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The question if power grid failures are correlated have been studied in Daqing Li et al. as well as by Paul DH Hines et al.
The question if power grid failures are correlated have been studied in Daqing Li et al. as well as by Paul DH Hines et al.
电网故障是否具有相关性的问题，李大庆 Daqing Li等人以及保罗·DH·海恩斯 Paul DH Hines等人都有研究。
电网故障是否具有相关性的问题，李大庆 Daqing Li等人<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Daqing|first=Li|last2=Yinan|first2=Jiang|last3=Rui|first3=Kang|last4=Havlin|first4=Shlomo|date=2014-06-20|title=Spatial correlation analysis of cascading failures: Congestions and Blackouts|journal=Scientific Reports|language=En|volume=4|issue=1|pages=5381|doi=10.1038/srep05381|pmid=24946927|pmc=4064325|issn=2045-2322|bibcode=2014NatSR...4E5381D}}</ref> 以及保罗·DH·海恩斯 Paul DH Hines等人都有研究。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hines|first=Paul D. H.|last2=Dobson|first2=Ian|last3=Rezaei|first3=Pooya|date=2016|title=Cascading Power Outages Propagate Locally in an Influence Graph that is not the Actual Grid Topology|arxiv=1508.01775|journal=IEEE Transactions on Power Systems|pages=1|doi=10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2578259|issn=0885-8950}}</ref>
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）“级联失效的症状”中的症状是不是可以思考换一下词语 印象中症状一般形容人 换成“表现”或其他是否更好
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）“级联失效的症状”中的症状是不是可以思考换一下词语 印象中症状一般形容人 换成“表现”或其他是否更好
--[[用户:WildBoar|WildBoar]]（[[用户讨论:WildBoar|讨论]]）我觉得两种表达都可以
If enough routes go down because of a cascade failure, a complete section of the network or internet can become unreachable. Although undesired, this can help speed up the recovery from this failure as connections will time out, and other nodes will give up trying to establish connections to the section(s) that have become cut off, decreasing load on the involved nodes.
If enough routes go down because of a cascade failure, a complete section of the network or internet can become unreachable. Although undesired, this can help speed up the recovery from this failure as connections will time out, and other nodes will give up trying to establish connections to the section(s) that have become cut off, decreasing load on the involved nodes.
Cascade failures are a relatively recent development, with the massive increase in traffic and the high interconnectivity between systems and networks. The term was first applied in this context in the late 1990s by a Dutch IT professional and has slowly become a relatively common term for this kind of large-scale failure.
Cascade failures are a relatively recent development, with the massive increase in traffic and the high interconnectivity between systems and networks. The term was first applied in this context in the late 1990s by a Dutch IT professional and has slowly become a relatively common term for this kind of large-scale failure.
级联故障是最近随着流量的大量增加以及系统和网络之间的高互联性而出现的。这个术语最早是在90年代末由一位荷兰的IT专业人员在这样的背景下使用的，后来慢慢成为一个形容这种大规模故障的比较常见的术语。
Network failures typically start when a single network node fails. Initially, the traffic that would normally go through the node is stopped. Systems and users get errors about not being able to reach hosts. Usually, the redundant systems of an ISP respond very quickly, choosing another path through a different backbone. The routing path through this alternative route is longer, with more hops and subsequently going through more systems that normally do not process the amount of traffic suddenly offered.
Network failures typically start when a single network node fails. Initially, the traffic that would normally go through the node is stopped. Systems and users get errors about not being able to reach hosts. Usually, the redundant systems of an ISP respond very quickly, choosing another path through a different backbone. The routing path through this alternative route is longer, with more hops and subsequently going through more systems that normally do not process the amount of traffic suddenly offered.
网络故障通常始于单个网络节点故障。首先，正常经过该节点的流量停止，系统和用户会得到流量无法到达主机的错误提示。通常，ISP的冗余系统会很快做出反应，选择另一条通过不同骨干网的路径。这条替代路径通过的路由路径更长，跳数更多，随后还要经过更多的系统，而这些系统通常不会处理突发的流量。
2012年12月，Gmail服务在全球范围内出现了部分损失(40%)，持续了18分钟。这次服务损失是由包含错误逻辑的负载平衡软件的例行更新引起的——在这种情况下，该错误是由使用[https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/12/why-gmail-went-down-google-misconfigured-chromes-sync-server/ 不合适的all而不是更合适的some]的逻辑引起的。通过完全更新网络中的一个节点，而不是部分更新所有节点，修复了级联失效。
2012年12月，Gmail服务在全球范围内出现了部分损失(40%)，持续了18分钟。这次服务损失是由包含错误逻辑的负载平衡软件的例行更新引起的——在这种情况下，该错误是由使用[https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/12/why-gmail-went-down-google-misconfigured-chromes-sync-server/ 不合适的all而不是更合适的some]的逻辑引起的。通过完全更新网络中的一个节点，而不是部分更新所有节点，修复了级联失效。
== Cascading structural failure ==
== Cascading structural failure ==