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{{Main|Emergentism}}
{{Main|Emergentism}}
Philosophers often understand emergence as a claim about the [[etiology]] of a [[system]]'s properties. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. [[Nicolai Hartmann]] (1882-1950), one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this a ''categorial novum'' (new category).
Philosophers often understand emergence as a claim about the etiology of a system's properties. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. Nicolai Hartmann (1882-1950), one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this a categorial novum (new category).
哲学家通常把涌现理解为一种对系统特性的发生学的主张。在这个上下文中，系统的涌现特性不是系统的任何组件的属性，但仍然是整个系统的一个特征。尼古拉·哈特曼(1882-1950) ，首批写出涌现论的现代哲学家之一，把这种现象称为范畴新见习(新范畴)。
===Definitions定义===
This idea of emergence has been around since at least the time of [[Aristotle]].<ref name="Meta">Aristotle, ''[[Metaphysics (Aristotle)]]'', Book Η 1045a 8–10: "... the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts ...", i.e., the whole is other than the sum of the parts.</ref> The many scientists and philosophers<ref>Being Emergence vs. Pattern Emergence: Complexity, Control, and Goal-Directedness in Biological Systems
This idea of emergence has been around since at least the time of Aristotle. The many scientists and philosophers<ref>Being Emergence vs. Pattern Emergence: Complexity, Control, and Goal-Directedness in Biological Systems
这个涌现的概念至少在亚里士多德时代就已经存在了。许多科学家和哲学家写过关于这个概念的文章，其中包括《约翰·斯图尔特·密尔《原因的构成》和《朱利安 · 赫胥黎》。同样的提出存在涌现 vs. 模式涌现: 生物系统中的复杂性、控制性和目标导向性等议题。
Jason Winning & William Bechtel
Jason Winning & William Bechtel
杰森 · 温宁和威廉 · 贝克特尔
In Sophie Gibb, Robin Hendry & Tom Lancaster (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Emergence. London: pp. 134-144 (2019)
In Sophie Gibb, Robin Hendry & Tom Lancaster (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Emergence. London: pp. 134-144 (2019)
在索菲 · 吉布，罗宾 · 亨德利和汤姆 · 兰开斯特(ed。) ，《劳特利奇出现手册》。伦敦: pp。134-144 (2019)
Authors
Authors
作者
Jason Winning
Jason Winning
杰森 · 温宁
University of California, San Diego
University of California, San Diego
加州大学圣地亚哥分校
William Bechtel
William Bechtel
威廉 · 贝克特尔
University of California, San Diego</ref> who have written on the concept include [[John Stuart Mill]] (''[[Composition of Causes]]'' (1843))<ref>"The chemical combination of two substances produces, as is well known, a third substance with properties entirely different from those of either of the two substances separately, or of both of them taken together."</ref> and [[Julian Huxley]]<ref>Julian Huxley: "now and again there is a sudden rapid passage to a totally new and more comprehensive type of order or organization, with quite new emergent properties, and involving quite new methods of further evolution" {{Harv|Huxley|Huxley|1947}}</ref> (1887-1975).
University of California, San Diego</ref> who have written on the concept include John Stuart Mill (Composition of Causes (1843)) and Julian Huxley (1887-1975).
加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校教员，他们写过关于这个概念的文章，其中包括《约翰·斯图尔特·密尔(1843年)和 Julian Huxley (1887-1975年)。
The philosopher [[George Henry Lewes|G. H. Lewes]] coined the term "emergent", writing in 1875:
The philosopher [[George Henry Lewes|G. H. Lewes]] coined the term "emergent", writing in 1875:
<blockquote>Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same – their difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are homogeneous and commensurable. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference.<ref>
<blockquote>Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same – their difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are homogeneous and commensurable. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference.<ref>
每个合力要么是合作力的叠加，要么是合作力的相消; 当它们的方向相同时，是它们的和——当它们的方向相反时，则是它们的差。此外，每个成果在其组成部分中都可以清楚地朔源，因为这些组成部分是同质的和'''有公度的 Commensurable'''。与涌现情况不同的是，物，它们不是在可测量的运动中再增加可测量的运动，也不是在同类个体中增加一种事物，而是在不同种类的事物之间进行合作。涌现不同于其组成部分，因为这些部分是不可通约的（有共同因子），不能仅仅简化为它们的总和或差。
{{cite book
{{cite book
In 1999, economist Jeffrey Goldstein provided a current definition of emergence in the journal Emergence. Goldstein initially defined emergence as: "the arising of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the process of self-organization in complex systems".
In 1999, economist Jeffrey Goldstein provided a current definition of emergence in the journal Emergence. Goldstein initially defined emergence as: "the arising of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the process of self-organization in complex systems".
1999年，经济学家杰弗里•戈尔茨坦 Jeffrey Goldstein 在《涌现》(Emergence)杂志上提出了现有的对“涌现”的定义。Goldstein 最初将涌现定义为: “在和性质复杂系统自组织过程中产生的新颖而连贯的结构、模式和性质”。
In 2002 systems scientist Peter Corning described the qualities of Goldstein's definition in more detail:
In 2002 systems scientist Peter Corning described the qualities of Goldstein's definition in more detail:
2002年，系统科学家 Peter Corning 更详细地描述了 Goldstein 的定义:
<blockquote>The common characteristics are: (1) radical novelty (features not previously observed in systems); (2) coherence or correlation (meaning integrated wholes that maintain themselves over some period of time); (3) A global or macro "level" (i.e. there is some property of "wholeness"); (4) it is the product of a dynamical process (it evolves); and (5) it is "ostensive" (it can be perceived).</blockquote>
<blockquote>The common characteristics are: (1) radical novelty (features not previously observed in systems); (2) coherence or correlation (meaning integrated wholes that maintain themselves over some period of time); (3) A global or macro "level" (i.e. there is some property of "wholeness"); (4) it is the product of a dynamical process (it evolves); and (5) it is "ostensive" (it can be perceived).</blockquote>
它们的共同特征是: (1)根本的新颖性(以前在系统中没有观察到的特征) ; (2)连贯性或相关性(意味着在一段时间内维持自身的整体) ; (3)全局或宏观的“层次”(即:它是一个整体的特性);(4)它是动力学过程的产物(进化); (5)它是一个明示的(可以被感知)。 / blockquote
它们的共同特征是: (1)根本的新颖性(以前在系统中没有观察到的特征) ; (2)连贯性或相关性(意味着在一段时间内维持自身的整体) ; (3)全局或宏观的“层次”(即:。它是一个动力学过程的产物(进化状态中) ，它是一个明示的过程(它可以被感知)。 / blockquote
Corning suggests a narrower definition, requiring that the components be unlike in kind (following Lewes), and that they involve division of labor between these components. He also says that living systems (like the game of chess), while emergent, cannot be reduced to underlying laws of emergence:
Corning suggests a narrower definition, requiring that the components be unlike in kind (following Lewes), and that they involve division of labor between these components. He also says that living systems (like the game of chess), while emergent, cannot be reduced to underlying laws of emergence:
康宁公司提出了一个狭义的定义，要求组成部件不同于实体(跟从刘易斯的观点) ，并且它们涉及这些组成部件之间的劳动分工。他还表示，生命系统(如国际象棋)虽然是涌现的，但不能简化为涌现的基本规律:
<blockquote><span id="CorningDefn" class="citation">Rules, or laws, have no causal efficacy; they do not in fact 'generate' anything. They serve merely to describe regularities and consistent relationships in nature. These patterns may be very illuminating and important, but the underlying causal agencies must be separately specified (though often they are not). But that aside, the game of chess illustrates ... why any laws or rules of emergence and evolution are insufficient. Even in a chess game, you cannot use the rules to predict 'history' – i.e., the course of any given game. Indeed, you cannot even reliably predict the next move in a chess game. Why? Because the 'system' involves more than the rules of the game. It also includes the players and their unfolding, moment-by-moment decisions among a very large number of available options at each choice point. The game of chess is inescapably historical, even though it is also constrained and shaped by a set of rules, not to mention the laws of physics. Moreover, and this is a key point, the game of chess is also shaped by [[teleonomic]], [[cybernetic]], feedback-driven influences. It is not simply a self-ordered process; it involves an organized, 'purposeful' activity.</span><ref name = Corning/></blockquote>
<blockquote><span id="CorningDefn" class="citation">Rules, or laws, have no causal efficacy; they do not in fact 'generate' anything. They serve merely to describe regularities and consistent relationships in nature. These patterns may be very illuminating and important, but the underlying causal agencies must be separately specified (though often they are not). But that aside, the game of chess illustrates ... why any laws or rules of emergence and evolution are insufficient. Even in a chess game, you cannot use the rules to predict 'history' – i.e., the course of any given game. Indeed, you cannot even reliably predict the next move in a chess game. Why? Because the 'system' involves more than the rules of the game. It also includes the players and their unfolding, moment-by-moment decisions among a very large number of available options at each choice point. The game of chess is inescapably historical, even though it is also constrained and shaped by a set of rules, not to mention the laws of physics. Moreover, and this is a key point, the game of chess is also shaped by [[teleonomic]], [[cybernetic]], feedback-driven influences. It is not simply a self-ordered process; it involves an organized, 'purposeful' activity.</span><ref name = Corning/></blockquote>
<blockquote><span id="CorningDefn" class="citation">Rules, or laws, have no causal efficacy; they do not in fact 'generate' anything. They serve merely to describe regularities and consistent relationships in nature. These patterns may be very illuminating and important, but the underlying causal agencies must be separately specified (though often they are not). But that aside, the game of chess illustrates ... why any laws or rules of emergence and evolution are insufficient. Even in a chess game, you cannot use the rules to predict 'history' – i.e., the course of any given game. Indeed, you cannot even reliably predict the next move in a chess game. Why? Because the 'system' involves more than the rules of the game. It also includes the players and their unfolding, moment-by-moment decisions among a very large number of available options at each choice point. The game of chess is inescapably historical, even though it is also constrained and shaped by a set of rules, not to mention the laws of physics. Moreover, and this is a key point, the game of chess is also shaped by teleonomic, cybernetic, feedback-driven influences. It is not simply a self-ordered process; it involves an , 'purposeful' activity.</span></blockquote>
<blockquote><span id="CorningDefn" class="citation">Rules, or laws, have no causal efficacy; they do not in fact 'generate' anything. They serve merely to describe regularities and consistent relationships in nature. These patterns may be very illuminating and important, but the underlying causal agencies must be separately specified (though often they are not). But that aside, the game of chess illustrates ... why any laws or rules of emergence and evolution are insufficient. Even in a chess game, you cannot use the rules to predict 'history' – i.e., the course of any given game. Indeed, you cannot even reliably predict the next move in a chess game. Why? Because the 'system' involves more than the rules of the game. It also includes the players and their unfolding, moment-by-moment decisions among a very large number of available options at each choice point. The game of chess is inescapably historical, even though it is also constrained and shaped by a set of rules, not to mention the laws of physics. Moreover, and this is a key point, the game of chess is also shaped by teleonomic, cybernetic, feedback-driven influences. It is not simply a self-ordered process; it involves an organized, 'purposeful' activity.</span></blockquote>
这些规则，或者说定律，没有其因果效力; 因为它们实际上并不‘产生’任何东西。它们只是用来描述自然界中的规律性和一致性关系。这些模式可能非常重要且给人以启发，但必须分别说明潜在的因果关系(尽管通常不是这样)。但是除此之外，国际象棋游戏说明了为什么任何关于出现和进化的法则和规则都是不足自证的。即使在国际象棋游戏中，你也不能用这些规则来预测发生的“历史”——也就是说，任何给定游戏的过程都不能被预测。事实上，你甚至无法可靠地预测下一步棋的走法。为什么？因为系统不仅仅包含游戏规则。它还包括球员和他们的自我展现，每时每刻的决定归于一个可用的大数量选择集内，在每个选择点中。国际象棋是不可避免地具有历史性的博弈，尽管它也受到一系列规则的约束和塑造，在此之上更不用说物理定律了。此外，着重点也在这，国际象棋的游戏也塑形于目的性，控制论，反馈驱动的影响。它不仅仅是一个自我有序的过程，它还包括一个有组织的、“有目的的”活动
===Strong and weak emergence强涌现和弱涌现===
===Strong and weak emergence强涌现和弱涌现===
Usage of the notion "emergence" may generally be subdivided into two perspectives, that of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence". One paper discussing this division is Weak Emergence, by philosopher Mark Bedau. In terms of physical systems, weak emergence is a type of emergence in which the emergent property is amenable to computer simulation or similar forms of after-the-fact analysis (for example, the formation of a traffic jam, the structure of a flight of starlings or a school of fishes, or the formation of galaxies). Crucial in these simulations is that the interacting members retain their independence. If not (for example in a chemical reaction), a new entity is formed with new, emergent properties: this is called strong emergence, which it is argued cannot be simulated or analysed.
