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| − | 此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共1354，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。
| + | == 基本信息 == |
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| | + | [[人物图片|大小(单位px)|图片位置(如居中等)]] |
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| | + | //人物名（中英文）、出生日期、出生地、身份、学位信息、家庭经历、主要成就等，内容要尽量充实但语言尽量凝练 |
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| − | {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
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| − | {{Infobox scientist | + | {| class="wikitable" |
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| | + | ! 类别 !! 信息 |
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| | + | | 出生日期 || 示例 |
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| | + | | 国籍： || 莫斯科 |
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| | + | | 母校： || 示例 |
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| | + | | 成就： || 提出了耗散结构理论 |
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| | + | | 主要研究方向： || |
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| − | {{Infobox scientist
| + | |} |
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| − | {信息盒科学家
| + | 然后在做一个经历的介绍） |
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| − | | name = Ilya Prigogine
| + | == 研究领域 == |
| | + | |
| | + | //取得成就的研究领域 |
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| | + | == 博士生导师 == |
| | + | |
| | + | //可以有名字、图片、链接等等 |
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| | + | == 学生 == |
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| | + | //可以有名字、图片、链接等等 |
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| | + | == 合作学者 == |
| | + | |
| | + | //可以有名字、图片、链接等等 |
| | + | |
| | + | == xxx（人名）与集智 == |
| | + | |
| | + | //有些大佬参加过集智举办的活动或有过合作课题，都可以写上去 |
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| | + | == 就职企业、机构或院校 == |
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| | + | === （机构名） === |
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| | + | //机构详细信息及该人物在机构中主要负责哪方面的研究/工作、取得过什么样的成就或发展，可以有图片等信息 |
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| | + | == 主要文章及著作 == |
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| | + | * [文章链接 文章名]发表信息（发表年份/日期，被引次数） |
| | + | //注意大佬们文章都很多，但是不要照搬，摘取重点影响力高的即可（如谷歌学术中被引次数多的），重点书籍可以适当展开说明，但是需要注意使用下一级标题和排版 |
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| | + | == 研究课题 == |
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| | + | === [课题链接 课题名称] （名称翻译） === |
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| | + | //课题是哪个领域的、主要实现了什么功能/有什么发现、研究思路、主要应用等，如果有图片可以说明就更好了。 |
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| | + | == 近期报道 == |
| | + | |
| | + | //可转载部分关于人物的报道，帮助认识人物，但内容需要凝练不要长篇大论。 |
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| | + | == 联系方式 == |
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| | + | //可以是电子邮箱、工作地址、所在机构的电话号码等等，注意使用序列排版。 |
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| | + | == 相关链接 == |
| | + | |
| | + | === 视频 === |
| | + | |
| | + | [视频网址 视频名称]：视频主题 |
| | + | //可展开说明视频的重点内容、影响、背后的故事等等。 |
| | + | |
| | + | === 更多信息 === |
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| | + | [网址 名称] |
| | + | //可以是wiki词条地址、百度百科、人物个人主页或博客主页等。 |
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| − | | name = Ilya Prigogine
| + | [[category:使用说明]][[category:人物]] |
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| − | | name = Ilya Prigogine
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| − | | image = Ilya Prigogine 1977c.jpg
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| − | | image = Ilya Prigogine 1977c.jpg
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| − | 1977 c. jpg
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| − | | caption =Prigogine in 1977
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| − | | caption =Prigogine in 1977
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| − | 摄于1977年
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| − | |birth_name=Ilya Romanovich Prigogine
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| − | |birth_name=Ilya Romanovich Prigogine
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| − | 出生名字 = Ilya Romanovich Prigogine
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| − | | birth_date = {{birth date|1917|1|25|df=y}}
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| − | 出生日期
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| − | | birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russian Empire]]
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| − | | birth_place = Moscow, Russian Empire
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| − | 出生地: 莫斯科，俄罗斯帝国
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| − | | death_date = {{death date and age|2003|5|28|1917|1|25|df=y}}
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| − | | death_date =
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| − | 死亡日期
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| − | | death_place = [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]
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| − | | death_place = Brussels, Belgium
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| − | 死亡地点: 比利时布鲁塞尔
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| − | | nationality = [[Belgian]] (1949—)
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| − | | nationality = Belgian (1949—)
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| − | | 国籍: 比利时(1949ー)
