."

In August, Tsien had a conversation on the subject with the then Under Secretary of the Navy Dan A. Kimball, whom Tsien knew on a personal basis. After Tsien told him of the allegations, Kimball responded, "Hell, I don't think you're a Communist", at which point Tsien indicated that he still intended to leave the country, saying "I'm Chinese. I don't want to build weapons to kill my countrymen. It's that simple." Kimball then said, "I won't let you out of the country."

8月，钱存训与当时的海军副部长丹 · a · 金博尔(Dan a. Kimball)就这个问题进行了交谈，钱存训私下认识金博尔。钱存训告诉他这些指控后，金博尔回应说，“见鬼，我不认为你是共产主义者”。钱存训暗示，他仍然打算离开中国，并说“我是中国人。”。我不想制造杀死我同胞的武器。就是这么简单。”金博尔接着说，“我不会让你出国的。”

8月，钱学森与当时的海军副部长丹·A·金博尔(Dan A. Kimball)就这个问题进行了交谈，钱学森私下认识金博尔。钱学森告诉他这些指控后，金博尔回应说，“见鬼，我不认为你是共产主义者”。钱学森暗示，他仍然打算离开中国，并说“我是中国人。”，我不想制造杀死我同胞的武器，就这么简单。”金博尔接着说，“我不会让你回中国的。”

After the firm in charge of arranging Tsien's move back to China tipped off U.S. Customs that some of the papers encountered among his possessions were marked "Secret" or "Confidential," U.S. officials seized them from a Pasadena warehouse. The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service issued a warrant for Tsien's arrest on 25 August. Tsien claimed that the security-stamped documents were mostly written by himself and had outdated classifications, adding that, "There were some drawings and logarithm tables, etc., which someone might have mistaken for codes." Included in the material was a scrapbook with news clippings about the trials of those charged with atomic espionage, such as Klaus Fuchs. Subsequent examination of the documents showed they contained no classified material.  Weinbaum's trial commenced on 30 August and both Frank Oppenheimer and Parsons testified against him. Weinbaum was convicted of perjury and sentenced to four years. Tsien was taken into custody on 6 September 1950 for questioning

After the firm in charge of arranging Tsien's move back to China tipped off U.S. Customs that some of the papers encountered among his possessions were marked "Secret" or "Confidential," U.S. officials seized them from a Pasadena warehouse. The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service issued a warrant for Tsien's arrest on 25 August. Tsien claimed that the security-stamped documents were mostly written by himself and had outdated classifications, adding that, "There were some drawings and logarithm tables, etc., which someone might have mistaken for codes." Included in the material was a scrapbook with news clippings about the trials of those charged with atomic espionage, such as Klaus Fuchs. Subsequent examination of the documents showed they contained no classified material.  Weinbaum's trial commenced on 30 August and both Frank Oppenheimer and Parsons testified against him. Weinbaum was convicted of perjury and sentenced to four years. Tsien was taken into custody on 6 September 1950 for questioning

On 26 April 1951, Tsien was declared subject to deportation and forbidden from leaving Los Angeles County without permission, effectively placing him under house arrest.

On 26 April 1951, Tsien was declared subject to deportation and forbidden from leaving Los Angeles County without permission, effectively placing him under house arrest.

When Tsien had returned from China with his new bride in 1947, he had answered "no" on an immigration questionnaire that asked if he ever had been a member of an organization advocating overthrow of the U.S. Government by force. This, together with an American [[CPUSA|Communist Party]] document from 1938 with Tsien's name on it, was used to argue that Tsien was a national security threat. Prosecutors also cited a cross-examination session where Tsien said, "I owe allegiance to the people of China" and would "certainly not" let the United States government make his decision for him as to whom he would owe allegiance to in the event of a conflict between the U.S. and communist China.<ref>{{harvnb|Ryan|Summerlin|1968|pp=113, 115}}</ref>

When Tsien had returned from China with his new bride in 1947, he had answered "no" on an immigration questionnaire that asked if he ever had been a member of an organization advocating overthrow of the U.S. Government by force. This, together with an American [[CPUSA|Communist Party]] document from 1938 with Tsien's name on it, was used to argue that Tsien was a national security threat. Prosecutors also cited a cross-examination session where Tsien said, "I owe allegiance to the people of China" and would "certainly not" let the United States government make his decision for him as to whom he would owe allegiance to in the event of a conflict between the U.S. and communist China.<ref>{{harvnb|Ryan|Summerlin|1968|pp=113, 115}}</ref>

 

During this time, Tsien wrote Engineering Cybernetics, which was published by McGraw Hill in 1954. The book deals with the practice of stabilizing servomechanisms. In its 18 chapters, it considers non-interacting controls of many-variable systems, control design by perturbation theory, and von Neumann's theory of error control (chapter 18). Ezra Krendel reviewed the book, stating that it is "difficult to overstate the value of Tsien's book to those interested in the overall theory of complex control systems." Evidently, Tsien's approach is primarily practical, as Krendel notes that for servomechanisms, the "usual linear design criterion of stability is inadequate and other criteria arising from the physics of the problem must be used."