Usage of the notion "emergence" may generally be subdivided into two perspectives, that of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence". One paper discussing this division is Weak Emergence, by philosopher Mark Bedau. In terms of physical systems, weak emergence is a type of emergence in which the emergent property is amenable to computer simulation or similar forms of after-the-fact analysis (for example, the formation of a traffic jam, the structure of a flight of starlings or a school of fishes, or the formation of galaxies). Crucial in these simulations is that the interacting members retain their independence. If not (for example in a chemical reaction), a new entity is formed with new, emergent properties: this is called strong emergence, which it is argued cannot be simulated or analysed.
“涌现”概念的用法一般可分为”弱涌现”和”强涌现”两种观点。一篇论述这种概念区分的文章来源于哲学家马克 · 贝道的《弱涌现》。就物理系统而言，弱涌现是一种涌现类型，在这种涌现类型中，适合进行计算机模拟或类似形式的事后分析(例如，交通堵塞的形成，椋鸟飞行结构或鱼群结构，又或星系的形成)。在这些模拟中至关重要的是相互作用的成员保持他们的独立性。如果没有(例如在化学反应中) ，一个新的实体就形成了，具有新颖的、涌现的特性: 这就是所谓的强涌现，它被认为是不能被模拟或分析的。
Some common points between the two notions are that emergence concerns new properties produced as the system grows, which is to say ones which are not shared with its components or prior states. Also, it is assumed that the properties are supervenient rather than metaphysically primitive .
Some common points between the two notions are that emergence concerns new properties produced as the system grows, which is to say ones which are not shared with its components or prior states. Also, it is assumed that the properties are supervenient rather than metaphysically primitive .
这两个概念之间的一些共同点是，涌现关系到随着系统生长而生成的新特性，也就是说，那些不与其组件或先前状态共享的特性。另外，假设这些属性是附生的，而不是形而上学上的原初的。
Weak emergence describes new properties arising in systems as a result of the interactions at an elemental level. However, Bedau stipulates that the properties can be determined only by observing or simulating the system, and not by any process of a reductionist analysis. As a consequence the emerging properties are scale dependent: they are only observable if the system is large enough to exhibit the phenomenon. Chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can be seen as an emergent phenomenon, while at a microscopic scale the behaviour of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.
Weak emergence describes new properties arising in systems as a result of the interactions at an elemental level. However, Bedau stipulates that the properties can be determined only by observing or simulating the system, and not by any process of a reductionist analysis. As a consequence the emerging properties are scale dependent: they are only observable if the system is large enough to exhibit the phenomenon. Chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can be seen as an emergent phenomenon, while at a microscopic scale the behaviour of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.
弱涌现描述了由于元素层次上的相互作用而在系统中产生的新特性。然而，Mark Bedau规定，只有通过观察或模拟系统才能确定系统的性质，而不是通过任何还原分析的过程。因此，新出现的属性是与规模相关的: 它们只有在系统足够大能够展现这种现象时才能观察到。混乱、不可预知的行为可以看作是一种涌现现象，而在微观尺度上，组成部分的行为可以是完全确定的。
Strong emergence describes the direct causal action of a high-level system upon its components; qualities produced this way are irreducible to the system's constituent parts . The whole is other than the sum of its parts. An example from physics of such emergence is water, which appears unpredictable even after an exhaustive study of the properties of its constituent atoms of hydrogen and oxygen. It follows then that no simulation of the system can exist, for such a simulation would itself constitute a reduction of the system to its constituent parts. .
Strong emergence describes the direct causal action of a high-level system upon its components; qualities produced this way are irreducible to the system's constituent parts . The whole is other than the sum of its parts. An example from physics of such emergence is water, which appears unpredictable even after an exhaustive study of the properties of its constituent atoms of hydrogen and oxygen. It follows then that no simulation of the system can exist, for such a simulation would itself constitute a reduction of the system to its constituent parts. .
强涌现描述了一个高级系统对其组成部分的直接因果作用; 这种方式产生的质量不可能还原为系统的组成部分。
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）质量/品质 存疑
整体不是各部分的总和。从物理学角度来看，这种现象的一个例子是水，即使对其组成原子氢和氧的性质进行了详尽的研究，水的形成也显得不可预测。因此，不可能存在任何对系统的模拟，因为这种模拟本身将构成对系统组成部分的简化。.
However, biologist Peter Corning has asserted that "the debate about whether or not the whole can be predicted from the properties of the parts misses the point. Wholes produce unique combined effects, but many of these effects may be co-determined by the context and the interactions between the whole and its environment(s)" . In accordance with his Synergism Hypothesis , Corning also stated: "It is the synergistic effects produced by wholes that are the very cause of the evolution of complexity in nature." Novelist Arthur Koestler used the metaphor of Janus (a symbol of the unity underlying complements like open/shut, peace/war) to illustrate how the two perspectives (strong vs. weak or holistic vs. reductionistic) should be treated as non-exclusive, and should work together to address the issues of emergence . Theoretical physicist PW Anderson states it this way:
However, biologist Peter Corning has asserted that "the debate about whether or not the whole can be predicted from the properties of the parts misses the point. Wholes produce unique combined effects, but many of these effects may be co-determined by the context and the interactions between the whole and its environment(s)" . In accordance with his Synergism Hypothesis , Corning also stated: "It is the synergistic effects produced by wholes that are the very cause of the evolution of complexity in nature." Novelist Arthur Koestler used the metaphor of Janus (a symbol of the unity underlying complements like open/shut, peace/war) to illustrate how the two perspectives (strong vs. weak or holistic vs. reductionistic) should be treated as non-exclusive, and should work together to address the issues of emergence . Theoretical physicist PW Anderson states it this way:
然而，生物学家彼得 · 康宁断言，“关于是否可以从部分组件的特性来预测整体特性的争论并没有抓住要点。整体产生独特的组合效应，但其中许多效应可能由环境和整体及其环境之间的相互作用共同决定”。根据他的协同论假说，康宁还指出: “正是整体产生的协同效应才是自然界复杂性进化的根本原因。小说家亚瑟 · 凯斯特勒'用“两面神”隐喻(两面神是开 / 关、和平 / 战争等潜在补充的统一的象征)来说明两种观点(强与弱、整体与简化论)应该如何被视不独立存在的，并且应该一起解决涌现的问题。理论物理学家 安德森 是这样说的:
然而，生物学家彼得 · 康宁声称，“关于是否可以从部分特性来预测整体特性的争论并没有抓住要点。整体产生独特的综合效应，但其中许多效应可能由环境和整体及其环境之间的相互作用共同决定”。根据他的协同论假说，康宁还指出: “正是整体产生的协同效应才是自然界复杂性进化的根本原因。”小说家'''亚瑟 · 凯斯特勒 Arthur Koestler''' 用“两面神” Janus 这个隐喻(两面神是开 / 关、和平 / 战争等潜在补充的统一的象征)来说明两种观点(强与弱、整体与简化论)应该如何被视为非排他性的，并且应该一起解决涌现的问题。理论物理学家 PW Anderson 是这样说的:
Some thinkers question the plausibility of strong emergence as contravening our usual understanding of physics. Mark A. Bedau observes:
Some thinkers question the plausibility of strong emergence as contravening our usual understanding of physics. Mark A. Bedau observes:
一些思想家质疑强涌现的可能性，因为它违背了我们对物理学的通常理解。马克 · 贝道观察到:
<blockquote>Although strong emergence is logically possible, it is uncomfortably like magic. How does an irreducible but supervenient downward causal power arise, since by definition it cannot be due to the aggregation of the micro-level potentialities? Such causal powers would be quite unlike anything within our scientific ken. This not only indicates how they will discomfort reasonable forms of materialism. Their mysteriousness will only heighten the traditional worry that emergence entails illegitimately getting something from nothing.<ref name = Bedau>(Bedau 1997)</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>Although strong emergence is logically possible, it is uncomfortably like magic. How does an irreducible but supervenient downward causal power arise, since by definition it cannot be due to the aggregation of the micro-level potentialities? Such causal powers would be quite unlike anything within our scientific ken. This not only indicates how they will discomfort reasonable forms of materialism. Their mysteriousness will only heighten the traditional worry that emergence entails illegitimately getting something from nothing.<ref name = Bedau>(Bedau 1997)</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>Although strong emergence is logically possible, it is uncomfortably like magic. How does an irreducible but supervenient downward causal power arise, since by definition it cannot be due to the aggregation of the micro-level potentialities? Such causal powers would be quite unlike anything within our scientific ken. This not only indicates how they will discomfort reasonable forms of materialism. Their mysteriousness will only heighten the traditional worry that emergence entails illegitimately getting something from nothing.</blockquote
<blockquote>Although strong emergence is logically possible, it is uncomfortably like magic. How does an irreducible but supervenient downward causal power arise, since by definition it cannot be due to the aggregation of the micro-level potentialities? Such causal powers would be quite unlike anything within our scientific ken. This not only indicates how they will discomfort reasonable forms of materialism. Their mysteriousness will only heighten the traditional worry that emergence entails illegitimately getting something from nothing.</blockquote>
尽管强烈的涌现在逻辑上是可能的，但它就像魔术一样令人不安。既然根据定义它不可能是由于微观层面潜力的聚集，那么一种不可还原但随时间而来的向下因果力是如何产生的呢?这种因果关系的力量与我们科学知识范围内的任何东西都完全不同。这不仅表明他们将如何不适应物质主义的合理形式。他们的神秘只会加剧传统的担忧，即出现意味着非法地从无到有。
Strong emergence can be criticized for being causally overdetermined. The canonical example concerns emergent mental states (M and M∗) that supervene on physical states (P and P∗) respectively. Let M and M∗ be emergent properties. Let M∗ supervene on base property P∗. What happens when M causes M∗? Jaegwon Kim says:
Strong emergence can be criticized for being causally overdetermined. The canonical example concerns emergent mental states (M and M∗) that supervene on physical states (P and P∗) respectively. Let M and M∗ be emergent properties. Let M∗ supervene on base property P∗. What happens when M causes M∗? Jaegwon Kim says:
强涌现可以被批评为因果过度决定。典型的例子是关于涌现的心理状态(m 和 m *) ，它们分别在物理状态(p 和 p *)上叠加。设 m 和 m * 是涌现性质。乘以 m 的立方乘以基数 p * 。当 m 导致 m * 时会发生什么？Jaegwon Kim 表示:
<blockquote>In our schematic example above, we concluded that M causes M∗ by causing P∗. So M causes P∗. Now, M, as an emergent, must itself have an emergence base property, say P. Now we face a critical question: if an emergent, M, emerges from basal condition P, why cannot P displace M as a cause of any putative effect of M? Why cannot P do all the work in explaining why any alleged effect of M occurred? If causation is understood as nomological (law-based) sufficiency, P, as M's emergence base, is nomologically sufficient for it, and M, as P∗'s cause, is nomologically sufficient for P∗. It follows that P is nomologically sufficient for P∗ and hence qualifies as its cause…If M is somehow retained as a cause, we are faced with the highly implausible consequence that every case of downward causation involves overdetermination (since P remains a cause of P∗ as well). Moreover, this goes against the spirit of emergentism in any case: emergents are supposed to make distinctive and novel causal contributions.</blockquote>
<blockquote>In our schematic example above, we concluded that M causes M∗ by causing P∗. So M causes P∗. Now, M, as an emergent, must itself have an emergence base property, say P. Now we face a critical question: if an emergent, M, emerges from basal condition P, why cannot P displace M as a cause of any putative effect of M? Why cannot P do all the work in explaining why any alleged effect of M occurred? If causation is understood as nomological (law-based) sufficiency, P, as M's emergence base, is nomologically sufficient for it, and M, as P∗'s cause, is nomologically sufficient for P∗. It follows that P is nomologically sufficient for P∗ and hence qualifies as its cause…If M is somehow retained as a cause, we are faced with the highly implausible consequence that every case of downward causation involves overdetermination (since P remains a cause of P∗ as well). Moreover, this goes against the spirit of emergentism in any case: emergents are supposed to make distinctive and novel causal contributions.</blockquote>
在我们上面的示意图中，我们得出结论，m 引起 m * 是由 p * 引起的。所以 M 引起 P∗.现在，m，作为一个涌现，本身必须有一个涌现基本性质，比如 p。 现在我们面临一个关键的问题: 如果一个涌现m，出现在基础条件 p下，为什么不能 p 置换 m 作为任何假定的影响的原因？为什么 p 不能做所有的工作来解释为什么会发生所谓的 m 效应？如果因果关系被理解为定律上的充分性，那么 p，作为 m 的涌现基础，在定律上就足够了，m，作为 p * 的原因，在定律上就足够了。如果 m 以某种方式作为原因被保留下来，我们就会面临一个非常难以置信的结果，那就是每一个向下的因果关系都牵涉到过度决定(因为 p 也是 p * 的原因)。此外，这在任何情况下都与涌现主义的精神背道而驰: 涌现主义者应该做出独特而新颖的因果贡献。 / blockquote
If M is the cause of M∗, then M∗ is overdetermined because M∗ can also be thought of as being determined by P. One escape-route that a strong emergentist could take would be to deny downward causation. However, this would remove the proposed reason that emergent mental states must supervene on physical states, which in turn would call physicalism into question, and thus be unpalatable for some philosophers and physicists.