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| − | | field = [[Chemistry]]<br/>[[Physics]]
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| − | | field = Chemistry<br/>Physics
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| − | | field = 化学物理
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| − | | workplaces = [[Free University of Brussels (1834–1969)|Free University of Brussels]], [[Université libre de Bruxelles]]<br/>International Solvay Institute<br/>[[University of Texas, Austin]]
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| − | | workplaces = Free University of Brussels, Université libre de Bruxelles<br/>International Solvay Institute<br/>University of Texas, Austin
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| − | 德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校 | 工作场所 | 布鲁塞尔自由大学，法语布鲁塞尔自由大学
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| − | | alma_mater = [[Free University of Brussels (1834–1969)|Free University of Brussels]]
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| − | | alma_mater = Free University of Brussels
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| − | 布鲁塞尔自由大学
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| − | | doctoral_advisor = [[Théophile de Donder]]
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| − | | doctoral_advisor = Théophile de Donder
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| − | | doctoral_advisor = Théophile de Donder
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| − | | doctoral_students = {{plainlist|1=
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| − | | doctoral_students = {{plainlist|1=
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| − | 博士生 = { plainlist | 1 =
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| − | *[[Adi Bulsara]]
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| − | *[[Radu Bălescu]]
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| − | *[[Harry Friedmann]]
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| − | *[[Linda Reichl]]
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| − | | influences = [[Ludwig Boltzmann]] <br/> [[Alan Turing]]<ref>H. Bunke, T. Kanade, H. Noltemeier (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=A_Zfjq5P5OAC&dq= ''Modelling and Planning for Sensor Based Intelligent Robot Systems''], World Scientific, 1995, p. 438.</ref> <br/> [[Henri Bergson]]<ref>{{cite journal | author = P. A. Y. Gunter | year = 1991 | title = Bergson and non-linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics: an application of method | journal = Revue Internationale de Philosophie | volume = 45 | issue = 177| pages = 108–21 }}</ref> <br/> [[Michel Serres]]<ref>Michel Serres, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=tBmBUKT2OLHN4QSj34CoDQ&id=LQ1hAAAAMAAJ&dq= ''Hermes''], Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982, p. 135.</ref>
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| − | | influences = Ludwig Boltzmann <br/> Alan Turing <br/> Henri Bergson <br/> Michel Serres
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| − | [影响]艾伦 · 图灵[路德维希·玻尔兹曼]
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| − | | influenced = [[Yves Pomeau]], [[Isabelle Stengers]], [[Immanuel Wallerstein]], [[Gilles Deleuze]], [[Félix Guattari]]
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| − | | influenced = Yves Pomeau, Isabelle Stengers, Immanuel Wallerstein, Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari
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| − | | influenced = Yves Pomeau, Isabelle Stengers, Immanuel Wallerstein, Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari
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| − | | known_for = [[Dissipative structures]] <br/> [[Brusselator]]
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| − | | known_for = Dissipative structures <br/> Brusselator
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| − | 耗散结构布鲁塞尔人
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| − | | prizes = {{no wrap|[[Francqui Prize]] <small>(1955)</small><br/>[[Rumford Medal]] {{small|(1976)}}<br/>[[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] {{small|(1977)}}}}
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| − | | prizes = <br/>Nobel Prize in Chemistry }}
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| − | | prizes = < br/> 诺贝尔化学奖
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| − | |spouse=Hélène Jofé (m. 1945; son Yves Prigogine) Maria Prokopowicz (m. 1961; son Pascal Prigogine)
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| − | |spouse=Hélène Jofé (m. 1945; son Yves Prigogine) Maria Prokopowicz (m. 1961; son Pascal Prigogine)
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| − | |spouse=Hélène Jofé (m. 1945; son Yves Prigogine) Maria Prokopowicz (m. 1961; son Pascal Prigogine)
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| − | [[Viscount]] '''Ilya Romanovich Prigogine''' ({{IPAc-en|p|r|ɪ|ˈ|ɡ|oʊ|ʒ|iː|n}}; {{lang-ru|Илья́ Рома́нович Приго́жин}}; {{OldStyleDate|25 January|1917|12 January}}{{snd}}28 May 2003) was a [[physical chemistry|physical chemist]] and [[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureate]] noted for his work on [[dissipative system|dissipative structures]], [[complex systems]], and [[irreversibility]].
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| − | Viscount Ilya Romanovich Prigogine (; ; 28 May 2003) was a physical chemist and Nobel laureate noted for his work on dissipative structures, complex systems, and irreversibility.
