370
个编辑
更改
→Current life, the result of abiogenesis: biology
然而，不可逆的过程，更不用说生命系统了，在这个角度下无法方便地进行分析，直到Lars Onsager和后来的Ilya Prigogine，发展了一种优雅的数学形式论，用于处理广义化学势下物质的 "自组织"。这个形式论后来被称为经典不可逆热力学，1977年Prigogine被授予诺贝尔化学奖，"以表彰他对非平衡热力学，特别是耗散结构理论的贡献"。Prigogine的分析表明，如果让一个系统在一个强加的外部势下演化，物质可以自发地组织起来（降低其熵），形成他所说的 "耗散结构"，从而增加外部强加势的耗散（增强全局熵的产生）。此后，非平衡热力学被成功地应用于生命系统的分析，从ATP的生化生产到优化细菌代谢途径，再到完整的生态系统。
然而，不可逆的过程，更不用说生命系统了，在这个角度下无法方便地进行分析，直到Lars Onsager和后来的Ilya Prigogine，发展了一种优雅的数学形式论，用于处理广义化学势下物质的 "自组织"。这个形式论后来被称为经典不可逆热力学，1977年Prigogine被授予诺贝尔化学奖，"以表彰他对非平衡热力学，特别是耗散结构理论的贡献"。Prigogine的分析表明，如果让一个系统在一个强加的外部势下演化，物质可以自发地组织起来（降低其熵），形成他所说的 "耗散结构"，从而增加外部强加势的耗散（增强全局熵的产生）。此后，非平衡热力学被成功地应用于生命系统的分析，从ATP的生化生产到优化细菌代谢途径，再到完整的生态系统。
== Current life, the result of abiogenesis: biology==
==当前的生命，生物发生的结果：生物学 Current life, the result of abiogenesis: biology==
===Definition of life===
===生命的定义 Definition of life===
When discussing the origin of life, a definition of life itself is fundamental. The definition is somewhat disagreed upon (although follows the same basic principles) because different biology textbooks define life differently. James Gould:
When discussing the origin of life, a definition of life itself is fundamental. The definition is somewhat disagreed upon (although follows the same basic principles) because different biology textbooks define life differently. James Gould:
When discussing the origin of life, a definition of life itself is fundamental. The definition is somewhat disagreed upon (although follows the same basic principles) because different biology textbooks define life differently. James Gould:
When discussing the origin of life, a definition of life itself is fundamental. The definition is somewhat disagreed upon (although follows the same basic principles) because different biology textbooks define life differently. James Gould:
当讨论生命的起源时，最基本的问题时对生命本身的定义。由于不同的生物学教科书对生命的定义不同，所以这个定义存在一定的分歧（虽然遵循相同的基本原则）。詹姆斯·古尔德 James·Gould :
< blockquote >
<blockquote>
Most dictionaries define ''life'' as the property that distinguishes the living from the dead, and define ''dead'' as being deprived of life. These singularly circular and unsatisfactory definitions give us no clue to what we have in common with protozoans and plants. <ref “Gould”>{{cite book| last1 = Gould | first1 = James L. | last2 = Keeton | first2 = William T. | year = 1996| edition = 6 | title = Biological Science | location= New York | publisher = W.W. Norton }}</ref>< /blockquote >
Most dictionaries define ''life'' as the property that distinguishes the living from the dead, and define ''dead'' as being deprived of life. These singularly circular and unsatisfactory definitions give us no clue to what we have in common with protozoans and plants. <ref name="Gould">{{cite book| last1 = Gould | first1 = James L. | last2 = Keeton | first2 = William T. | year = 1996| edition = 6 | title = Biological Science | location= New York | publisher = W.W. Norton }}</ref>
Most dictionaries define life as the property that distinguishes the living from the dead, and define dead as being deprived of life. These singularly circular and unsatisfactory definitions give us no clue to what we have in common with protozoans and plants.
Most dictionaries define life as the property that distinguishes the living from the dead, and define dead as being deprived of life. These singularly circular and unsatisfactory definitions give us no clue to what we have in common with protozoans and plants.