If M is the cause of M∗, then M∗ is overdetermined because M∗ can also be thought of as being determined by P. One escape-route that a strong emergentist could take would be to deny downward causation. However, this would remove the proposed reason that emergent mental states must supervene on physical states, which in turn would call physicalism into question, and thus be unpalatable for some philosophers and physicists.
如果 M 是 M * 的原因，那么 M * 就被过分确定了，因为 M * 也可以被认为是由 P 决定的。 一个强涌现论者强大的紧急事件者可能采取的逃避途径是否认向下的因果关系。然而，这将消除涌现的精神状态必须附加在物理状态上的理由，这反过来会使物理主义受到质疑，因此对于一些哲学家和物理学家来说是难以接受的。
如果 m 是 m * 的原因，那么 m * 就被过分确定了，因为 m * 也可以被认为是由 p 决定的。 一个强涌现论者强大的紧急事件者可能采取的逃避途径是否认向下的因果关系。然而，这将消除涌现的精神状态必须附加在物理状态上的理由，这反过来会使物理主义受到质疑，因此对于一些哲学家和物理学家来说是难以接受的。
Meanwhile, others have worked towards developing analytical evidence of strong emergence. In 2009, Gu et al. presented a class of physical systems that exhibits non-computable macroscopic properties. More precisely, if one could compute certain macroscopic properties of these systems from the microscopic description of these systems, then one would be able to solve computational problems known to be undecidable in computer science. Gu et al. concluded that
Meanwhile, others have worked towards developing analytical evidence of strong emergence. In 2009, Gu et al. presented a class of physical systems that exhibits non-computable macroscopic properties. More precisely, if one could compute certain macroscopic properties of these systems from the microscopic description of these systems, then one would be able to solve computational problems known to be undecidable in computer science. Gu et al. concluded that
与此同时，其他人则致力于发掘强涌现的分析证据。2009年，顾等人。提出了一类具有不可计算的宏观属性的物理系统。更准确地说，如果一个人能够从这些系统的微观描述计算出这些系统的某些宏观性质，那么他就能够解决计算机科学中已知的无法判定的计算问题。谷等人。得出结论
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）探究一下是Gu 是谷还是顾
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）探究一下是Gu 是谷还是顾
<blockquote>Although macroscopic concepts are essential for understanding our world, much of fundamental physics has been devoted to the search for a 'theory of everything', a set of equations that perfectly describe the behavior of all fundamental particles. The view that this is the goal of science rests in part on the rationale that such a theory would allow us to derive the behavior of all macroscopic concepts, at least in principle. The evidence we have presented suggests that this view may be overly optimistic. A 'theory of everything' is one of many components necessary for complete understanding of the universe, but is not necessarily the only one. The development of macroscopic laws from first principles may involve more than just systematic logic, and could require conjectures suggested by experiments, simulations or insight.</blockquote>
<blockquote>Although macroscopic concepts are essential for understanding our world, much of fundamental physics has been devoted to the search for a 'theory of everything', a set of equations that perfectly describe the behavior of all fundamental particles. The view that this is the goal of science rests in part on the rationale that such a theory would allow us to derive the behavior of all macroscopic concepts, at least in principle. The evidence we have presented suggests that this view may be overly optimistic. A 'theory of everything' is one of many components necessary for complete understanding of the universe, but is not necessarily the only one. The development of macroscopic laws from first principles may involve more than just systematic logic, and could require conjectures suggested by experiments, simulations or insight.</blockquote>
尽管宏观概念对于理解我们的世界来说是必不可少的，大部分的基础物理学已经致力于寻找一个万有理论，一个完美描述所有基本粒子行为的方程组。这种认为这是科学目标的观点，部分依赖于这样一个理论的基本原理，即这样一个理论将允许我们得出所有宏观概念的行为，至少在原则上是这样的。我们提供的证据表明，这种观点可能过于乐观。“万有理论”是完全理解宇宙所必需的许多要素之一，但不一定是唯一的要素。从第一原理发展宏观定律可能不仅仅涉及系统的逻辑，而且可能需要实验、模拟或洞察力的推测。 / blockquote
===Emergence and interaction涌现和相互作用===
===Emergence and interaction涌现和相互作用===
Emergent structures are patterns that emerge via the collective actions of many individual entities. To explain such patterns, one might conclude, per Aristotle, According to this argument, the interaction of each part with its immediate surroundings causes a complex chain of processes that can lead to order in some form. In fact, some systems in nature are observed to exhibit emergence based upon the interactions of autonomous parts, and some others exhibit emergence that at least at present cannot be reduced in this way. In particular renormalization methods in theoretical physics enable scientists to study systems that are not tractable as the combination of their parts.
Emergent structures are patterns that emerge via the collective actions of many individual entities. To explain such patterns, one might conclude, per Aristotle, According to this argument, the interaction of each part with its immediate surroundings causes a complex chain of processes that can lead to order in some form. In fact, some systems in nature are observed to exhibit emergence based upon the interactions of autonomous parts, and some others exhibit emergence that at least at present cannot be reduced in this way. In particular renormalization methods in theoretical physics enable scientists to study systems that are not tractable as the combination of their parts.
涌现结构是通过许多单个实体的集体行动而出现的模式。为了解释这种模式，人们可能会得出结论，按照亚里士多德的说法，每个部分与其周围环境的相互作用导致了一系列复杂的过程，这些过程可以导致某种形式的秩序。事实上，我们观察到自然界中的一些系统是基于自治部分的相互作用而呈现出涌现的，而另一些系统则呈现出涌现，至少目前不能以这种方式进行简化。特别是理论物理学中的重整化方法使得科学家们能够研究那些不能作为各部分组合而易于处理的系统。
===客观或主观的品质Objective or subjective quality===
===客观或主观的品质Objective or subjective quality===
<blockquote>Defining structure and detecting the emergence of complexity in nature are inherently subjective, though essential, scientific activities. Despite the difficulties, these problems can be analysed in terms of how model-building observers infer from measurements the computational capabilities embedded in non-linear processes. An observer’s notion of what is ordered, what is random, and what is complex in its environment depends directly on its computational resources: the amount of raw measurement data, of memory, and of time available for estimation and inference. The discovery of structure in an environment depends more critically and subtly, though, on how those resources are organized. The descriptive power of the observer’s chosen (or implicit) computational model class, for example, can be an overwhelming determinant in finding regularity in data.<ref>
<blockquote>Defining structure and detecting the emergence of complexity in nature are inherently subjective, though essential, scientific activities. Despite the difficulties, these problems can be analysed in terms of how model-building observers infer from measurements the computational capabilities embedded in non-linear processes. An observer’s notion of what is ordered, what is random, and what is complex in its environment depends directly on its computational resources: the amount of raw measurement data, of memory, and of time available for estimation and inference. The discovery of structure in an environment depends more critically and subtly, though, on how those resources are organized. The descriptive power of the observer’s chosen (or implicit) computational model class, for example, can be an overwhelming determinant in finding regularity in data.<ref>
尽管是必不可少的科学活动，定义结构和探测自然界复杂性的出现本质上是主观的。尽管存在这些困难，这些问题可以从建模观察者如何从测量中推断出嵌入在非线性过程中的计算能力的角度进行分析。观察者对于什么是有序的，什么是随机的，什么是复杂的环境的概念直接取决于它的计算资源: 原始测量数据的数量，内存，以及可用于估计和推断的时间。发现环境中的结构更加关键性的和微妙地取决于这些资源是如何组织的。例如，观察者选择的(或隐含的)计算模型类的描述能力，可以是在数据中找到规律性的一个压倒性的决定因素。
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On the other hand, Peter Corning argues: "Must the synergies be perceived/observed in order to qualify as emergent effects, as some theorists claim? Most emphatically not. The synergies associated with emergence are real and measurable, even if nobody is there to observe them."
On the other hand, Peter Corning argues: "Must the synergies be perceived/observed in order to qualify as emergent effects, as some theorists claim? Most emphatically not. The synergies associated with emergence are real and measurable, even if nobody is there to observe them."