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| − | 伊利亚 · 罗曼诺维奇 · 普里戈金子爵(2003年5月28日)是一位物理化学家和诺贝尔奖获得者，因其在耗散结构、复杂系统和不可逆性方面的研究而闻名。
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| − | ==Biography==
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| − | Prigogine was born in [[Moscow]] a few months before the [[October Revolution|Russian Revolution]] of 1917, into a Jewish family.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-G3vi5av28C&q=prigogine+anti+semitic&pg=PA80 |title=Francis Leroy. A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine (p. 80) |accessdate=12 March 2012|isbn=9780203014189 |date=13 March 2003 |last1=Leroy |first1=Francis }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1431987/Vicomte-Ilya-Prigogine.html |title=Vicomte Ilya Prigogine (Obituary, The Telegraph) |work=Telegraph|date=5 June 2003 |accessdate=12 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_80mmfL-i0MC&q=prigogine+jewish&pg=PA227 |title=Magnus Ramage, Karen Shipp. Systems Thinkers (p. 227) |accessdate=12 March 2012|isbn=9781848825253 |date=29 September 2009 |last1=Ramage |first1=Magnus |last2=Shipp |first2=Karen }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=108305§ioncode=26 |title=Andrew Robinson. Time and notion |publisher=Timeshighereducation.co.uk |date=17 July 1998 |accessdate=12 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chaosforum.com/docs/denkers/column7.html |title=Time and Change |publisher=Chaosforum.com |date=28 May 2003 |accessdate=12 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425092616/http://www.chaosforum.com/docs/denkers/column7.html |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pagerankstudio.com/Blog/2010/09/ilya-prigogine-biography-life-and-career-facts-invented/ |title=Biography of Ilya Prigogine |publisher=Pagerankstudio.com |accessdate=12 March 2012}}</ref> His father, Roman (Ruvim Abramovich) Prigogine, was a [[chemical engineer]] at the [[Bauman Moscow State Technical University|Imperial Moscow Technical School]]; his mother, Yulia Vikhman, was a pianist. Because the family was critical of the new [[Soviet Union|Soviet system]], they left Russia in 1921. They first went to [[Germany]] and in 1929, to [[Belgium]], where Prigogine received Belgian nationality in 1949. His brother [[Alexandre Prigogine|Alexandre]] (1913–1991) became an ornithologist.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Obituary: Alexandre Prigogine (1913–1991)|pages=89–90|author=Louette, Michel|journal=Ibis|volume=134|year=1992|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1992.tb07238.x}}</ref>
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| − | Prigogine was born in Moscow a few months before the Russian Revolution of 1917, into a Jewish family. His father, Roman (Ruvim Abramovich) Prigogine, was a chemical engineer at the Imperial Moscow Technical School; his mother, Yulia Vikhman, was a pianist. Because the family was critical of the new Soviet system, they left Russia in 1921. They first went to Germany and in 1929, to Belgium, where Prigogine received Belgian nationality in 1949. His brother Alexandre (1913–1991) became an ornithologist.
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| − | 1917年俄国革命前几个月，普里戈金出生在莫斯科一个犹太家庭。他的父亲罗曼(鲁维姆 · 阿布拉莫维奇饰)是莫斯科帝国技术学校的一名化学工程师，他的母亲尤利娅 · 维克曼是一名钢琴家。由于这个家族对新的苏维埃体制持批评态度，他们于1921年离开了俄罗斯。他们首先去了德国，1929年去了比利时，普里戈金在1949年获得了比利时国籍。他的兄弟亚历山大(1913-1991)成为一名鸟类学家。
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| − | Prigogine studied [[chemistry]] at the [[Free University of Brussels (1834–1969)|Free University of Brussels]], where in 1950, he became professor. In 1959, he was appointed director of the [[Solvay Conference|International Solvay Institute]] in Brussels, Belgium. In that year, he also started teaching at the [[University of Texas at Austin]] in the [[United States]], where he later was appointed Regental Professor and Ashbel Smith Professor of Physics and Chemical Engineering. From 1961 until 1966 he was affiliated with the [[Enrico Fermi Institute]] at the [[University of Chicago]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Todd May|title=Emerging Trends in Continental Philosophy|date=11 September 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317546788|page=114}}</ref> In Austin, in 1967, he co-founded the Center for Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, now the [[Center for Complex Quantum Systems]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utexas.edu/news/2003/05/28/nr_prigogine/|title=Nobel Prize-winning physical chemist dies in Brussels at age 86|publisher=Utexas.edu|date=28 May 2003|accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref> In that year, he also returned to Belgium, where he became director of the Center for Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics.