During this time, Tsien wrote Engineering Cybernetics, which was published by McGraw Hill in 1954. The book deals with the practice of stabilizing servomechanisms. In its 18 chapters, it considers non-interacting controls of many-variable systems, control design by perturbation theory, and von Neumann's theory of error control (chapter 18). Ezra Krendel reviewed the book, stating that it is "difficult to overstate the value of Tsien's book to those interested in the overall theory of complex control systems." Evidently, Tsien's approach is primarily practical, as Krendel notes that for servomechanisms, the "usual linear design criterion of stability is inadequate and other criteria arising from the physics of the problem must be used."

On 26 April 1951, Tsien was declared subject to deportation and forbidden from leaving [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] without permission, effectively placing him under [[house arrest]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ryan|Summerlin|1968|p=141}}</ref>

On 26 April 1951, Tsien was declared subject to deportation and forbidden from leaving [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] without permission, effectively placing him under [[house arrest]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ryan|Summerlin|1968|p=141}}</ref>

 

Qian became the subject of five years of secret diplomacy and negotiation between the U.S. and China. During this time, he lived under constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any classified research duties. Qian arrived at Hong Kong on 8 October 1955 and entered China via the Kowloon–Canton Railway later that day.

Qian became the subject of five years of secret diplomacy and negotiation between the U.S. and China. During this time, he lived under constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any classified research duties. Qian arrived at Hong Kong on 8 October 1955 and entered China via the Kowloon–Canton Railway later that day.

During this time, Tsien wrote ''Engineering Cybernetics'', which was published by [[McGraw Hill]] in 1954. The book deals with the practice of stabilizing [[servomechanism]]s. In its 18 chapters, it considers non-interacting controls of many-variable systems, control design by [[perturbation theory]], and [[John von Neumann|von Neumann]]'s theory of [[error control]] (chapter 18). Ezra Krendel reviewed<ref>Ezra Krendel (1955) "Review of Engineering Cybernetics", [[Journal of the Franklin Institute]] 259(4): 367</ref> the book, stating that it is "difficult to overstate the value of Tsien's book to those interested in the overall theory of complex [[control system]]s." Evidently, Tsien's approach is primarily practical, as Krendel notes that for servomechanisms, the "usual linear design criterion of stability is inadequate and other criteria arising from the physics of the problem must be used."

During this time, Tsien wrote ''Engineering Cybernetics'', which was published by [[McGraw Hill]] in 1954. The book deals with the practice of stabilizing [[servomechanism]]s. In its 18 chapters, it considers non-interacting controls of many-variable systems, control design by [[perturbation theory]], and [[John von Neumann|von Neumann]]'s theory of [[error control]] (chapter 18). Ezra Krendel reviewed<ref>Ezra Krendel (1955) "Review of Engineering Cybernetics", [[Journal of the Franklin Institute]] 259(4): 367</ref> the book, stating that it is "difficult to overstate the value of Tsien's book to those interested in the overall theory of complex [[control system]]s." Evidently, Tsien's approach is primarily practical, as Krendel notes that for servomechanisms, the "usual linear design criterion of stability is inadequate and other criteria arising from the physics of the problem must be used."

 

Under Secretary Kimball, who had tried for several years to keep Qian in the U.S., commented on his treatment: "It was the stupidest thing this country ever did. He was no more a Communist than I was, and we forced him to go."

Under Secretary Kimball, who had tried for several years to keep Qian in the U.S., commented on his treatment: "It was the stupidest thing this country ever did. He was no more a Communist than I was, and we forced him to go."

几年来一直试图让钱留在美国的金博尔副国务卿评论了他的待遇: “这是这个国家做过的最愚蠢的事情。他和我一样不是共产主义者，我们强迫他离开。”

几年来一直试图让钱学森留在美国的金博尔副国务卿评论了他的遭遇: “这是这个国家做过的最愚蠢的事情。他和我一样不是共产主义者，我们强迫他离开。”

== Return to China ==

== Return to China回到祖国 ==

Qian became the subject of five years of secret diplomacy and negotiation between the U.S. and China. During this time, he lived under constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any classified research duties.<ref name="caltech1" /> Qian received support from his colleagues at Caltech during his incarceration, including president [[Lee DuBridge]], who flew to Washington to argue Qian's case. Caltech appointed attorney [[Grant Cooper (attorney)|Grant Cooper]] to defend Qian.

Qian became the subject of five years of secret diplomacy and negotiation between the U.S. and China. During this time, he lived under constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any classified research duties.<ref name="caltech1" /> Qian received support from his colleagues at Caltech during his incarceration, including president [[Lee DuBridge]], who flew to Washington to argue Qian's case. Caltech appointed attorney [[Grant Cooper (attorney)|Grant Cooper]] to defend Qian.