另一方面，彼得·康宁认为: “难道协同作用必须被感知 / 观察，才能像某些理论家所说的那样，被称为涌现效应吗？很明显不是。与涌现相关的协同效应是真实的、可衡量的，即使没有人在那里观察它们。”
另一方面，彼得·康宁认为: “难道协同作用必须被感知 / 观察，才能像某些理论家所说的那样，被称为涌现效应吗？最明显的不是。与涌现相关的协同效应是真实的、可衡量的，即使没有人在那里观察它们。”
The low entropy of an ordered system can be viewed as an example of subjective emergence: the observer sees an ordered system by ignoring the underlying microstructure (i.e. movement of molecules or elementary particles) and concludes that the system has a low entropy.<ref>
The low entropy of an ordered system can be viewed as an example of subjective emergence: the observer sees an ordered system by ignoring the underlying microstructure (i.e. movement of molecules or elementary particles) and concludes that the system has a low entropy.<ref>
有序系统的低熵可以看作是主观涌现的一个例子: 观察者通过忽略基本的微观结构(例如:。分子或基本粒子的运动) ，并得出结论，该系统有一个低熵
See f.i. Carlo Rovelli: The mystery of time, 2017, part 10: Perspective, p.105-110
See f.i. Carlo Rovelli: The mystery of time, 2017, part 10: Perspective, p.105-110
在宗教中，涌现是宗教自然主义和综合主义的表现形式，给人一种神圣的感觉，通常认为在完全自然主义的过程中，复杂形式是从更简单形式中产生或演化出来的。例如，2006年出版的 Ursula Goodenough 和 Terrence Deacon的《[https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/bio_facpubs/67/ 自然的神圣涌现]》和 Stuart Kauffman的《[http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/kauffman06/kauffman06_index.html] 超越还原论的:重塑神圣]》，以及2014年出版的Alexander Bard和Jan Söderqvist的《综合主义: 在互联网时代创造上帝》，这个也被拍成电影：Futurica Trilogy 未来三部曲。关于社会形态出现的早期论证(1904-05)，部分源于宗教，可以在 Max Weber最著名的作品《新教伦理与资本主义精神》找到。到近代以来，一个新的社会系统的涌现和多个相互作用的单元之间的非线性关系所导致的秩序的涌现是联系在一起的，其中多个相互作用的单元可以是个人的思想、意识和行动。
在宗教中，涌现是宗教自然主义和综合主义的表现形式，给人一种神圣的感觉，通常认为在完全自然主义的过程中，复杂形式是从更简单形式中产生或演化出来的。例如，2006年出版的 Ursula Goodenough 和 Terrence Deacon的《[https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/bio_facpubs/67/ 自然的神圣涌现]》和 Stuart Kauffman的《[http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/kauffman06/kauffman06_index.html] 超越还原论的:重塑神圣]》，以及2014年出版的Alexander Bard和Jan Söderqvist的《综合主义: 在互联网时代创造上帝》，这个也被拍成电影：Futurica Trilogy 未来三部曲。关于社会形态出现的早期论证(1904-05)，部分源于宗教，可以在 Max Weber最著名的作品《新教伦理与资本主义精神》找到。到近代以来，一个新的社会系统的涌现和多个相互作用的单元之间的非线性关系所导致的秩序的涌现是联系在一起的，其中多个相互作用的单元可以是个人的思想、意识和行动。
In art, emergence is used to explore the origins of novelty, creativity, and authorship. Some art/literary theorists (Wheeler, 2006; Alexander, 2011) have proposed alternatives to postmodern understandings of "authorship" using the complexity sciences and emergence theory. They contend that artistic selfhood and meaning are emergent, relatively objective phenomena. Michael J. Pearce has used emergence to describe the experience of works of art in relation to contemporary neuroscience. Practicing artist Leonel Moura, in turn, attributes to his "artbots" a real, if nonetheless rudimentary, creativity based on emergent principles. In literature and linguistics, the concept of emergence has been applied in the domain of stylometry to explain the interrelation between the syntactical structures of the text and the author style (Slautina, Marusenko, 2014).
In art, emergence is used to explore the origins of novelty, creativity, and authorship. Some art/literary theorists (Wheeler, 2006; Alexander, 2011) have proposed alternatives to postmodern understandings of "authorship" using the complexity sciences and emergence theory. They contend that artistic selfhood and meaning are emergent, relatively objective phenomena. Michael J. Pearce has used emergence to describe the experience of works of art in relation to contemporary neuroscience. Practicing artist Leonel Moura, in turn, attributes to his "artbots" a real, if nonetheless rudimentary, creativity based on emergent principles. In literature and linguistics, the concept of emergence has been applied in the domain of stylometry to explain the interrelation between the syntactical structures of the text and the author style (Slautina, Marusenko, 2014).
在艺术中，涌现被用来探索创新、创造和作者身份的起源。一些艺术 / 文学理论家(Wheeler，2006; Alexande，2011)利用复杂性科学和涌现理论提出了替代后现代理解的“作者身份”。他们认为艺术的自我和意义是涌现的、相对客观的现象。Michael J. Pearce用涌现现象来描述与当代神经科学相关艺术作品的经验。实践艺术家Leonel Moura则认为他的“机器人艺术”具有真正的、基于涌现原理的创造力，尽管这种创造力还很初级。在文学和语言学中，涌现的概念被应用于文体学领域，以解释文本的句法结构和作者风格之间的相互关系(Slautina，Marusenko，2014)。
在艺术中，涌现被用来探索创新、创造和作者身份的起源。一些艺术 / 文学理论家(Wheeler，2006; Alexande，2011)利用复杂性科学和涌现理论提出了替代后现代理解的“作者身份”。他们认为艺术的自我和意义是涌现的、相对客观的现象。Michael J. Pearce用涌现现象来描述与当代神经科学相关艺术作品的经验。实践艺术家Leonel Moura则认为他的“机器人艺术”具有真正的创造力，尽管这种创造力还很初级，这种创造力基于涌现原理。在文学和语言学中，涌现的概念被应用于文体学领域，以解释文本的句法结构和作者风格之间的相互关系(Slautina，Marusenko，2014)。
In international development, concepts of emergence have been used within a theory of social change termed SEED-SCALE to show how standard principles interact to bring forward socio-economic development fitted to cultural values, community economics, and natural environment (local solutions emerging from the larger socio-econo-biosphere). These principles can be implemented utilizing a sequence of standardized tasks that self-assemble in individually specific ways utilizing recursive evaluative criteria.
In international development, concepts of emergence have been used within a theory of social change termed SEED-SCALE to show how standard principles interact to bring forward socio-economic development fitted to cultural values, community economics, and natural environment (local solutions emerging from the larger socio-econo-biosphere). These principles can be implemented utilizing a sequence of standardized tasks that self-assemble in individually specific ways utilizing recursive evaluative criteria.
在国际发展中，涌现的概念被用于一种称为 SEED-SCALE 的社会变革理论中，以显示标准原则是如何相互作用，从而推动符合文化价值观、社区经济和自然环境的社会经济发展(来自更大的社会经济生物圈的当地解决办法)。这些原则可以利用一系列标准化的任务来实现，这些任务可以利用递归评估标准以各自特定的方式进行自组装。
在国际发展中，涌现的概念被用于一种称为 SEED-SCALE 的社会变革理论中，以显示标准原则是如何相互作用的，从而推动符合文化价值观、社区经济和自然环境的社会经济发展(来自更大的社会经济生物圈的当地解决办法)。这些原则可以利用一系列标准化的任务来实现，这些任务可以利用递归评估标准以各自特定的方式进行自组装。
An emergent behavior or emergent property can appear when a number of simple entities (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviors as a collective. If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales. In other words, there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties. The processes causing emergent properties may occur in either the observed or observing system, and are commonly identifiable by their patterns of accumulating change, generally called 'growth'. Emergent behaviours can occur because of intricate causal relations across different scales and feedback, known as interconnectivity. The emergent property itself may be either very predictable or unpredictable and unprecedented, and represent a new level of the system's evolution. The complex behaviour or properties are not a property of any single such entity, nor can they easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in the lower-level entities, and might in fact be irreducible to such behavior. The shape and behaviour of a flock of birds or school of fish are good examples of emergent properties.
An emergent behavior or emergent property can appear when a number of simple entities (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviors as a collective. If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales. In other words, there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties. The processes causing emergent properties may occur in either the observed or observing system, and are commonly identifiable by their patterns of accumulating change, generally called 'growth'. Emergent behaviours can occur because of intricate causal relations across different scales and feedback, known as interconnectivity. The emergent property itself may be either very predictable or unpredictable and unprecedented, and represent a new level of the system's evolution. The complex behaviour or properties are not a property of any single such entity, nor can they easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in the lower-level entities, and might in fact be irreducible to such behavior. The shape and behaviour of a flock of birds or school of fish are good examples of emergent properties.
当一些简单的个体(主体)在一个环境中运动时，可能会出现涌现的行为或涌现特性，形成整体层面更复杂的行为。如果涌现发生在不同的尺度上，那么原因通常是不同尺度之间的因果关系。换句话说，涌现特性通常意味着在系统中存在一种自上而下的反馈形式。出现涌现特性的过程可能发生在观察系统之后或观察时，并且通常可以通过变化累积所形成的模式来识别，这个过程一般称为“增长”。涌现行为之所以会出现，是因为不同尺度之间存在复杂的因果关系和反馈，这种关系被称为互联性。涌现特性本身既不是完全可预测的，也不是完全不可预测和前所未有的，而是代表系统进化的新层次。复杂的行为或者特性不是任何单一类实体的特性，也不能轻易地从较低级别个体行为中预测或推断出来，事实上复杂行为不能简化为个体层面的行为。鸟群或鱼群的集体行为展现出的整体形状就可以看成是涌现特性的很好例子。
当一些简单的个体(主体)在一个环境中运动时，可能会出现涌现的行为或涌现特性，形成整体层面更复杂的行为。如果涌现发生在不同的尺度上，那么原因通常是不同尺度之间的因果关系。换句话说，涌现特性通常意味着在系统中通常存在一种自上而下的反馈形式。出现涌现特性的过程可能发生在观察系统之后或观察系统之时，并且通常可以通过变化累积所形成的模式来识别，这个过程一般称为“增长”。涌现行为之所以会出现，是因为不同尺度之间存在复杂的因果关系和反馈，这种关系被称为互联性。涌现特性本身既不是可预测的或不可预测的，或者说前所未有的，而是代表系统进化的新层次。复杂的行为或者特性不是任何单一类实体的特性，也不能轻易地从较低级别个体行为中预测或推断出来，事实上复杂行为不能简化为个体层面的行为。
鸟群或鱼群的集体行为展现出的整体形状就可以看成是涌现特性的很好例子。
One reason emergent behaviour is hard to predict is that the number of interactions between a system's components increases exponentially with the number of components, thus allowing for many new and subtle types of behaviour to emerge. Emergence is often a product of particular patterns of interaction. Negative feedback introduces constraints that serve to fix structures or behaviours. In contrast, positive feedback promotes change, allowing local variations to grow into global patterns. Another way in which interactions leads to emergent properties is dual-phase evolution. This occurs where interactions are applied intermittently, leading to two phases: one in which patterns form or grow, the other in which they are refined or removed.
One reason emergent behaviour is hard to predict is that the number of interactions between a system's components increases exponentially with the number of components, thus allowing for many new and subtle types of behaviour to emerge. Emergence is often a product of particular patterns of interaction. Negative feedback introduces constraints that serve to fix structures or behaviours. In contrast, positive feedback promotes change, allowing local variations to grow into global patterns. Another way in which interactions leads to emergent properties is dual-phase evolution. This occurs where interactions are applied intermittently, leading to two phases: one in which patterns form or grow, the other in which they are refined or removed.
涌现行为难以预测的一个原因是，系统个体之间的相互作用的数量随个体的数量呈指数增长，从而允许许多新的微妙行为类型涌现出来。涌现通常是特定交互模式的产物。负反馈引入了有助于修复结构或行为的约束。相比之下，正反馈促进改变，允许局部变化发展成为全局模式。相互作用产生涌现特性的另一种方式是[[双相演化]]。这发生在相互作用是间歇地出现，导致两个阶段: 一个是模式的形成或增长，另一个是他们被提炼或移除。
On the other hand, merely having a large number of interactions is not enough by itself to guarantee emergent behaviour; many of the interactions may be negligible or irrelevant, or may cancel each other out. In some cases, a large number of interactions can in fact hinder the emergence of interesting behaviour, by creating a lot of "noise" to drown out any emerging "signal"; the emergent behaviour may need to be temporarily isolated from other interactions before it reaches enough critical mass to self-support. Thus it is not just the sheer number of connections between components which encourages emergence; it is also how these connections are organised. A hierarchical organisation is one example that can generate emergent behaviour (a bureaucracy may behave in a way quite different from the individual departments of that bureaucracy); but emergent behaviour can also arise from more decentralized organisational structures, such as a marketplace. In some cases, the system has to reach a combined threshold of diversity, organisation, and connectivity before emergent behaviour appears.
On the other hand, merely having a large number of interactions is not enough by itself to guarantee emergent behaviour; many of the interactions may be negligible or irrelevant, or may cancel each other out. In some cases, a large number of interactions can in fact hinder the emergence of interesting behaviour, by creating a lot of "noise" to drown out any emerging "signal"; the emergent behaviour may need to be temporarily isolated from other interactions before it reaches enough critical mass to self-support. Thus it is not just the sheer number of connections between components which encourages emergence; it is also how these connections are organised. A hierarchical organisation is one example that can generate emergent behaviour (a bureaucracy may behave in a way quite different from the individual departments of that bureaucracy); but emergent behaviour can also arise from more decentralized organisational structures, such as a marketplace. In some cases, the system has to reach a combined threshold of diversity, organisation, and connectivity before emergent behaviour appears.