大多数字典将生命定义为区别于活人和死人的属性，并将死亡定义为被剥夺了生命。这些奇怪的、循环的、难以令人满意的定义，没有给我们提供任何线索，使我们了解我们与原生动物和植物的共同之处。<ref name="Gould">{{cite book| last1 = Gould | first1 = James L. | last2 = Keeton | first2 = William T. | year = 1996| edition = 6 | title = Biological Science | location= New York | publisher = W.W. Norton }}</ref>
< blockquote >
</blockquote>
whereas according to Neil Campbell and Jane Reece < blockquote >The phenomenon we call life defies a simple, one-sentence definition.<ref “Campbell”>{{cite book| last1 = Campbell | first1 = Neil A. | last2 = Reece | first2 = Jane B.| year = 2005| edition = 7 | title = Biology | location= Sn Feancisco | publisher = Benjamin }}</ref>< /blockquote >
whereas according to Neil Campbell and Jane Reece < blockquote >The phenomenon we call life defies a simple, one-sentence definition.<ref “Campbell”>{{cite book| last1 = Campbell | first1 = Neil A. | last2 = Reece | first2 = Jane B.| year = 2005| edition = 7 | title = Biology | location= Sn Feancisco | publisher = Benjamin }}</ref>< /blockquote >
whereas according to Neil Campbell and Jane Reece < blockquote >The phenomenon we call life defies a simple, one-sentence definition.
whereas according to Neil Campbell and Jane Reece < blockquote >The phenomenon we call life defies a simple, one-sentence definition.
然而，根据尼尔·坎贝尔Neil Campbell和简·里斯Jane Reece 的说法，
< /blockquote >
<blockquote>
The phenomenon we call life defies a simple, one-sentence definition.
The phenomenon we call life defies a simple, one-sentence definition.
我们所说的生命现象，不能用简单的一句话去定义。
</blockquote>
This difference can also be found in books on the origin of life. John Casti gives a single sentence:
This difference can also be found in books on the origin of life. John Casti gives a single sentence:
在关于生命起源的书籍中也可以找到这种差异。约翰-卡斯蒂John Casti给出了一句话：
在关于生命起源的书籍中也可以找到这种差异。约翰-卡斯蒂John Casti给出了一句话：
< blockquote >By more or general consensus nowadays, an entity is considered to be "alive" if it has the capacity to carry out three basic functional activities: metabolism, self-repair, and replication.
<blockquote>
By more or general consensus nowadays, an entity is considered to be "alive" if it has the capacity to carry out three basic functional activities: metabolism, self-repair, and replication.
现在越来越多人开始达成这么一个共识：如果一个实体有能力进行三种基本的功能活动：新陈代谢、自我修复，和复制，那么它就被认为是“有生命的”。
< /blockquote >
</blockquote>
Dirk Schulze-Makuch and Louis Irwin spend in contrast the whole first chapter of their book on this subject.
Dirk Schulze-Makuch and Louis Irwin spend in contrast the whole first chapter of their book on this subject.
德克·舒尔茨-马库奇Dirk Schulze-Makuch 和 路易斯 · 欧文Louis Irwin 在他们的书中花了整整一章的篇幅来讨论这个问题。
====Fermentation====
====发酵 Fermentation====
发酵
发酵
[[File:Citric acid cycle.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|Citric acid cycle]]
[[File:Citric acid cycle.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|Citric acid cycle]]
柠檬酸循环
柠檬酸循环
[[File:Metabolism diagram.svg|thumb|Overall diagram of the chemical reactions of metabolism, in which the citric acid cycle can be recognized as the circle just below the middle of the figure]] [[Albert L. Lehninger|Albert Lehninger]] has stated around 1970 that fermentation, including glycolysis, is a suitable primitive energy source for the origin of life.<ref “Lehninger”>{{cite book| last1 = Lehninger | first1 = Albert L. | year = 1970| title = Biochemistry. The Molecular Basis of Cell Structure and Function | location= New York | publisher = Worth | page = 313}}</ref>
[[File:Metabolism diagram.svg|thumb|Overall diagram of the chemical reactions of metabolism, in which the citric acid cycle can be recognized as the circle just below the middle of the figure]] [[Albert L. Lehninger|Albert Lehninger]] has stated around 1970 that fermentation, including glycolysis, is a suitable primitive energy source for the origin of life.<ref name="Lehninger">{{cite book| last1 = Lehninger | first1 = Albert L. | year = 1970| title = Biochemistry. The Molecular Basis of Cell Structure and Function | location= New York | publisher = Worth | page = 313}}</ref>
Overall diagram of the chemical reactions of metabolism, in which the citric acid cycle can be recognized as the circle just below the middle of the figure
Overall diagram of the chemical reactions of metabolism, in which the citric acid cycle can be recognized as the circle just below the middle of the figure
Albert Lehninger has stated around 1970 that fermentation, including glycolysis, is a suitable primitive energy source for the origin of life.
