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→Stability against small perturbations
As noted above, J.R. Partington points out that a state of thermodynamic equilibrium is stable against small transient perturbations. Without this condition, in general, experiments intended to study systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are in severe difficulties.
As noted above, J.R. Partington points out that a state of thermodynamic equilibrium is stable against small transient perturbations. Without this condition, in general, experiments intended to study systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are in severe difficulties.
如上所述，J.R. Partington 指出热力学平衡状态在小的瞬态扰动下是稳定的。如果没有这个条件，一般来说，在热力学平衡用于研究系统的实验就会遇到严重的困难。
如上所述，J.R. Partington 指出热力学平衡状态在小的瞬态扰动下是稳定的。如果没有这个条件，一般来说，研究热力学平衡系统的实验就会遇到严重的困难。
To consider the notion of fluctuations in an isolated thermodynamic system, a convenient example is a system specified by its extensive state variables, internal energy, volume, and mass composition. By definition they are time-invariant. By definition, they combine with time-invariant nominal values of their conjugate intensive functions of state, inverse temperature, pressure divided by temperature, and the chemical potentials divided by temperature, so as to exactly obey the laws of thermodynamics. But the laws of thermodynamics, combined with the values of the specifying extensive variables of state, are not sufficient to provide knowledge of those nominal values. Further information is needed, namely, of the constitutive properties of the system.
To consider the notion of fluctuations in an isolated thermodynamic system, a convenient example is a system specified by its extensive state variables, internal energy, volume, and mass composition. By definition they are time-invariant. By definition, they combine with time-invariant nominal values of their conjugate intensive functions of state, inverse temperature, pressure divided by temperature, and the chemical potentials divided by temperature, so as to exactly obey the laws of thermodynamics. But the laws of thermodynamics, combined with the values of the specifying extensive variables of state, are not sufficient to provide knowledge of those nominal values. Further information is needed, namely, of the constitutive properties of the system.
为了考虑隔离热力学系统中的波动概念，一个方便的例子是由其广泛的状态变量、内能、体积和质量组成指定的系统。根据定义，它们是时不变的。根据定义，它们与它们的共轭状态密集函数的时不变名义值相结合，反向温度，压力除以温度，化学势除以温度，以便准确地服从热力学定律。但是热力学定律加上指定广泛的状态变量的值，不足以提供这些名义值的知识。我们需要进一步的信息，即关于该系统的构成特性的信息。
===Approach to thermodynamic equilibrium within an isolated system===
===Approach to thermodynamic equilibrium within an isolated system===