另一方面，个体之间仅仅有大量的相互作用本身并不足以保证出现涌现行为; 许多相互作用可能是微不足道或无关紧要的，或者可能相互抵消。在某些情况下，大量的相互作用实际上可能阻碍有趣行为的涌现，因为它们制造了大量的”噪音”来干扰新涌现出现的”信号” ; 在达到足够的临界质量以自立之前，这种涌现行为可能需要暂时与其他相互作用隔离。因此，促进涌现的不仅仅是个体之间连接的绝对数量，还有连接的方式。分层组织就是能够产生涌现行为的例子(政府机构的行为方式可能与政府机构的单个部门大不相同) ; 但涌现行为也可能产生于更为分散的组织结构，如市场。在某些情况下，在涌现行为出现之前，系统必须达到多样性、组织性和连通性的组合阈值。
另一方面，个体之间仅仅有大量的相互作用本身并不足以保证出现涌现行为; 许多相互作用可能是微不足道或无关紧要的，或者可能相互抵消。在某些情况下，大量的相互作用实际上可能阻碍有趣行为的涌现，因为它们制造了大量的”噪音”来干扰新涌现出现的”信号” ; 在达到足够的临界质量以自立之前，这种涌现行为可能需要暂时与其他相互作用隔离。因此，促进涌现的的不仅仅是个体之间连接的绝对数量，还有连接的方式。等级组织就是能够产生涌现行为的例子(政府机构的行为方式可能与政府机构的单个部门大不相同) ; 但涌现行为也可能产生于更为分散的组织结构，如市场。在某些情况下，在涌现行为出现之前，系统必须达到多样性、组织性和连通性的组合阈值。
Unintended consequences and side effects are closely related to emergent properties. Luc Steels writes: "A component has a particular functionality but this is not recognizable as a subfunction of the global functionality. Instead a component implements a behaviour whose side effect contributes to the global functionality [...] Each behaviour has a side effect and the sum of the side effects gives the desired functionality". In other words, the global or macroscopic functionality of a system with "emergent functionality" is the sum of all "side effects", of all emergent properties and functionalities.
Unintended consequences and side effects are closely related to emergent properties. Luc Steels writes: "A component has a particular functionality but this is not recognizable as a subfunction of the global functionality. Instead a component implements a behaviour whose side effect contributes to the global functionality [...] Each behaviour has a side effect and the sum of the side effects gives the desired functionality". In other words, the global or macroscopic functionality of a system with "emergent functionality" is the sum of all "side effects", of all emergent properties and functionalities.
意外后果和子作用与涌现特性密切相关。Luc Steels写道: “一个组件有一个特定的功能，但这不能识别为全局功能的子功能。相反，一个组件实现了一种行为，其子作用有助于实现全局功能[ ... ]每种行为都有子作用，子作用的总和就是整体的功能”。换句话说，具有“涌现功能”系统的全局或宏观功能是所有“子作用”的总和，即所有涌现特性和功能的总和。
Systems with emergent properties or emergent structures may appear to defy entropic principles and the second law of thermodynamics, because they form and increase order despite the lack of command and central control. This is possible because open systems can extract information and order out of the environment.
Systems with emergent properties or emergent structures may appear to defy entropic principles and the second law of thermodynamics, because they form and increase order despite the lack of command and central control. This is possible because open systems can extract information and order out of the environment.
具有涌现特性或涌现结构的系统可能看起来可能抵抗熵原理和热力学第二定律，因为他们形成并增加秩序，尽管缺乏中央的指挥和控制，这是可能的，因为开放系统可以从环境中获取信息和秩序。
Emergence helps to explain why the fallacy of division is a fallacy.
Emergence helps to explain why the fallacy of division is a fallacy.
涌现有助于解释分割谬误是一个谬论。
==Emergent structures in nature 自然界中的涌现结构 ==
==Emergent structures in nature 自然界中的涌现结构 ==
[[Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland is an example of a complex emergent structure.]]
[[Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland is an example of a complex emergent structure.]]
北爱尔兰的巨人堤道是复杂新兴结构的一个例子。
Emergent structures can be found in many natural phenomena, from the physical to the biological domain. For example, the shape of weather phenomena such as hurricanes are emergent structures. The development and growth of complex, orderly crystals, as driven by the random motion of water molecules within a conducive natural environment, is another example of an emergent process, where randomness can give rise to complex and deeply attractive, orderly structures.
Emergent structures can be found in many natural phenomena, from the physical to the biological domain. For example, the shape of weather phenomena such as hurricanes are emergent structures. The development and growth of complex, orderly crystals, as driven by the random motion of water molecules within a conducive natural environment, is another example of an emergent process, where randomness can give rise to complex and deeply attractive, orderly structures.
涌现结构可以在从物理到生物的许多自然现象中找到。例如，气象（比如飓风）的形状就是涌现结构。在导电的环境中（--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） conducive natural environment 导电的环境），由水分子的随机运动驱动复杂有序晶体的发展和生长，是涌现过程的另一个例子，在这种突发过程中，随机性可以产生复杂而具吸引力的有序结构。
涌现结构可以在从物理到生物的许多自然现象中找到。例如，气象（比如飓风）的形状就是涌现结构。在导电的环境中（--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） conducive natural environment 导电的环境），由水分子的随机运动驱动的复杂有序晶体的发展和生长，是涌现过程的另一个例子，在这种突发过程中，随机性可以产生复杂而具吸引力的有序结构。
[[File:Water Crystals on Mercury 20Feb2010 CU1.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Water crystals forming on glass demonstrate an emergent, [[fractal]] process occurring under appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity.]] However, crystalline structure and hurricanes are said to have a self-organizing phase.
[[File:Water Crystals on Mercury 20Feb2010 CU1.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Water crystals forming on glass demonstrate an emergent, [[fractal]] process occurring under appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity.]] However, crystalline structure and hurricanes are said to have a self-organizing phase.
Water crystals forming on glass demonstrate an emergent, [[fractal process occurring under appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity.]] However, crystalline structure and hurricanes are said to have a self-organizing phase.
Water crystals forming on glass demonstrate an emergent, [[fractal process occurring under appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity.]] However, crystalline structure and hurricanes are said to have a self-organizing phase.
在玻璃上形成的水的晶体是一个涌现现象，这是一个在适当的温度和湿度条件下发生的分形过程。然而，据说水的晶体结构和飓风有一个'''自组织的阶段 Self-organizing Phase'''。
It is useful to distinguish three forms of emergent structures. A first-order emergent structure occurs as a result of shape interactions (for example, hydrogen bonds in water molecules lead to surface tension). A second-order emergent structure involves shape interactions played out sequentially over time (for example, changing atmospheric conditions as a snowflake falls to the ground build upon and alter its form). Finally, a third-order emergent structure is a consequence of shape, time, and heritable instructions. For example, an organism's genetic code affects the form of the organism's systems in space and time.
It is useful to distinguish three forms of emergent structures. A first-order emergent structure occurs as a result of shape interactions (for example, hydrogen bonds in water molecules lead to surface tension). A second-order emergent structure involves shape interactions played out sequentially over time (for example, changing atmospheric conditions as a snowflake falls to the ground build upon and alter its form). Finally, a third-order emergent structure is a consequence of shape, time, and heritable instructions. For example, an organism's genetic code affects the form of the organism's systems in space and time.
区分涌现结构的三种形式是有必要的。一级涌现结构是空间相互作用的结果(例如，水分子中的氢键导致表面张力)。二级涌现结构涉及随时间变化的空间的相互作用(例如，当雪花落到地面时，大气环境的变化，会影响雪花的形态)。三级涌现结构是空间、时间和可遗传指令的结果。例如，有机体的遗传密码影响着有机体在空间和时间上的形式。
However, another, perhaps more broadly applicable way to conceive of the emergent divide does involve a dose of complexity insofar as the computational feasibility of going from the microscopic to the macroscopic property tells the 'strength' of the emergence. This is better understood given the following definition of emergence that comes from physics:
However, another, perhaps more broadly applicable way to conceive of the emergent divide does involve a dose of complexity insofar as the computational feasibility of going from the microscopic to the macroscopic property tells the 'strength' of the emergence. This is better understood given the following definition of emergence that comes from physics:
然而，另一种也许更广泛适用的方式来设想涌现的方法涉及到一定程度的复杂性，因为从微观到宏观上，计算的可行性告诉我们涌现的力量。如果考虑到以下来自物理学的涌现的定义，这一点可以更好地理解:
"An emergent behavior of a physical system is a qualitative property that can only occur in the limit that the number of microscopic constituents tends to infinity."
"An emergent behavior of a physical system is a qualitative property that can only occur in the limit that the number of microscopic constituents tends to infinity."
物理系统的涌现是一种定性性质，只有在微观成分的数量趋于无穷大的情况下才能发生。
* [[Classical mechanics]]: The laws of classical mechanics can be said to emerge as a limiting case from the rules of [[quantum mechanics]] applied to large enough masses. This is particularly strange since quantum mechanics is generally thought of as ''more'' complicated than classical mechanics.
* [[Classical mechanics]]: The laws of classical mechanics can be said to emerge as a limiting case from the rules of [[quantum mechanics]] applied to large enough masses. This is particularly strange since quantum mechanics is generally thought of as ''more'' complicated than classical mechanics.
[[经典力学] : 可以说经典力学的法律是从量子力学规则中涌现的，适用于足够大物质的一个极限的例子。这一点特别奇怪，因为人们通常认为量子力学比经典力学更复杂。
[[经典力学] : 可以说经典力学的法律是从量子力学规则中涌现的，适用于足够大的物质的一个有限的例子。这一点特别奇怪，因为人们通常认为量子力学比经典力学更复杂。
* [[Friction]]: Forces between elementary particles are conservative. However, friction emerges when considering more complex structures of matter, whose surfaces can convert mechanical energy into heat energy when rubbed against each other. Similar considerations apply to other emergent concepts in [[continuum mechanics]] such as [[viscosity]], [[Elasticity (physics)|elasticity]], [[tensile strength]], etc.
* [[Friction]]: Forces between elementary particles are conservative. However, friction emerges when considering more complex structures of matter, whose surfaces can convert mechanical energy into heat energy when rubbed against each other. Similar considerations apply to other emergent concepts in [[continuum mechanics]] such as [[viscosity]], [[Elasticity (physics)|elasticity]], [[tensile strength]], etc.
Friction: Forces between elementary particles are conservative. However, friction emerges when considering more complex structures of matter, whose surfaces can convert mechanical energy into heat energy when rubbed against each other. Similar considerations apply to other emergent concepts in continuum mechanics such as viscosity, Elasticity (physics)|elasticity, tensile strength, etc.
Friction: Forces between elementary particles are conservative. However, friction emerges when considering more complex structures of matter, whose surfaces can convert mechanical energy into heat energy when rubbed against each other. Similar considerations apply to other emergent concepts in continuum mechanics such as viscosity, Elasticity (physics)|elasticity, tensile strength, etc.
摩擦力: 基本粒子之间的力是''保守的''。然而，当考虑到物质更复杂的结构时，摩擦就涌现了。物质表面相互摩擦时，机械能转化为热能。类似的涌现现象也适用于连续介质力学中的概念，如粘度、弹性、抗拉强度等。
摩擦力: 基本粒子之间的力是'''保守的 Conservative'''。然而，当考虑到物质更复杂的结构时，摩擦就涌现了。物质表面相互摩擦时，机械能转化为热能。类似的涌现现象也适用于连续介质力学中的概念，如粘度、弹性、抗拉强度等。
* [[Patterned ground]]: the distinct, and often symmetrical geometric shapes formed by ground material in periglacial regions.