Albert Lehninger has stated around 1970 that fermentation, including glycolysis, is a suitable primitive energy source for the origin of life.
< blockquote > Since living organisms probably first arose in an atmosphere lacking oxygen, anaerobic fermentation is the simplest and most primitive type of biological mechanism for obtaining energy from nutrient molecules. < /blockquote >
阿尔伯特·莱宁格Albert Lehninger曾在1970年左右指出，包括糖酵解在内的发酵过程是生命起源一种合适的原始能量来源。
<blockquote>
Since living organisms probably first arose in an atmosphere lacking oxygen, anaerobic fermentation is the simplest and most primitive type of biological mechanism for obtaining energy from nutrient molecules.
由于生物体可能首先是在缺氧的环境中产生的，因此厌氧发酵是从营养分子中获取能量的最简单、最原始的一种生物机制。
</blockquote>
Fermentation involves glycolysis, which, rather inefficiently, transduces the chemical energy of sugar into the chemical energy of ATP.
Fermentation involves glycolysis, which, rather inefficiently, transduces the chemical energy of sugar into the chemical energy of ATP.
发酵过程包括糖酵解，糖酵解将糖的化学能转化为ATP的化学能，这个过程的效率很低。
====Chemiosmosis====
====化学渗透 Chemiosmosis====
化学渗透
化学渗透
As Fermentation had around 1970 been elucidated, whereas the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation had not and some controversies still existed, fermentation may have looked too complex for investigators of the origin of life at that time. Peter Mitchell's Chemiosmosis is now however generally accepted as correct.
As Fermentation had around 1970 been elucidated, whereas the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation had not and some controversies still existed, fermentation may have looked too complex for investigators of the origin of life at that time. Peter Mitchell's Chemiosmosis is now however generally accepted as correct.
由于在1970年左右发酵原理已经被阐明，而氧化磷酸化的机制还没有，而且存在一些争议，所以发酵作用在当时对生命起源的研究者来说可能显得过于复杂。不过，彼得-米切尔Peter Mitchell 的化学渗透现在被普遍认为是正确的。
Even Peter Mitchell himself assumed that fermentation preceded chemiosmosis. Chemiosmosis is however ubiquitous in life. A model for the origin of life has been presented in terms of chemiosmosis.
Even Peter Mitchell himself assumed that fermentation preceded chemiosmosis. Chemiosmosis is however ubiquitous in life. A model for the origin of life has been presented in terms of chemiosmosis.
连Peter Mitchell自己也认为发酵是在化学渗透之前发生的。然而，化学渗透在生命中无处不在的。一个以化学渗透为基础的生命起源模型已经被提出来了。
Both respiration by mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts make use of chemiosmosis to generate most of their ATP.
Both respiration by mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts make use of chemiosmosis to generate most of their ATP.
线粒体的呼吸作用和叶绿体的光合作用都是利用化学渗透来产生大量ATP。
Today the energy source of all life can be linked to photosynthesis, and one speaks of primary production by sunlight. The oxygen used for oxidizing reducing compounds by organisms at hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean is the result of photosynthesis at the Oceans' surface.
Today the energy source of all life can be linked to photosynthesis, and one speaks of primary production by sunlight. The oxygen used for oxidizing reducing compounds by organisms at hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean is the result of photosynthesis at the Oceans' surface.
今天，一切生命的能量来源都可以与光合作用联系起来，人们称之为太阳光的初级生产。海洋底部热液喷口中的生物用于氧化还原反应的氧气，就来源于海洋表面光合作用。
=====ATP合成酶 ATP synthase=====
[[File:ATP-Synthase.svg|thumb|upright|left|Depiction of ATP synthase using the chemiosmotic proton gradient to power ATP synthesis through [[oxidative phosphorylation]].]]
[[File:ATP-Synthase.svg|thumb|upright|left|Depiction of ATP synthase using the chemiosmotic proton gradient to power ATP synthesis through [[oxidative phosphorylation]].]]