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| | 如上所述，J.R. Partington 指出热力学平衡状态在小的瞬态扰动下是稳定的。如果没有这个条件，一般来说，研究热力学平衡系统的实验就会遇到严重的困难。 | | 如上所述，J.R. Partington 指出热力学平衡状态在小的瞬态扰动下是稳定的。如果没有这个条件，一般来说，研究热力学平衡系统的实验就会遇到严重的困难。 |
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| − | ===Approach to thermodynamic equilibrium within an isolated system 孤立系统中的热力学平衡=== | + | ===孤立系统中的热力学平衡=== |
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| − | | + | 当一个物质体从不均匀的非平衡状态或化学非平衡状态开始，然后被孤立，它会自发地演化到自己的内部热力学平衡状态。没有必要同时达到内部热力学平衡的所有方面; 有些方面可以先于其他方面建立起来。例如，在这种演化的许多情况下，内部力学平衡的建立比最终热力学平衡的其他方面要快得多。另一个例子是，在这种演化的许多情况下，热平衡的发展要比化学平衡快得多。<ref name="Fitts 43">Fitts, D.D. (1962), p. 43.</ref> Another example is that, in many cases of such evolution, thermal equilibrium is reached much more rapidly than chemical equilibrium.<ref>Denbigh, K.G. (1951), p. 42.</ref> |
| − | When a body of material starts from a non-equilibrium state of inhomogeneity or chemical non-equilibrium, and is then isolated, it spontaneously evolves towards its own internal state of thermodynamic equilibrium. It is not necessary that all aspects of internal thermodynamic equilibrium be reached simultaneously; some can be established before others. For example, in many cases of such evolution, internal mechanical equilibrium is established much more rapidly than the other aspects of the eventual thermodynamic equilibrium. Another example is that, in many cases of such evolution, thermal equilibrium is reached much more rapidly than chemical equilibrium.
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| − | When a body of material starts from a non-equilibrium state of inhomogeneity or chemical non-equilibrium, and is then isolated, it spontaneously evolves towards its own internal state of thermodynamic equilibrium. It is not necessary that all aspects of internal thermodynamic equilibrium be reached simultaneously; some can be established before others. For example, in many cases of such evolution, internal mechanical equilibrium is established much more rapidly than the other aspects of the eventual thermodynamic equilibrium.<ref name="Fitts 43">Fitts, D.D. (1962), p. 43.</ref> Another example is that, in many cases of such evolution, thermal equilibrium is reached much more rapidly than chemical equilibrium.<ref>Denbigh, K.G. (1951), p. 42.</ref>
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| − | 当一个物质体从不均匀的非平衡状态或化学非平衡状态开始，然后被孤立，它会自发地演化到自己的内部热力学平衡状态。没有必要同时达到内部热力学平衡的所有方面; 有些方面可以先于其他方面建立起来。例如，在这种演化的许多情况下，内部力学平衡的建立比最终热力学平衡的其他方面要快得多。另一个例子是，在这种演化的许多情况下，热平衡的发展要比化学平衡快得多。
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| | ===Fluctuations within an isolated system in its own internal thermodynamic equilibrium 孤立系统内部热力学平衡的涨落=== | | ===Fluctuations within an isolated system in its own internal thermodynamic equilibrium 孤立系统内部热力学平衡的涨落=== |