* [[Patterned ground]]: the distinct, and often symmetrical geometric shapes formed by ground material in periglacial regions.
Patterned ground: the distinct, and often symmetrical geometric shapes formed by ground material in periglacial regions.
Patterned ground: the distinct, and often symmetrical geometric shapes formed by ground material in periglacial regions.
'''花样表面 Patterned Ground''': 花样表面是在冰缘地区由地面材料形成的明显的，通常是对称的几何图形。
'''有图案的地面 Patterned Ground''': 有图案的地面是在冰缘地区由地面材料形成的明显的，通常是对称的几何图形。
* [[Statistical mechanics]] was initially derived using the concept of a large enough [[statistical ensemble (mathematical physics)|ensemble]] that fluctuations about the most likely distribution can be all but ignored. However, small clusters do not exhibit sharp first order [[phase transition]]s such as melting, and at the boundary it is not possible to completely categorize the cluster as a liquid or solid, since these concepts are (without extra definitions) only applicable to macroscopic systems. Describing a system using statistical mechanics methods is much simpler than using a low-level atomistic approach.
* [[Statistical mechanics]] was initially derived using the concept of a large enough [[statistical ensemble (mathematical physics)|ensemble]] that fluctuations about the most likely distribution can be all but ignored. However, small clusters do not exhibit sharp first order [[phase transition]]s such as melting, and at the boundary it is not possible to completely categorize the cluster as a liquid or solid, since these concepts are (without extra definitions) only applicable to macroscopic systems. Describing a system using statistical mechanics methods is much simpler than using a low-level atomistic approach.
Electrical networks: The bulk conductive response of binary (RC) electrical networks with random arrangements, known as the Universal Dielectric Response (UDR), can be seen as emergent properties of such physical systems. Such arrangements can be used as simple physical prototypes for deriving mathematical formulae for the emergent responses of complex systems.<ref>
Electrical networks: The bulk conductive response of binary (RC) electrical networks with random arrangements, known as the Universal Dielectric Response (UDR), can be seen as emergent properties of such physical systems. Such arrangements can be used as simple physical prototypes for deriving mathematical formulae for the emergent responses of complex systems.<ref>
电网络: 具有随机排列的'''二元电网络的体传导响应 bulk conductive response of binary (RC)'''，称为'''通用介电响应 Universal Dielectric Response (UDR)''' ，可以看作是这种物理系统的涌现特性。这样的排列可以被用作简单的，用于推导复杂系统涌现的数学公式的物理原型。引用《The origin of power-law emergent scaling in large binary networks》
* [[Weather]]
* [[Weather]]
Temperature is sometimes used as an example of an emergent macroscopic behaviour. In classical dynamics, a snapshot of the instantaneous momenta of a large number of particles at equilibrium is sufficient to find the average kinetic energy per degree of freedom which is proportional to the temperature. For a small number of particles the instantaneous momenta at a given time are not statistically sufficient to determine the temperature of the system. However, using the ergodic hypothesis, the temperature can still be obtained to arbitrary precision by further averaging the momenta over a long enough time.
Temperature is sometimes used as an example of an emergent macroscopic behaviour. In classical dynamics, a snapshot of the instantaneous momenta of a large number of particles at equilibrium is sufficient to find the average kinetic energy per degree of freedom which is proportional to the temperature. For a small number of particles the instantaneous momenta at a given time are not statistically sufficient to determine the temperature of the system. However, using the ergodic hypothesis, the temperature can still be obtained to arbitrary precision by further averaging the momenta over a long enough time.
温度有时被用来作为一个涌现的宏观行为的例子。在经典动力学中，对处于平衡状态的大量粒子的瞬时动量足以求出每个自由度的平均动能，而平均动能与温度成正比。对于少数粒子，在给定时间的瞬时动量不足以计算出系统的温度。然而，使用'''遍历假设 Ergodic Hypothesis'''，任意精度的温度仍然可以通过在足够长的时间内进行动量的平均而得到。
Convection in a liquid or gas is another example of emergent macroscopic behaviour that makes sense only when considering differentials of temperature. Convection cells, particularly Bénard cells, are an example of a self-organizing system (more specifically, a dissipative system) whose structure is determined both by the constraints of the system and by random perturbations: the possible realizations of the shape and size of the cells depends on the temperature gradient as well as the nature of the fluid and shape of the container, but which configurations are actually realized is due to random perturbations (thus these systems exhibit a form of symmetry breaking).
Convection in a liquid or gas is another example of emergent macroscopic behaviour that makes sense only when considering differentials of temperature. Convection cells, particularly Bénard cells, are an example of a self-organizing system (more specifically, a dissipative system) whose structure is determined both by the constraints of the system and by random perturbations: the possible realizations of the shape and size of the cells depends on the temperature gradient as well as the nature of the fluid and shape of the container, but which configurations are actually realized is due to random perturbations (thus these systems exhibit a form of symmetry breaking).
液体或气体中的'''对流 Convection'''是另一个涌现宏观行为的例子，只有在考虑温差时才有意义。'''对流细胞 Convection Cells'''，特别是 Bénard 细胞，是一个自组织系统(更具体地说，是一个'''耗散系统 Dissipative System''')的例子，其结构由系统的约束和随机扰动共同决定: 细胞的形状和大小的可能实现取决于温度梯度以及流体的性质和容器的形状，但实际上实现的配置是由于随机扰动(因此这些系统呈现一种'''对称破缺 Symmetry Breaking'''形式)。
液体或气体中的'''对流 Convection'''是另一个涌现宏观行为的例子，只有在考虑温差时才有意义。'''对流细胞 Convection Cells'''，特别是 Bénard 细胞，是一个自组织系统(更具体地说，是一个'''耗散系统 Dissipative System''')的例子，其结构既由系统的约束和随机扰动决定: 细胞的形状和大小的可能实现取决于温度梯度以及流体的性质和容器的形状，但实际上实现的配置是由于随机扰动(因此这些系统呈现一种'''对称破缺 Symmetry Breaking'''形式)。
In some theories of particle physics, even such basic structures as mass, space, and time are viewed as emergent phenomena, arising from more fundamental concepts such as the Higgs boson or strings. In some interpretations of quantum mechanics, the perception of a deterministic reality, in which all objects have a definite position, momentum, and so forth, is actually an emergent phenomenon, with the true state of matter being described instead by a wavefunction which need not have a single position or momentum.
In some theories of particle physics, even such basic structures as mass, space, and time are viewed as emergent phenomena, arising from more fundamental concepts such as the Higgs boson or strings. In some interpretations of quantum mechanics, the perception of a deterministic reality, in which all objects have a definite position, momentum, and so forth, is actually an emergent phenomenon, with the true state of matter being described instead by a wavefunction which need not have a single position or momentum.
在一些粒子物理学理论中，甚至像质量、空间和时间这样的基本结构都被视为来自于更基本的概念（比如'''希格斯玻色子Higgs Boson'''或者'''弦 Strings'''）的涌现现象。在某些量子力学诠释中，对所有物体都具有确定的位置、动量等等的确定性感知，实际上是一种涌现现象，因为物质的真实状态是被不需要单一位置或动量的波函数所描述的。
在一些粒子物理学理论中，甚至像质量、空间和时间这样的基本结构都被视为来自于更基本的概念（比如'''希格斯玻色子Higgs Boson'''或者'''弦 Strings'''）的涌现现象。在某些量子力学诠释中，对所有物体都具有确定的位置、动量等等的确定性的感知，实际上是一种涌现现象，因为物质的真实状态是被不需要单一位置或动量的波函数所描述的。
Most of the laws of [[physics]] themselves as we experience them today appear to have emerged during the course of time making emergence the most fundamental principle in the universe{{According to whom|date=September 2016}} and raising the question of what might be the most fundamental law of physics from which all others emerged. [[Chemistry]] can in turn be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of physics. [[Biology]] (including biological [[evolution]]) can be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of chemistry. Similarly, [[psychology]] could be understood as an emergent property of neurobiological laws. Finally, free-market theories understand [[economy]] as an emergent feature of psychology.
Most of the laws of [[physics]] themselves as we experience them today appear to have emerged during the course of time making emergence the most fundamental principle in the universe{{According to whom|date=September 2016}} and raising the question of what might be the most fundamental law of physics from which all others emerged. [[Chemistry]] can in turn be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of physics. [[Biology]] (including biological [[evolution]]) can be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of chemistry. Similarly, [[psychology]] could be understood as an emergent property of neurobiological laws. Finally, free-market theories understand [[economy]] as an emergent feature of psychology.
Most of the laws of physics themselves as we experience them today appear to have emerged during the course of time making emergence the most fundamental principle in the universe and raising the question of what might be the most fundamental law of physics from which all others emerged. Chemistry can in turn be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of physics. Biology (including biological evolution) can be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of chemistry. Similarly, psychology could be understood as an emergent property of neurobiological laws. Finally, free-market theories understand economy as an emergent feature of psychology.
Most of the laws of physics themselves as we experience them today appear to have emerged during the course of time making emergence the most fundamental principle in the universe and raising the question of what might be the most fundamental law of physics from which all others emerged. Chemistry can in turn be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of physics. Biology (including biological evolution) can be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of chemistry. Similarly, psychology could be understood as an emergent property of neurobiological laws. Finally, free-market theories understand economy as an emergent feature of psychology.
我们今天所经历的大多数物理定律，似乎都是在时间的推移中出现的，这使得涌现成为宇宙中最基本的定律，并提出了一个问题: 什么可能是物理学中最基本的定律，而其他所有定律都是从这个定律中涌现而来的。化学可以被看作是物理定律的一种涌现。生物学(包括生物进化)可以看作是化学定律的涌现。同样，心理学也可以被理解为神经生物学定律的一种涌现。最后，经济学中的自由市场理论是心理学的一个涌现。
According to Laughlin (2005), for many particle systems, nothing can be calculated exactly from the microscopic equations, and macroscopic systems are characterised by broken symmetry: the symmetry present in the microscopic equations is not present in the macroscopic system, due to phase transitions. As a result, these macroscopic systems are described in their own terminology, and have properties that do not depend on many microscopic details. This does not mean that the microscopic interactions are irrelevant, but simply that you do not see them anymore — you only see a renormalized effect of them. Laughlin is a pragmatic theoretical physicist: if you cannot, possibly ever, calculate the broken symmetry macroscopic properties from the microscopic equations, then what is the point of talking about reducibility?
According to Laughlin (2005), for many particle systems, nothing can be calculated exactly from the microscopic equations, and macroscopic systems are characterised by broken symmetry: the symmetry present in the microscopic equations is not present in the macroscopic system, due to phase transitions. As a result, these macroscopic systems are described in their own terminology, and have properties that do not depend on many microscopic details. This does not mean that the microscopic interactions are irrelevant, but simply that you do not see them anymore — you only see a renormalized effect of them. Laughlin is a pragmatic theoretical physicist: if you cannot, possibly ever, calculate the broken symmetry macroscopic properties from the microscopic equations, then what is the point of talking about reducibility?
