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平衡热力学 (查看源代码)

2021年2月7日 (日) 21:06的版本

删除1,860字节、 2021年2月7日 (日) 21:06

→‎Fluctuations within an isolated system in its own internal thermodynamic equilibrium 孤立系统内部热力学平衡的涨落

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如果系统被重复细分，最终产生的系统足够小，可以表现出明显的涨落。这是一个介观层面的研究。涨落则直接取决于系统各壁的性质。因此，精确地选择独立状态变量是很重要的。在这个阶段，热力学定律的统计特征变得明显。

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An explicit distinction between 'thermal equilibrium' and 'thermodynamic equilibrium' is made by B. C. Eu. He considers two systems in thermal contact, one a thermometer, the other a system in which there are occurring several irreversible processes, entailing non-zero fluxes; the two systems are separated by a wall permeable only to heat. He considers the case in which, over the time scale of interest, it happens that both the thermometer reading and the irreversible processes are steady. Then there is thermal equilibrium without thermodynamic equilibrium. Eu proposes consequently that the zeroth law of thermodynamics can be considered to apply even when thermodynamic equilibrium is not present; also he proposes that if changes are occurring so fast that a steady temperature cannot be defined, then "it is no longer possible to describe the process by means of a thermodynamic formalism. In other words, thermodynamics has no meaning for such a process." This illustrates the importance for thermodynamics of the concept of temperature.

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热平衡和热力学平衡之间的明确区分是由 B.C.Eu 提出的。他认为两个系统在热接触，一个是温度计，另一个是一个系统，其中有几个不可逆过程，产生非零通量; 这两个系统被一个只透热的壁隔开。他考虑了这样一种情况，在有兴趣的时间尺度上，温度计读数和不可逆过程都是稳定的。然后是没有热平衡的热力学平衡。因此，Eu提出，即使在没有热力学第零定律的情况下，也可以考虑应用热力学平衡; 他还提出，如果变化发生得太快，以至于无法确定一个稳定的温度，那么“用热力学形式主义来描述这一过程就不再可能了。换句话说，热力学对这样一个过程没有意义。”这说明了温度概念对热力学的重要性。

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