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Darwin's family tradition was nonconformist Unitarianism, while his father and grandfather were freethinkers, and his baptism and boarding school were Church of England.[27] When going to Cambridge to become an Anglican clergyman, he did not doubt the literal truth of the Bible.[36] He learned John Herschel's science which, like William Paley's natural theology, sought explanations in laws of nature rather than miracles and saw adaptation of species as evidence of design.[38][39] On board HMS Beagle, Darwin was quite orthodox and would quote the Bible as an authority on morality.[190] He looked for "centres of creation" to explain distribution,[62] and suggested that the very similar antlions found in Australia and England were evidence of a divine hand.

Darwin's family tradition was nonconformist Unitarianism, while his father and grandfather were freethinkers, and his baptism and boarding school were Church of England.[27] When going to Cambridge to become an Anglican clergyman, he did not doubt the literal truth of the Bible.[36] He learned John Herschel's science which, like William Paley's natural theology, sought explanations in laws of nature rather than miracles and saw adaptation of species as evidence of design.[38][39] On board HMS Beagle, Darwin was quite orthodox and would quote the Bible as an authority on morality.[190] He looked for "centres of creation" to explain distribution,[62] and suggested that the very similar antlions found in Australia and England were evidence of a divine hand.

By his return, he was critical of the Bible as history, and wondered why all religions should not be equally valid.[190] In the next few years, while intensively speculating on geology and the transmutation of species, he gave much thought to religion and openly discussed this with his wife Emma, whose beliefs also came from intensive study and questioning.[100] The theodicy of Paley and Thomas Malthus vindicated evils such as starvation as a result of a benevolent creator's laws, which had an overall good effect. To Darwin, natural selection produced the good of adaptation but removed the need for design,[191] and he could not see the work of an omnipotent deity in all the pain and suffering, such as the ichneumon wasp paralysing caterpillars as live food for its eggs.[150] Though he thought of religion as a tribal survival strategy, Darwin was reluctant to give up the idea of God as an ultimate lawgiver. He was increasingly troubled by the problem of evil.

By his return, he was critical of the Bible as history, and wondered why all religions should not be equally valid.[190] In the next few years, while intensively speculating on geology and the transmutation of species, he gave much thought to religion and openly discussed this with his wife Emma, whose beliefs also came from intensive study and questioning.[100] The theodicy of Paley and Thomas Malthus vindicated evils such as starvation as a result of a benevolent creator's laws, which had an overall good effect. To Darwin, natural selection produced the good of adaptation but removed the need for design,[191] and he could not see the work of an omnipotent deity in all the pain and suffering, such as the ichneumon wasp paralysing caterpillars as live food for its eggs.[150] Though he thought of religion as a tribal survival strategy, Darwin was reluctant to give up the idea of God as an ultimate lawgiver. He was increasingly troubled by the problem of evil.

Darwin remained close friends with the vicar of Downe, John Brodie Innes, and continued to play a leading part in the parish work of the church,[194] but from around 1849 would go for a walk on Sundays while his family attended church.[189] He considered it "absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist"[195][196] and, though reticent about his religious views, in 1879 he wrote that "I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. – I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind".

Darwin remained close friends with the vicar of Downe, John Brodie Innes, and continued to play a leading part in the parish work of the church,[194] but from around 1849 would go for a walk on Sundays while his family attended church.[189] He considered it "absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist"[195][196] and, though reticent about his religious views, in 1879 he wrote that "I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. – I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind".

达尔文与郡达温牧师约翰·布罗迪·英内斯John Brodie Innes保持着密切的朋友关系，并继续在教堂的教区工作中发挥重要作用。但从1849年左右起，当他的家人在周日去教堂礼拜时，他更愿意选择散步。他认为“怀疑一个人即可能是一个热情的有神论者，同时也是进化论者是荒谬的”。尽管对宗教观点他一直保持沉默，但在1879年，他写道：“从否认上帝存在的意义上说，我从来不是无神论者。“从拒绝上帝存在的意义上说，我从来没有做过无神论者。–我认为……一般而言，不可知论者是对我心态最正确的描述”。

达尔文与郡达温牧师约翰·布罗迪·英内斯John Brodie Innes保持着密切的朋友关系，并继续在教堂的教区工作中发挥重要作用。但从1849年左右起，当他的家人在周日去教堂做礼拜时，他更愿意选择散步。他认为“怀疑一个人即可能是一个热情的有神论者，同时也是进化论者是荒谬的”。尽管对宗教观点他一直保持沉默，但在1879年，他写道：“从否认上帝存在的意义上说，我从来不是无神论者。“从拒绝上帝存在的意义上说，我从来没有做过无神论者。–我认为……一般而言，不可知论者是对我心态最正确的描述”。

The "Lady Hope Story", published in 1915, claimed that Darwin had reverted to Christianity on his sickbed. The claims were repudiated by Darwin's children and have been dismissed as false by historians.

The "Lady Hope Story", published in 1915, claimed that Darwin had reverted to Christianity on his sickbed. The claims were repudiated by Darwin's children and have been dismissed as false by historians.

1915年出版的《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 霍普夫人的故事Lady Hope Story </font>'''》声称达尔文在病床上重回了基督教信仰。该声称后来被达尔文的孩子们否定，并被历史学家驳回为虚假信息。

1915年出版的《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 霍普夫人的故事Lady Hope Story </font>'''》中声称达尔文在病床上重回了基督教信仰。该说法后来被达尔文的孩子们否定，并被历史学家认定为虚假信息。

 

 

=== Human society 人类社会 ===

=== Human society 人类社会 ===