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| − | Prigogine studied chemistry at the Free University of Brussels, where in 1950, he became professor. In 1959, he was appointed director of the International Solvay Institute in Brussels, Belgium. In that year, he also started teaching at the University of Texas at Austin in the United States, where he later was appointed Regental Professor and Ashbel Smith Professor of Physics and Chemical Engineering. From 1961 until 1966 he was affiliated with the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago. In Austin, in 1967, he co-founded the Center for Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, now the Center for Complex Quantum Systems. In that year, he also returned to Belgium, where he became director of the Center for Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics.
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| − | 普里戈金在布鲁塞尔自由大学学习化学，1950年成为该校教授。1959年，他被任命为比利时布鲁塞尔国际索尔维研究所所长。那一年，他也开始在美国的德克萨斯州大学奥斯汀分校教书，后来他被任命为 Regental 教授和 Ashbel Smith 教授物理和化学工程。从1961年到1966年，他一直在芝加哥大学恩里科·费米研究所研究中心工作。1967年，他在奥斯汀与人共同创立了热力学和统计力学研究中心，现在是复杂量子系统研究中心。那一年，他也回到了比利时，在那里他成为了统计力学和热力学中心的主任。
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| − | He was a member of numerous scientific organizations, and received numerous awards, prizes and 53 honorary degrees. In 1955, Ilya Prigogine was awarded the [[Francqui Prize]] for Exact Sciences. For his study in [[irreversibility|irreversible]] [[thermodynamics]], he received the [[Rumford Medal]] in 1976, and in 1977, the [[Nobel Prize]] in [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]]. In 1989, he was awarded the title of [[Viscount]] in the [[Belgian nobility]] by the [[King of the Belgians]]. Until his death, he was president of the [[International Academy of Science, Munich]] and was in 1997, one of the founders of the International Commission on Distance Education (CODE), a worldwide accreditation agency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ias-icsd.org/history.html|title=History – International Academy of Science, Munich|website=www.ias-icsd.org|accessdate=30 March 2018}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ias-icsd.org/resources/ICSD-IAS-Presidium.pdf International Council for Scientific Development. Presidium]. ias-icsd.org</ref> Prigogine received an Honorary Doctorate from [[Heriot-Watt University]] in 1985<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.hw.ac.uk/graduation/honorary-graduates.htm|title=Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh: Honorary Graduates|website=www1.hw.ac.uk|access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref> and in 1998 he was awarded an ''[[honoris causa]]'' doctorate by the [[UNAM]] in [[Mexico City]].
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| − | He was a member of numerous scientific organizations, and received numerous awards, prizes and 53 honorary degrees. In 1955, Ilya Prigogine was awarded the Francqui Prize for Exact Sciences. For his study in irreversible thermodynamics, he received the Rumford Medal in 1976, and in 1977, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In 1989, he was awarded the title of Viscount in the Belgian nobility by the King of the Belgians. Until his death, he was president of the International Academy of Science, Munich and was in 1997, one of the founders of the International Commission on Distance Education (CODE), a worldwide accreditation agency. Prigogine received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1985 and in 1998 he was awarded an honoris causa doctorate by the UNAM in Mexico City.
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| − | 他是众多科学组织的成员，获得无数奖项和荣誉学位53个。1955年，伊利亚 · 普里戈金被授予精密科学弗朗基奖。由于他对不可逆热力学的研究，他于1976年获得了拉姆福德奖，并于1977年获得了诺贝尔化学奖。1989年，他被比利时国王授予比利时贵族子爵称号。在他去世之前，他一直担任慕尼黑国际科学院(International Academy of Science)院长，并于1997年成为全球认证机构——国际远程教育委员会(International Commission on Distance Education，CODE)的创始人之一。1985年，普里戈金获得了荣誉博士赫瑞瓦特大学的博士学位，1998年，他被墨西哥城的墨西哥国立大学授予荣誉博士学位。
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| − | Prigogine was first married to Belgian poet Hélène Jofé (as an author also known as Hélène Prigogine) and in 1945 they had a son Yves. After their divorce, he married Polish-born [[chemist]] Maria Prokopowicz (also known as Maria Prigogine) in 1961. In 1970 they had a son Pascal.<ref>Ilya Prigogine. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VqSMk7IpzacC&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97 Curriculum Vitae of Ilya Prigogine In Is future given]. World Scientific.</ref>
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| − | Prigogine was first married to Belgian poet Hélène Jofé (as an author also known as Hélène Prigogine) and in 1945 they had a son Yves. After their divorce, he married Polish-born chemist Maria Prokopowicz (also known as Maria Prigogine) in 1961. In 1970 they had a son Pascal.
