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| | 在高乔人随同下，达尔文进入领地内去探索地质并收集更多化石，他因此对本土人民和革命时期殖民地人民的社会，政治和人类学方面都获得了独到的见解。并了解到两种类型的美洲鸵具有独立但重叠的领地。在更南的地方，他还看到阶梯状的带状平原和贝壳状的高架海滩，它们呈现出一系列不同的高地。他阅读了莱尔的第二卷，接受了其关于物种“创造中心”的观点，但是他的发现和理论挑战了莱尔关于平稳连续性和物种灭绝的思想。 | | 在高乔人随同下，达尔文进入领地内去探索地质并收集更多化石，他因此对本土人民和革命时期殖民地人民的社会，政治和人类学方面都获得了独到的见解。并了解到两种类型的美洲鸵具有独立但重叠的领地。在更南的地方，他还看到阶梯状的带状平原和贝壳状的高架海滩，它们呈现出一系列不同的高地。他阅读了莱尔的第二卷，接受了其关于物种“创造中心”的观点，但是他的发现和理论挑战了莱尔关于平稳连续性和物种灭绝的思想。 |
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| | + | [[File:HMS Beagle by Conrad Martens.jpg|thumb|left|alt=On a sea inlet surrounded by steep hills, with high snow-covered mountains in the distance, someone standing in an open canoe waves at a square-rigged sailing ship, seen from the front|As [[HMS Beagle|HMS ''Beagle'']] surveyed the coasts of South America, Darwin theorised about geology and extinction of giant mammals.]] |
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| − | On rides with [[gaucho]]s into the interior to explore geology and collect more fossils, Darwin gained social, political and [[anthropology|anthropological]] insights into both native and colonial people at a time of revolution, and learnt that two types of [[rhea (bird)|rhea]] had separate but overlapping territories.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 189–192, 198}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Eldredge|2006}}</ref> Further south, he saw stepped plains of shingle and seashells as [[raised beach]]es showing a series of elevations. He read Lyell's second volume and accepted its view of "centres of creation" of species, but his discoveries and theorising challenged Lyell's ideas of smooth continuity and of extinction of species.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 131, 159}}<br />{{harvnb|Herbert|1991|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A342&pageseq=16 174–179]}}</ref><ref name=HurrahChiloe>{{cite web|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_fieldNotebooks1.8.html|title=Darwin Online: 'Hurrah Chiloe': an introduction to the Port Desire Notebook|accessdate=24 October 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204201413/http://www.darwin-online.org.uk./EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_fieldNotebooks1.8.html|archivedate=4 December 2008}}</ref>
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| | HMS Beagle surveyed the coasts of South America, Darwin theorised about geology and extinction of giant mammals.]] | | HMS Beagle surveyed the coasts of South America, Darwin theorised about geology and extinction of giant mammals.]] |
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| | 在贝格尔号的第一次航行中，船上的三名火地岛人被扣押，然后在英国接受了一年的传教士教育。达尔文发现他们友好文明，然而在19世纪火地群岛，他遇到了“可怜的、堕落的野蛮人” ，这些野蛮人与家养动物截然不同。他仍然相信，尽管存在这种多样性，所有的人类都与一个共同的起源和改善文明的潜力相关。与他的科学家朋友不同，他现在认为人类和动物之间没有不可逾越的鸿沟。一年过去了，这项任务被放弃了。这个他们取名为杰米 · 巴顿的富伊格人过着和其他土著人一样的生活，有一个妻子，并且不想回到英国。 | | 在贝格尔号的第一次航行中，船上的三名火地岛人被扣押，然后在英国接受了一年的传教士教育。达尔文发现他们友好文明，然而在19世纪火地群岛，他遇到了“可怜的、堕落的野蛮人” ，这些野蛮人与家养动物截然不同。他仍然相信，尽管存在这种多样性，所有的人类都与一个共同的起源和改善文明的潜力相关。与他的科学家朋友不同，他现在认为人类和动物之间没有不可逾越的鸿沟。一年过去了，这项任务被放弃了。这个他们取名为杰米 · 巴顿的富伊格人过着和其他土著人一样的生活，有一个妻子，并且不想回到英国。 |
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| − | [[File:HMS Beagle by Conrad Martens.jpg|thumb|left|alt=On a sea inlet surrounded by steep hills, with high snow-covered mountains in the distance, someone standing in an open canoe waves at a square-rigged sailing ship, seen from the front|As [[HMS Beagle|HMS ''Beagle'']] surveyed the coasts of South America, Darwin theorised about geology and extinction of giant mammals.]]
