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时间之箭 (查看源代码)

2020年12月13日 (日) 21:01的版本

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本词条由Agnes初步翻译
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此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。{{Other uses}}
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由CecileLi初步审校
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于2020.11.19再次审校，若有遗漏敬请谅解。
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{{hatnote|This article is an overview of the subject. For a more technical discussion and for information related to current research, see [[Entropy (arrow of time)]].}}
      
[[File:Arthur Stanley Eddington.jpg|thumb|[[Arthur Stanley Eddington]]]]
 
[[File:Arthur Stanley Eddington.jpg|thumb|[[Arthur Stanley Eddington]]]]
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[[Arthur Stanley Eddington]]
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[[Arthur Stanley Eddington]]
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The '''arrow of time''', also called '''time's arrow''', is the concept positing the "one-way direction" or "asymmetry" of [[time]]. It was developed in 1927 by the British astrophysicist [[Arthur Eddington]], and is an [[List of unsolved problems in physics|unsolved general physics question]]. This direction, according to Eddington, could be determined by studying the organization of [[atom]]s, [[molecule]]s, and bodies, and might be drawn upon a [[Four-dimensional space|four-dimensional]] relativistic map of the world ("a solid block of paper").<ref>{{cite book
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The arrow of time, also called time's arrow, is the concept positing the "one-way direction" or "asymmetry" of time. It was developed in 1927 by the British astrophysicist Arthur Eddington, and is an unsolved general physics question. This direction, according to Eddington, could be determined by studying the organization of atoms, molecules, and bodies, and might be drawn upon a four-dimensional relativistic map of the world ("a solid block of paper").
      
'''<font color="#ff8000"> 时间之箭The arrow of time</font>'''是一个假定时间是“单向方向”或“不对称”的概念。此概念源自英国天体物理学家亚瑟·爱丁顿在1927年提出的一个普通物理学问题，但至今仍未被解决。按照爱丁顿的说法，研究原子、分子和物体的组织既可以确定时间的方向，又可以把它绘制在一张四维的相对论世界地图上(“一整张纸”)。  
 
'''<font color="#ff8000"> 时间之箭The arrow of time</font>'''是一个假定时间是“单向方向”或“不对称”的概念。此概念源自英国天体物理学家亚瑟·爱丁顿在1927年提出的一个普通物理学问题，但至今仍未被解决。按照爱丁顿的说法，研究原子、分子和物体的组织既可以确定时间的方向，又可以把它绘制在一张四维的相对论世界地图上(“一整张纸”)。  
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<ref>{{cite book|title=The scientist as philosopher: philosophical consequences of great scientific discoveries
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[书籍：The scientist as philosopher: philosophical consequences of great scientific discoveries《作为哲学家的科学家: 伟大科学发现的哲学影响》]
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<ref>{{cite book|title=The scientist as philosopher: philosophical consequences of great scientific discoveries
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【书籍：The scientist as philosopher: philosophical consequences of great scientific discoveries《作为哲学家的科学家: 伟大科学发现的哲学影响》】
      
|first1=Friedel
 
|first1=Friedel
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-r4anhu-csMC}}, [ https://books.google.com/books?id=-r4anhu-csmc&pg=pa143第4章，p. 143]</ref>
 
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-r4anhu-csMC}}, [ https://books.google.com/books?id=-r4anhu-csmc&pg=pa143第4章，p. 143]</ref>
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Physical processes at the [[microscopic]] level are believed to be either entirely or mostly [[T-symmetry|time-symmetric]]: if the direction of time were to reverse, the theoretical statements that describe them would remain true. Yet at the [[macroscopic]] level it often appears that this is not the case: there is an obvious direction (or ''flow'') of time.
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Physical processes at the microscopic level are believed to be either entirely or mostly time-symmetric: if the direction of time were to reverse, the theoretical statements that describe them would remain true. Yet at the macroscopic level it often appears that this is not the case: there is an obvious direction (or flow) of time.
      
通常，人们认为，微观层面上的物理过程是全部或部分时间对称的。因此，即使时间的方向逆转，描述它们的理论仍然正确。然而，在宏观层面上，情况往往并非如此， 时间存在明显的方向(或流动)。
 
通常，人们认为，微观层面上的物理过程是全部或部分时间对称的。因此，即使时间的方向逆转，描述它们的理论仍然正确。然而，在宏观层面上，情况往往并非如此， 时间存在明显的方向(或流动)。
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== 概览 ==
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== Overview ==
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== Overview ==
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概览
      
The symmetry of time ([[T-symmetry]]) can be understood simply as the following: if time were perfectly symmetrical, a video of real events would seem realistic whether played forwards or backwards.<ref>[http://www.isepp.org/Pages/01-02%20Pages/Albert.html David Albert on ''Time and Chance'']</ref> [[Gravity]], for example, is a time-reversible force. A ball that is tossed up, slows to a stop, and falls is a case where recordings would look equally realistic forwards and backwards. The system is T-symmetrical. However, the process of the ball bouncing and eventually coming to a stop is not time-reversible. While going forward, [[kinetic energy]] is dissipated and [[entropy]] is increased. Entropy may be one of the few processes that is [[Irreversibility|not time-reversible]]. According to the statistical notion of increasing entropy, the "arrow" of time is identified with a decrease of free energy.<ref>{{cite journal
 
The symmetry of time ([[T-symmetry]]) can be understood simply as the following: if time were perfectly symmetrical, a video of real events would seem realistic whether played forwards or backwards.<ref>[http://www.isepp.org/Pages/01-02%20Pages/Albert.html David Albert on ''Time and Chance'']</ref> [[Gravity]], for example, is a time-reversible force. A ball that is tossed up, slows to a stop, and falls is a case where recordings would look equally realistic forwards and backwards. The system is T-symmetrical. However, the process of the ball bouncing and eventually coming to a stop is not time-reversible. While going forward, [[kinetic energy]] is dissipated and [[entropy]] is increased. Entropy may be one of the few processes that is [[Irreversibility|not time-reversible]]. According to the statistical notion of increasing entropy, the "arrow" of time is identified with a decrease of free energy.<ref>{{cite journal
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