Laughlin(2005)认为，对于许多粒子系统来说，从微观方程中无法精确地计算出任何东西，宏观系统是通过破缺的对称性来刻画: 由于相变的存在，微观方程中存在的对称性无法在宏观系统中存在。因此，这些宏观系统需要用它们自己的术语来描述，并且具有许多不依赖微观细节的性质。这并不意味着宏观性质和微观的相互作用无关，只是你不再看到它们了，你只看到它们的'''重整化效应 Renormalized Effect'''。Laughlin是一个务实的理论物理学家: 如果你不能从微观尺度的方程中计算出对称性破缺的宏观性质，那么谈论'''还原性 Reducibility'''还有什么意义？
Laughlin(2005)认为，对于许多粒子系统来说，从微观方程中无法精确地计算出任何东西，而宏观系统的特征是破缺的对称性: 由于相变，微观方程中存在的对称性无法在宏观系统中存在。因此，这些宏观系统需要用它们自己的术语来描述，并且具有许多不依赖微观细节的性质。这并不意味着宏观性质和微观的相互作用无关，只是你不再看到它们了，你只看到它们的'''重整化效应 Renormalized Effect'''。Laughlin是一个务实的理论物理学家: 如果你不能从微观尺度的方程中计算出对称性破缺的宏观性质，那么谈论'''还原性 Reducibility'''还有什么意义？
===Living, biological systems===
===Living, biological systems===
Life is thought to have emerged in the early RNA world when RNA chains began to express the basic conditions necessary for natural selection to operate as conceived by Darwin: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources. Fitness of an RNA replicator (its per capita rate of increase) would likely be a function of adaptive capacities that were intrinsic (in the sense that they were determined by the nucleotide sequence) and the availability of resources. The three primary adaptive capacities may have been (1) the capacity to replicate with moderate fidelity (giving rise to both heritability and variation of type); (2) the capacity to avoid decay; and (3) the capacity to acquire and process resources. These capacities would have been determined initially by the folded configurations of the RNA replicators (see “Ribozyme”) that, in turn, would be encoded in their individual nucleotide sequences. Competitive success among different replicators would have depended on the relative values of these adaptive capacities.
Life is thought to have emerged in the early RNA world when RNA chains began to express the basic conditions necessary for natural selection to operate as conceived by Darwin: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources. Fitness of an RNA replicator (its per capita rate of increase) would likely be a function of adaptive capacities that were intrinsic (in the sense that they were determined by the nucleotide sequence) and the availability of resources. The three primary adaptive capacities may have been (1) the capacity to replicate with moderate fidelity (giving rise to both heritability and variation of type); (2) the capacity to avoid decay; and (3) the capacity to acquire and process resources. These capacities would have been determined initially by the folded configurations of the RNA replicators (see “Ribozyme”) that, in turn, would be encoded in their individual nucleotide sequences. Competitive success among different replicators would have depended on the relative values of these adaptive capacities.
生命被认为是在早期的 RNA 世界中出现的，那时 RNA 链开始出现达尔文所构想的自然选择运作的基本条件: 遗传性、品种变异和对有限资源的竞争。'''RNA 复制器 RNA Replicators'''的适应性(其人均增长率)可能是固有的适应能力 (在某种意义上说，它们是由核酸序列决定的)和资源的可用性的函数。
生命被认为是在早期的 RNA 世界中出现的，那时 RNA 链开始出现达尔文所构想的自然选择运作的基本条件: 遗传性、类型变异和对有限资源的竞争。'''RNA 复制器 RNA Replicators'''的适应性(其人均增长率)可能是适应能力的函数，这种适应能力是内在的(在某种意义上说，它们是由核酸序列决定的)和资源的可用性。
--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） 觉得原文是个半截句 the availability of resources。。。？
--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） 觉得原文是个半截句 the availability of resources。。。？
三种主要的适应能力可能是: (1)具有中等保真度的复制能力(同时具有遗传和变异的能力) ; (2)避免衰变的能力; (3)获取和加工资源的能力。这些能力最初是由 RNA 复制器(见'''“核酶 Ribozyme”''')的折叠结构决定的，而这些结构又反过来编码在各自的核酸序列中。不同复制器之间的竞争成功将取决于这些适应能力的相对值。
三种主要的适应能力可能是: (1)具有中等保真度的复制能力(同时具有遗传和变异的能力) ; (2)避免衰变的能力; (3)获取和加工资源的能力。这些能力最初是由 RNA 复制器(见'''“核酶 Ribozyme”''')的折叠结构决定的，而这些结构又反过来编码在各自的核酸序列中。不同复制器之间的竞争成功将取决于这些适应能力的相对价值。
<blockquote>Synergistic effects of various kinds have played a major causal role in the evolutionary process generally and in the evolution of cooperation and complexity in particular... Natural selection is often portrayed as a “mechanism”, or is personified as a causal agency... In reality, the differential “selection” of a trait, or an adaptation, is a consequence of the functional effects it produces in relation to the survival and reproductive success of a given organism in a given environment. It is these functional effects that are ultimately responsible for the trans-generational continuities and changes in nature.}}</blockquote>
<blockquote>Synergistic effects of various kinds have played a major causal role in the evolutionary process generally and in the evolution of cooperation and complexity in particular... Natural selection is often portrayed as a “mechanism”, or is personified as a causal agency... In reality, the differential “selection” of a trait, or an adaptation, is a consequence of the functional effects it produces in relation to the survival and reproductive success of a given organism in a given environment. It is these functional effects that are ultimately responsible for the trans-generational continuities and changes in nature.}}</blockquote>
一般来说，各种协同作用在进化过程中，特别是在合作和复杂性的进化中起着重要的因果作用... ... 自然选择通常被描述为一种“机制”，或者被人格化为一种因果... ..。实际上，对某一特性的差异化“选择”，或适应性，是它对特定生物体在特定环境中的生存和繁殖成功所产生的功能性影响的结果。正是这些功能性效应最终导致了'''跨代连续性 Trans-generational Continuities'''和自然界的变化。[} / blockquote
Per his definition of emergence, Corning also addresses emergence and evolution:
Per his definition of emergence, Corning also addresses emergence and evolution:
根据 Corning 对涌现的定义，Corning 还提到了“涌现”和“进化” :
<blockquote>[In] evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself... has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key.{{nowrap|{{Harv|Corning|2002}}}}</blockquote>
<blockquote>[In] evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself... has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key.{{nowrap|{{Harv|Corning|2002}}}}</blockquote>
<blockquote>[In] evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself... has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key.}}</blockquote>
<blockquote>[In] evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself... has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key.}}</blockquote>
在进化过程中，因果关系是迭代的; 结果也是原因。这同样适用于由涌现系统产生的'''协同效应 Synergistic Effects'''。换句话说，涌现本身是生物进化中涌现现象的根本原因; 有组织的系统产生的协同增效作用才是进化的关键。
在进化过程中，因果关系是迭代的; 结果也是原因。这同样适用于由涌现系统产生的'''协同效应 Synergistic Effects'''。换句话说，涌现本身... ... 是生物进化中涌现现象的根本原因; 有组织的系统产生的协同作用才是进化的关键。
--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） （进化的）是自己加的不知是否合适
--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） （进化的）是自己加的不知是否合适
[} / blockquote
[} / blockquote
Swarming is a well-known behaviour in many animal species from marching locusts to schooling fish to flocking birds. Emergent structures are a common strategy found in many animal groups: colonies of ants, mounds built by termites, swarms of bees, shoals/schools of fish, flocks of birds, and herds/packs of mammals.
Swarming is a well-known behaviour in many animal species from marching locusts to schooling fish to flocking birds. Emergent structures are a common strategy found in many animal groups: colonies of ants, mounds built by termites, swarms of bees, shoals/schools of fish, flocks of birds, and herds/packs of mammals.
'''集群 Swarming''' 在许多动物物种中是一种普遍的行为，从蝗虫群到鱼群，再到鸟群。涌现结构是许多动物群体中常见的策略: 例如蚁群，白蚁筑成的蚁丘、蜜蜂群、浅滩或鱼群、鸟群和哺乳动物群落。
'''群集 Swarming''' 在许多动物物种中是一种普遍的行为，从蝗虫群到鱼群，再到鸟群。涌现结构是许多动物群体中常见的策略: 蚁群，白蚁筑成的蚁丘、蜜蜂群、浅滩或鱼群、鸟群和哺乳动物群落。
It appears that environmental factors may play a role in influencing emergence. Research suggests induced emergence of the bee species Macrotera portalis. In this species, the bees emerge in a pattern consistent with rainfall. Specifically, the pattern of emergence is consistent with southwestern deserts' late summer rains and lack of activity in the spring.
It appears that environmental factors may play a role in influencing emergence. Research suggests induced emergence of the bee species Macrotera portalis. In this species, the bees emerge in a pattern consistent with rainfall. Specifically, the pattern of emergence is consistent with southwestern deserts' late summer rains and lack of activity in the spring.
似乎环境因素可能在影响涌现方面发挥作用，比如''大翅目 Macrotera Portalis''的蜜蜂。在这个物种中，蜜蜂以与降雨量一致的模式出现。具体来说，出现的模式与西南部沙漠春季和夏末的降雨情况相一致。
似乎环境因素可能在影响涌现方面发挥作用，比如'''大翅目 Macrotera Portalis '''的蜜蜂。在这个物种中，蜜蜂以与降雨量一致的模式出现。具体来说，出现的模式与西南部沙漠春季和夏末的降雨情况相一致。
--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） late summer rains and lack of activity in the spring 翻译为 春季和夏末的降雨情况
--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） late summer rains and lack of activity in the spring 翻译为 春季和夏末的降雨情况
Among the considered phenomena in the evolutionary account of life, as a continuous history, marked by stages at which fundamentally new forms have appeared - the origin of sapiens intelligence. The emergence of mind and its evolution is researched and considered as a separate phenomenon in a special system knowledge called noogenesis.
Among the considered phenomena in the evolutionary account of life, as a continuous history, marked by stages at which fundamentally new forms have appeared - the origin of sapiens intelligence. The emergence of mind and its evolution is researched and considered as a separate phenomenon in a special system knowledge called noogenesis.
智人智力的起源在进化论所考虑的现象中很重要，它是一个连续的历史，以出现新形式为标志。
--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） 第一句增加（很重要）
--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） 第一句增加（很重要）
心智的涌现及其演化被认为是一个独立的现象，这一特殊的知识系统被称为'''人脑发生 Noogenesis'''。
==In humanity在人类学中 ==
==In humanity在人类学中 ==
Groups of human beings, left free to each regulate themselves, tend to produce spontaneous order, rather than the meaningless chaos often feared. This has been observed in society at least since Chuang Tzu in ancient China. Human beings are the basic elements of social systems, which perpetually interact and create, maintain, or untangle mutual social bonds. Social bonds in social systems are perpetually changing in the sense of the ongoing reconfiguration of their structure. A classic traffic roundabout is also a good example, with cars moving in and out with such effective organization that some modern cities have begun replacing stoplights at problem intersections with traffic circles [http://www.terrain.org/articles/2/siegman.htm], and getting better results. Open-source software and Wiki projects form an even more compelling illustration.
Groups of human beings, left free to each regulate themselves, tend to produce spontaneous order, rather than the meaningless chaos often feared. This has been observed in society at least since Chuang Tzu in ancient China. Human beings are the basic elements of social systems, which perpetually interact and create, maintain, or untangle mutual social bonds. Social bonds in social systems are perpetually changing in the sense of the ongoing reconfiguration of their structure. A classic traffic roundabout is also a good example, with cars moving in and out with such effective organization that some modern cities have begun replacing stoplights at problem intersections with traffic circles [http://www.terrain.org/articles/2/siegman.htm], and getting better results. Open-source software and Wiki projects form an even more compelling illustration.