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| − | Three [[Fuegians]] on board had been seized during the [[HMS Beagle#First voyage|first ''Beagle'' voyage]], then during a year in England were educated as missionaries. Darwin found them friendly and civilised, yet at [[Tierra del Fuego]] he met "miserable, degraded savages", as different as wild from domesticated animals.<ref>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1845|pp= [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F14&viewtype=text&pageseq=218 205–208]}}</ref> He remained convinced that, despite this diversity, all humans were interrelated with [[Monogenism|a shared origin]] and potential for improvement towards civilisation. Unlike his scientist friends, he now thought there was no unbridgeable gap between humans and animals.<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|pp= 243–244, 248–250, 382–383}}</ref> A year on, the mission had been abandoned. The Fuegian they had named [[Jemmy Button]] lived like the other natives, had a wife, and had no wish to return to England.<ref>{{harvnb|Keynes|2001|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1925&pageseq=258 226–227]}}</ref>
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| | Darwin experienced an earthquake in Chile in 1835 and saw signs that the land had just been raised, including mussel-beds stranded above high tide. High in the Andes he saw seashells, and several fossil trees that had grown on a sand beach. He theorised that as the land rose, oceanic islands sank, and coral reefs round them grew to form atolls. | | Darwin experienced an earthquake in Chile in 1835 and saw signs that the land had just been raised, including mussel-beds stranded above high tide. High in the Andes he saw seashells, and several fossil trees that had grown on a sand beach. He theorised that as the land rose, oceanic islands sank, and coral reefs round them grew to form atolls. |
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| − | Darwin experienced [[1835 Concepción earthquake|an earthquake in Chile]] in 1835 and saw signs that the land had just been raised, including [[mussel]]-beds stranded above high tide. High in the [[Andes]] he saw seashells, and several fossil trees that had grown on a sand beach. He theorised that as the land rose, [[island|oceanic islands]] sank, and [[coral reef]]s round them grew to form [[atoll]]s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 160–168, 182}}<br />{{Harvnb|Darwin|1887|p= [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1452.1&viewtype=text&pageseq=278 260]}}</ref><ref name=atolls>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1958|loc=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=text&pageseq=100 pp. 98–99]}}</ref>
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| | On the geologically new Galápagos Islands, Darwin looked for evidence attaching wildlife to an older "centre of creation", and found mockingbirds allied to those in Chile but differing from island to island. He heard that slight variations in the shape of tortoise shells showed which island they came from, but failed to collect them, even after eating tortoises taken on board as food. In Australia, the marsupial rat-kangaroo and the platypus seemed so unusual that Darwin thought it was almost as though two distinct Creators had been at work. He found the Aborigines "good-humoured & pleasant", and noted their depletion by European settlement. | | On the geologically new Galápagos Islands, Darwin looked for evidence attaching wildlife to an older "centre of creation", and found mockingbirds allied to those in Chile but differing from island to island. He heard that slight variations in the shape of tortoise shells showed which island they came from, but failed to collect them, even after eating tortoises taken on board as food. In Australia, the marsupial rat-kangaroo and the platypus seemed so unusual that Darwin thought it was almost as though two distinct Creators had been at work. He found the Aborigines "good-humoured & pleasant", and noted their depletion by European settlement. |