 

He was heavily involved in the establishment of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in 1958 and served as the Chairman of the Department of Modern Mechanics of the university for a number of years.

He was heavily involved in the establishment of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in 1958 and served as the Chairman of the Department of Modern Mechanics of the university for a number of years.

Outside of rocketry, Qian had a presence in numerous areas of study. He was among the creators of systematics, and made contributions to science and technology systems, somatic science, engineering science, military science, social science, the natural sciences, geography, philosophy, literature and art, and education. His advancements in the concepts, theories, and methods of the system science field include studying the open complex giant system. Additionally, he helped establish the Chinese school of complexity science.

Outside of rocketry, Qian had a presence in numerous areas of study. He was among the creators of systematics, and made contributions to science and technology systems, somatic science, engineering science, military science, social science, the natural sciences, geography, philosophy, literature and art, and education. His advancements in the concepts, theories, and methods of the system science field include studying the open complex giant system. Additionally, he helped establish the Chinese school of complexity science.

From the 1980s onward, Qian had advocated the scientific investigation of traditional Chinese medicine, Qigong, and the concept of "special human body functions". He particularly encouraged scientists to accumulate observational data on qigong so that future scientific theories could be established.

From the 1980s onward, Qian had advocated the scientific investigation of traditional Chinese medicine, Qigong, and the concept of "special human body functions". He particularly encouraged scientists to accumulate observational data on qigong so that future scientific theories could be established.

Upon his return, Qian began a remarkably successful career in rocket science, boosted by the reputation he garnered for his past achievements as well as Chinese state support for his nuclear research. He led and eventually became the father of the Chinese missile program, which constructed the [[Dongfeng (missile)|Dongfeng ballistic missiles]] and the [[Long March (rocket family)|Long March space rockets]].

Upon his return, Qian began a remarkably successful career in rocket science, boosted by the reputation he garnered for his past achievements as well as Chinese state support for his nuclear research. He led and eventually became the father of the Chinese missile program, which constructed the [[Dongfeng (missile)|Dongfeng ballistic missiles]] and the [[Long March (rocket family)|Long March space rockets]].

 

西安交通大学钱学森图书馆

西安交通大学钱学森图书馆

== Chinese nuclear program and other studies ==

== Chinese nuclear program and other studies中国核计划及其他研究  ==

In October 1956, he became the director of the [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|Fifth Academy]] of the [[Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of National Defense]], tasked with ballistic missile and nuclear weapons development. He was part of the overall effort that resulted in the successful "596" atomic bomb test on 16 October 1964, and the "Test No. 6" hydrogen bomb test on 17 June 1967. This was the fastest [[Nuclear fission|fission]]-to-[[Nuclear fusion|fusion]] development in history at 32 months, compared to 86 months for the United States and 75 months for the USSR, and gave China a [[thermonuclear device]] ahead of major Western powers like [[France]].

In October 1956, he became the director of the [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|Fifth Academy]] of the [[Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of National Defense]], tasked with ballistic missile and nuclear weapons development. He was part of the overall effort that resulted in the successful "596" atomic bomb test on 16 October 1964, and the "Test No. 6" hydrogen bomb test on 17 June 1967. This was the fastest [[Nuclear fission|fission]]-to-[[Nuclear fusion|fusion]] development in history at 32 months, compared to 86 months for the United States and 75 months for the USSR, and gave China a [[thermonuclear device]] ahead of major Western powers like [[France]].

 

Qian retired in 1991 and lived quietly in Beijing, refusing to speak to Westerners.

Qian retired in 1991 and lived quietly in Beijing, refusing to speak to Westerners.

Qian's reputation as a prominent scientist who was caught up in the red scare in the United States gave him considerable influence in the era of [[Mao Zedong]] and afterward. Qian eventually rose through Party ranks to become a [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|Central Committee]] member. He became associated with the ''China's Space Program - From Conception to Manned Spaceflight'' initiative.

Qian's reputation as a prominent scientist who was caught up in the red scare in the United States gave him considerable influence in the era of [[Mao Zedong]] and afterward. Qian eventually rose through Party ranks to become a [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|Central Committee]] member. He became associated with the ''China's Space Program - From Conception to Manned Spaceflight'' initiative.

 

In 1979, Qian was awarded Caltech's Distinguished Alumni Award for his achievements. Qian eventually received his award from Caltech, and with the help of his friend Frank Marble brought it to his home in a widely covered ceremony. Furthermore, in the early 1990s, the filing cabinets containing Qian's research work were offered to him by Caltech.

In 1979, Qian was awarded Caltech's Distinguished Alumni Award for his achievements. Qian eventually received his award from Caltech, and with the help of his friend Frank Marble brought it to his home in a widely covered ceremony. Furthermore, in the early 1990s, the filing cabinets containing Qian's research work were offered to him by Caltech.