群居生活的人，会由市场产生一种自发的秩序，任其自由地调节自己，在“看不见的手”的引导下自发地实现个人利益的极大化，而不是人们常常害怕的那种毫无意义的混乱。至少从中国古代的庄子以来，这种现象就已经存在于社会中了。人类是社会系统的基本要素，社会系统不断地相互作用：创造、维持或割断相互之间的社会联系。社会系统中的社会纽带随着其结构的不断重构而不断变化。一个经典的环形交叉路口也是一个很好的例子，十分有效的组织汽车进进出出，以至于一些现代城市已经开始用环形交叉路口的红绿灯取代在交通圈中的问题十字路口的红绿灯，并取得了更好的结果。
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）with cars moving in and out with such effective organization that some modern cities have begun replacing stoplights at problem intersections with traffic circles 没有搜到 problem intersections对应的专有名词 问题十字路口暂时直译；交通圈是指各种中心地的交通吸引范围。以各条交通线路上的交通流分界点所包围的范围来表示。无论客流、货流或车流等都具有向各种量级中心地汇集的特征，通过寻找各个交通线上下行方向发生明显变化的交通流变流点，将这些点相连所划定的范围即构成一级交通圈，圈内各条线路上的交通流共同指向一个中心地。 是不是可以换为“十字路口问题”？开源软件和 Wiki 项目提供了一个更加引人注目的例子。
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）with cars moving in and out with such effective organization that some modern cities have begun replacing stoplights at problem intersections with traffic circles 没有搜到 problem intersections对应的专有名词 问题十字路口暂时直译；交通圈是指各种中心地的交通吸引范围。以各条交通线路上的交通流分界点所包围的范围来表示。无论客流、货流或车流等都具有向各种量级中心地汇集的特征，通过寻找各个交通线上下行方向发生明显变化的交通流变流点，将这些点相连所划定的范围即构成一级交通圈，圈内各条线路上的交通流共同指向一个中心地。 是不是可以换为“十字路口问题”？
开源软件和 Wiki 项目提供了一个更加引人注目的例子。
万维网是一个分散系统展示涌现属性的大众例子。没有中央组织限制链接的数量，但是指向每个页面的链接数量遵循幂律分布，即少数页面被多次链接，而大多数页面很少被链接。万维网链接网络的一个相关特性是，几乎任何一对页面都可以通过相对较短的链接链相互连接。虽然这个特性现在已经被大众所熟悉，但是这个特性最初在不受控制的网络中是意想不到的。它与许多其他类型的网络共享，称为小世界网络。
另一个出现在基于web系统中的重要例子是社会书签(也称为协作标签)。'''社会化书签 Social Bookmark'''是指用户可以将网站随时加入自己的网络书签中；用多个关键词标示和整理书签，并与人共享。
另一个出现在基于web系统中的重要例子是社会书签(也称为协作标签)。'''社会化书签 Social Bookmark'''是指用户可以将网站随时加入自己的网络书签中；用多个关键词标示和整理书签，并与人共享。
--~~~补充
--~~~补充
在社会化书签系统中，用户为与其他用户共享的资源分配标签，这就产生了一种从众包过程中产生的信息组织。最近对这种系统的复杂动力学进行实证分析的研究表明，即使在缺乏中央控制词汇表的情况下，也确实可以出现对稳定分布和一种简单形式的共享词汇表的共识。
--~~~不太理解这句话
--~~~不太理解这句话
一些人认为，这可能是因为提供标签的用户都使用同一种语言，而且他们在选择词汇时具有相似的语义结构。因此，社交标签的趋同可以解释为具有相似语义解释的人协同索引在线信息的结构的出现，这一过程称为语义模仿
| last = Fu | first = Wai-Tat
| last = Fu | first = Wai-Tat
Emergent structures appear at many different levels of organization or as spontaneous order. Emergent self-organization appears frequently in cities where no planning or zoning entity predetermines the layout of the city. The interdisciplinary study of emergent behaviors is not generally considered a homogeneous field, but divided across its application or problem domains.
Emergent structures appear at many different levels of organization or as spontaneous order. Emergent self-organization appears frequently in cities where no planning or zoning entity predetermines the layout of the city. The interdisciplinary study of emergent behaviors is not generally considered a homogeneous field, but divided across its application or problem domains.
涌现结构在许多不同层次的组织或自发秩序中出现。涌现性自组织经常出现在没有规划或分区实体预先决定城市布局的城市中。对于涌现行为的跨学科研究通常不被认为是一个单一的领域，而是被划分到跨其应用或问题的领域中。
The on-course action and vehicle progression of the 2007 Urban Challenge could possibly be regarded as an example of cybernetic emergence. Patterns of road use, indeterministic obstacle clearance times, etc. will work together to form a complex emergent pattern that can not be deterministically planned in advance.
The on-course action and vehicle progression of the 2007 Urban Challenge could possibly be regarded as an example of cybernetic emergence. Patterns of road use, indeterministic obstacle clearance times, etc. will work together to form a complex emergent pattern that can not be deterministically planned in advance.
“2007年城市挑战”(2007 Urban Challenge)的航线方向和运载路径，可能被视为控制论出现的一个例子。道路使用模式，不确定的障碍物清除时间等将共同工作，形成一个复杂的涌现模式，它不能事先确切地计划。
“2007年城市挑战”(2007 Urban Challenge)的行进方向和车辆进展，可能被视为控制论出现的一个例子。道路使用模式，不确定的障碍物清除时间等将共同工作，形成一个复杂的涌现模式，它不能事先确定计划。
The architectural school of Christopher Alexander takes a deeper approach to emergence, attempting to rewrite the process of urban growth itself in order to affect form, establishing a new methodology of planning and design tied to traditional practices, an [http://emergenturbanism.com/2009/03/23/the-journey-to-emergence/ Emergent Urbanism]. Urban emergence has also been linked to theories of urban complexity and urban evolution.
The architectural school of Christopher Alexander takes a deeper approach to emergence, attempting to rewrite the process of urban growth itself in order to affect form, establishing a new methodology of planning and design tied to traditional practices, an [http://emergenturbanism.com/2009/03/23/the-journey-to-emergence/ Emergent Urbanism]. Urban emergence has also been linked to theories of urban complexity and urban evolution.
克里斯托佛·亚历山大的建筑学派对涌现采取了更深入的方法，n order to affect form，试图重写城市发展本身的发展过程，以建立一个与传统实践相联系的规划和设计的新方法论：一个[http://emergenturbanism.com/2009/03/23/The-journey-to-emergence/ 涌现的城市主义]。城市的涌现也与城市复杂性和城市演化的理论联系在一起。
建筑生态学是一种概念框架，用于理解建筑和建筑环境之间动态相互依存的要素，包括建筑、居住者和更大的环境。
建筑生态学是一种概念框架，用于理解建筑和建筑环境之间动态相互依存的要素，包括建筑、居住者和更大的环境。
建筑生态学家'''哈尔·莱文 Hal Levin''' 并没有把建筑看作是无生命的或静态的物体，而是把它们看作是有生命和无生命系统的交界或交叉领域。
建筑生态学家'''哈尔·莱文 Hal Levin''' 并没有把建筑看作是无生命的或静态的物体，而是把它们看作是有生命和无生命系统的界面或交叉领域。
室内环境的微生物生态学强烈依赖于建筑材料、居住者、内容、环境背景和室内外气候。大气化学与室内空气质量及室内发生的化学反应密切相关。这些化学物质可能是微生物的营养物质、中性物质或生物杀灭剂。这些微生物产生的化学物质会影响建筑材料与居民健康。
室内环境的微生物生态学强烈依赖于建筑材料、居住者、内容、环境背景和室内外气候。大气化学与室内空气质量及室内发生的化学反应密切相关。这些化学物质可能是微生物的营养物质、中性物质或生物杀灭剂。这些微生物产生的化学物质会影响建筑材料与居民健康。
人类操纵通风、温度和湿度以达到舒适的环境，同时对居住和进化的微生物产生影响。
人类操纵通风、温度和湿度以达到舒适的环境，同时对居住和进化的微生物产生影响。
Eric Bonabeau's attempt to define emergent phenomena is through traffic: "traffic jams are actually very complicated and mysterious. On an individual level, each driver is trying to get somewhere and is following (or breaking) certain rules, some legal (the speed limit) and others societal or personal (slow down to let another driver change into your lane). But a traffic jam is a separate and distinct entity that emerges from those individual behaviors. Gridlock on a highway, for example, can travel backward for no apparent reason, even as the cars are moving forward." He has also likened emergent phenomena to the analysis of market trends and employee behavior.
Eric Bonabeau's attempt to define emergent phenomena is through traffic: "traffic jams are actually very complicated and mysterious. On an individual level, each driver is trying to get somewhere and is following (or breaking) certain rules, some legal (the speed limit) and others societal or personal (slow down to let another driver change into your lane). But a traffic jam is a separate and distinct entity that emerges from those individual behaviors. Gridlock on a highway, for example, can travel backward for no apparent reason, even as the cars are moving forward." He has also likened emergent phenomena to the analysis of market trends and employee behavior.
Eric Bonabeau 试图通过交通来定义涌现现象: “交通堵塞实际上是非常复杂和神秘的。在个人层面上，每个司机都试图到达某个地方，并遵守(或打破)某些规则，一些是合法的(限速) ，另一些是社会的或个人的(减速让另一个司机进入你的车道)。但是，交通堵塞是从这些个人行为中突现出来的一个独立的、不同的实体。例如，高速公路上的交通堵塞可能无缘无故地向后延伸，即使车辆在向前行驶。”他还把涌现现象比作对市场趋势和员工行为的分析。
Eric Bonabeau 试图通过交通来定义涌现现象: “交通堵塞实际上是非常复杂和神秘的。在个人层面上，每个司机都试图到达某个地方，并遵守(或打破)某些规则，一些是合法的(限速) ，另一些是社会的或个人的(减速让另一个司机进入你的车道)。但是，交通堵塞是一个独立的、不同的实体，从这些个人行为中突现出来。例如，高速公路上的交通堵塞可能无缘无故地向后延伸，即使车辆在向前行驶。”他还把涌现现象比作对市场趋势和员工行为的分析。
Some artificially intelligent (AI) computer applications utilize emergent behavior for animation. One example is Boids, which mimics the swarming behavior of birds.
Some artificially intelligent (AI) computer applications utilize emergent behavior for animation. One example is Boids, which mimics the swarming behavior of birds.
一些人工智能(AI)计算机应用程序利用涌现行为进行动画制作。一个例子是Boids模型，它模仿鸟类的群体行为。
一些人工智能(AI)计算机应用程序利用涌现行为进行动画制作。一个例子是Boids，它模仿鸟类的群体行为。
===Language语言===
===Language语言===
It has been argued that the structure and regularity of language grammar, or at least language change, is an emergent phenomenon . While each speaker merely tries to reach his or her own communicative goals, he or she uses language in a particular way. If enough speakers behave in that way, language is changed . In a wider sense, the norms of a language, i.e. the linguistic conventions of its speech society, can be seen as a system emerging from long-time participation in communicative problem-solving in various social circumstances .
It has been argued that the structure and regularity of language grammar, or at least language change, is an emergent phenomenon . While each speaker merely tries to reach his or her own communicative goals, he or she uses language in a particular way. If enough speakers behave in that way, language is changed . In a wider sense, the norms of a language, i.e. the linguistic conventions of its speech society, can be seen as a system emerging from long-time participation in communicative problem-solving in various social circumstances .
语言语法的结构和规律，或者至少是语言变化，是一种涌现现象。虽然每个说话人只是试图达到自己的交际目的，但他或她使用语言的方式是特定的。如果有足够多的人这样做，语言就会改变。从更广泛的意义上讲，语言规范，即语言社会的语言习惯，可以看作是在各种社会环境下长期参与交际问题解决的一个系统。
Within the field of group facilitation and organization development, there have been a number of new group processes that are designed to maximize emergence and self-organization, by offering a minimal set of effective initial conditions. Examples of these processes include SEED-SCALE, appreciative inquiry, Future Search, the world cafe or knowledge cafe, Open Space Technology, and others (Holman, 2010).
Within the field of group facilitation and organization development, there have been a number of new group processes that are designed to maximize emergence and self-organization, by offering a minimal set of effective initial conditions. Examples of these processes include SEED-SCALE, appreciative inquiry, Future Search, the world cafe or knowledge cafe, Open Space Technology, and others (Holman, 2010).
在群体促进和组织发展的领域内，已经有一些新的群体过程，意在通过提供一组最小的有效初始条件去最大限度地实现涌现和自组织。这些过程的例子包括SEED-SCALE、赏识调查、未来探索、世界咖啡馆或知识咖啡馆、开放空间技术等(Holman, 2010)。
在群体促进和组织发展的领域内，已经有一些新的群体过程，意在通过提供一组最小的有效初始条件去最大限度地实现涌现和自组织。这些过程的例子包括SEED-SCALE、赏识调查、未来搜索、世界咖啡馆或知识咖啡馆、开放空间技术等(Holman, 2010)。
== See also ==
== See also ==