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where <math>\delta Q</math> is the infinitesimal amount of heat absorbed by the system from the reservoir and <math>T_{\text{surr}}</math> is the temperature of the external reservoir (surroundings) at a particular instant in time. The closed integral is carried out along a thermodynamic process path from the initial/final state to the same initial/final state. In principle, the closed integral can start and end at an arbitrary point along the path.

where <math>\delta Q</math> is the infinitesimal amount of heat absorbed by the system from the reservoir and <math>T_{\text{surr}}</math> is the temperature of the external reservoir (surroundings) at a particular instant in time. The closed integral is carried out along a thermodynamic process path from the initial/final state to the same initial/final state. In principle, the closed integral can start and end at an arbitrary point along the path.

其中<math>\delta Q</math>是系统从热库吸收的热量极小值，<math>T_{\text{surr}}</math>是特定时间点外部热库（周围环境）的温度。该表达式是指沿着从初始/最终状态到相同的初始/最终状态的'''<font color="#ff8000"> 热力学过程路径Thermodynamic process path</font>'''执行闭合积分。原则上，该闭合积分可以沿路径的任意点开始和结束。

其中<math>\delta Q</math>是系统从热库吸收的热量极小值，<math>T_{\text{surr}}</math>是特定时间点外部热库（周围环境）的温度。该表达式是指沿着从初始/最终状态到相同的初始/最终状态下'''<font color="#ff8000"> 热力学过程路径Thermodynamic process path</font>'''执行闭合积分。原则上，该闭合积分可以沿路径的任意点开始和结束。