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Classical thermodynamics deals with states of dynamic equilibrium. The state of a system at thermodynamic equilibrium is the one for which some thermodynamic potential is minimized, or for which the entropy (S) is maximized, for specified conditions. One such potential is the Helmholtz free energy (A), for a system with surroundings at controlled constant temperature and volume:

Classical thermodynamics deals with states of dynamic equilibrium. The state of a system at thermodynamic equilibrium is the one for which some thermodynamic potential is minimized, or for which the entropy (S) is maximized, for specified conditions. One such potential is the Helmholtz free energy (A), for a system with surroundings at controlled constant temperature and volume:

经典热力学研究'''<font color="#ff8000">动态平衡 Dynamic Equilibrium</font>'''的状态。系统的热力学平衡状态是对于特定的条件，一些'''<font color="#ff8000">热动力位能 Thermodynamic Potential</font>'''被最小化，或者'''<font color="#ff8000">熵 Entropy</font>'''(S)被最大化。对于一个周围环境温度和体积可控的系统，有一个'''<font color="#ff8000">亥姆霍兹自由能 Helmholtz Free Energy</font>'''(A)这样的位能:

经典热力学研究'''<font color="#ff8000">动态平衡 Dynamic Equilibrium</font>'''的状态。系统的热力学平衡状态是对于特定的条件，一些'''<font color="#ff8000">热力学势 Thermodynamic Potential</font>'''被最小化，或者'''<font color="#ff8000">熵 Entropy</font>'''(S)被最大化。对于一个周围环境温度和体积恒定的系统，其中一个这样的热力学势是'''<font color="#ff8000">亥姆霍兹自由能 Helmholtz Free Energy</font>'''(A):

Another potential, the Gibbs free energy (G), is minimized at thermodynamic equilibrium in a system with surroundings at controlled constant temperature and pressure:

Another potential, the Gibbs free energy (G), is minimized at thermodynamic equilibrium in a system with surroundings at controlled constant temperature and pressure:

另一个潜在的'''<font color="#ff8000">吉布斯自由能 Gibbs Free Energy</font>'''(G)，在恒定温度和压力的系统中，热力学平衡最小:

在恒定温度和压力的系统中，另一个热力学势'''<font color="#ff8000">吉布斯自由能 Gibbs Free Energy</font>'''(G)在热力学平衡状态最小：

where T denotes the absolute thermodynamic temperature, P the pressure, S the entropy, V the volume, and U the internal energy of the system.

where T denotes the absolute thermodynamic temperature, P the pressure, S the entropy, V the volume, and U the internal energy of the system.

其中 T 表示绝对热力学温度，P 表示压强，S 表示熵，V 表示体积，U 表示体系的内能。

其中 T 表示热力学绝对温度，P 表示压强，S 表示熵，V 表示体积，U 表示体系的内能。

Thermodynamic equilibrium is the unique stable stationary state that is approached or eventually reached as the system interacts with its surroundings over a long time. The above-mentioned potentials are mathematically constructed to be the thermodynamic quantities that are minimized under the particular conditions in the specified surroundings.

Thermodynamic equilibrium is the unique stable stationary state that is approached or eventually reached as the system interacts with its surroundings over a long time. The above-mentioned potentials are mathematically constructed to be the thermodynamic quantities that are minimized under the particular conditions in the specified surroundings.

== Conditions ==

== Conditions ==