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| − | On the geologically new [[Galápagos Islands]], Darwin looked for evidence attaching wildlife to an older "centre of creation", and found [[mockingbird]]s allied to those in Chile but differing from island to island. He heard that slight variations in the shape of [[tortoise]] shells showed which island they came from, but failed to collect them, even after eating tortoises taken on board as food.<ref name=k356>{{harvnb|Keynes|2001|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1925&pageseq=388 356–357]}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sulloway|1982|p=19}}</ref> In Australia, the [[marsupial]] [[Potoridae|rat-kangaroo]] and the [[platypus]] seemed so unusual that Darwin thought it was almost as though two distinct Creators had been at work.<ref name=Crows>{{cite web|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_fieldNotebooks1.3.html|title=Darwin Online: Coccatoos & Crows: An introduction to the Sydney Notebook|accessdate=2 January 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114015611/http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_fieldNotebooks1.3.html|archivedate=14 January 2009}}</ref> He found the [[Indigenous Australians|Aborigines]] "good-humoured & pleasant", and noted their depletion by European settlement.<ref>{{harvnb|Keynes|2001|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1925&pageseq=430 398–399].}}</ref>
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| | FitzRoy investigated how the atolls of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands had formed, and the survey supported Darwin's theorising. Darwin's Journal was eventually rewritten as a separate third volume, on natural history. | | FitzRoy investigated how the atolls of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands had formed, and the survey supported Darwin's theorising. Darwin's Journal was eventually rewritten as a separate third volume, on natural history. |
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| − | FitzRoy investigated how the atolls of the [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] had formed, and the survey supported Darwin's theorising.<ref name=atolls /> FitzRoy began writing the official ''Narrative'' of the ''Beagle'' voyages, and after reading Darwin's diary he proposed incorporating it into the account.<ref name=Letter301>{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-301.html|title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 301 – Darwin, C.R. to Darwin, C.S., 29 Apr 1836|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205084605/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-301.html|archivedate=5 December 2008|access-date=3 September 2008}}</ref> Darwin's ''[[The Voyage of the Beagle|Journal]]'' was eventually rewritten as a separate third volume, on natural history.<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|p= 336}}</ref>
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| | In Cape Town, South Africa, Darwin and FitzRoy met John Herschel, who had recently written to Lyell praising his uniformitarianism as opening bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others" as "a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process". | | In Cape Town, South Africa, Darwin and FitzRoy met John Herschel, who had recently written to Lyell praising his uniformitarianism as opening bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others" as "a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process". |
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| | 当船驶回家时，达尔文在整理笔记时写道，如果他对知更鸟、乌龟和福克兰狼日益增长的怀疑是正确的，“这些事实会破坏物种的稳定性” ，然后谨慎地在“破坏”之前加上“会”。他后来写道，这些事实“在我看来似乎有些物种起源”。 | | 当船驶回家时，达尔文在整理笔记时写道，如果他对知更鸟、乌龟和福克兰狼日益增长的怀疑是正确的，“这些事实会破坏物种的稳定性” ，然后谨慎地在“破坏”之前加上“会”。他后来写道，这些事实“在我看来似乎有些物种起源”。 |
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| − | In [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]], Darwin and FitzRoy met [[John Herschel]], who had recently written to Lyell praising his [[uniformitarianism]] as opening bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others" as "a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process".<ref name=Rascals>{{harvnb|van Wyhe|2007|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A544&pageseq=21 197]}}</ref>
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| − | When organising his notes as the ship sailed home, Darwin wrote that, if his growing suspicions about the mockingbirds, the tortoises and the [[Falkland Islands wolf|Falkland Islands fox]] were correct, "such facts undermine the stability of Species", then cautiously added "would" before "undermine".<ref name=xix>{{Harvnb|Keynes|2000|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1840&pageseq=22 xix–xx]}}<br />{{Harvnb|Eldredge|2006}}</ref> He later wrote that such facts "seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species".<ref>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1859|loc=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=16 p. 1]}}</ref>
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| | ===Inception of Darwin's evolutionary theory=== | | ===Inception of Darwin's evolutionary theory=== |