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| − | 普里戈金最初与比利时诗人埃莱娜 · 约夫(Hélène jofé)结婚，1945年他们有了一个儿子伊夫。离婚后，他于1961年与波兰出生的化学家 Maria Prokopowicz (又名 Maria Prigogine)结婚。1970年，他们有了一个儿子帕斯卡。
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| − | In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the [[Humanism and Its Aspirations|Humanist Manifesto]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers |title=Notable Signers |publisher=American Humanist Association |work=Humanism and Its Aspirations |accessdate=4 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005105825/http://www.americanhumanist.org/Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers |archivedate=5 October 2012 }}</ref>
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| − | In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.
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| − | 2003年，他是签署《人文主义宣言》的22位诺贝尔奖获得者之一。
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| − | ==Research==
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| − | Prigogine is best known for his definition of [[dissipative structures]] and their role in [[thermodynamic system]]s far from [[thermodynamic equilibrium|equilibrium]], a discovery that won him the [[Nobel Prize]] in Chemistry in 1977. In summary, Ilya Prigogine discovered that importation and dissipation of energy into chemical systems could result in the emergence of new structures (hence dissipative structures) due to internal self reorganization.<ref>{{cite journal|author=P. T. Macklem|title=Emergent phenomena and the secrets of life|journal=Journal of Applied Physiology|date=3 April 2008|volume=104|issue=6|pages=1844–1846|doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00942.2007|pmid=18202170}}</ref> In his 1955 text, Prigogine drew connections between dissipative structures and the [[Rayleigh–Bénard convection|Rayleigh-Bénard instability]] and the [[Turing pattern|Turing mechanism]].<ref>I. Prigogine, ''Introduction to Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes'', Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, Illinois, 1955</ref>
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| − | Prigogine is best known for his definition of dissipative structures and their role in thermodynamic systems far from equilibrium, a discovery that won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1977. In summary, Ilya Prigogine discovered that importation and dissipation of energy into chemical systems could result in the emergence of new structures (hence dissipative structures) due to internal self reorganization. In his 1955 text, Prigogine drew connections between dissipative structures and the Rayleigh-Bénard instability and the Turing mechanism.
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| − | 普里戈金最出名的是他对耗散结构的定义及其在远离平衡的热力学系统中的作用，这一发现为他赢得了1977年的诺贝尔化学奖。总之，伊利亚 · 普里戈金发现，能量进入化学体系和耗散可能导致新结构的出现(因此耗散结构) ，由于内部自我重组。在他1955年的文章中，普里戈金提出耗散结构和瑞利-贝纳德不稳定性以及图灵机制之间的联系。
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| − | ===Dissipative structures theory===
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| − | Dissipative structure theory led to pioneering research in [[self-organizing system]]s, as well as philosophical inquiries into the formation of complexity on biological entities and the quest for a creative and irreversible role of time in the [[natural science]]s. See the criticism by Joel Keizer and Ronald Fox.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Joel Keizer |author2=Ronald Fox |name-list-style=amp |date=January 1974 |title=Qualms Regarding the Range of Validity of the Glansdorff-Prigogine Criterion for Stability of Non-Equilibrium States |pmc=387963 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=192–196 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.71.1.192|pmid=16592132|bibcode=1974PNAS...71..192K }} Also [https://www.academia.edu/564038/Qualms_regarding_the_range_of_validity_of_the_Glansdorff-Prigogine_criterion_for_stability_of_non-equilibrium_states on Academia.edu]. Retrieved 16 October 2016.</ref>{{Explain|date=July 2019}}
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| − | Dissipative structure theory led to pioneering research in self-organizing systems, as well as philosophical inquiries into the formation of complexity on biological entities and the quest for a creative and irreversible role of time in the natural sciences. See the criticism by Joel Keizer and Ronald Fox.
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| − | 耗散结构理论导致了对自组织系统的开创性研究，以及对生物实体复杂性形成的哲学探索和对时间在自然科学中的创造性和不可逆转的作用的探索。参见 Joel Keizer 和 Ronald Fox 的评论。
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| − | With professor [[Robert Herman]], he also developed the basis of the [[two fluid model]], a traffic model in [[traffic engineering (transportation)|traffic engineering]] for urban networks, analogous to the two fluid model in classical statistical mechanics.
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| − | With professor Robert Herman, he also developed the basis of the two fluid model, a traffic model in traffic engineering for urban networks, analogous to the two fluid model in classical statistical mechanics.
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| − | 与 Robert Herman 教授一起，他还发展了双流体模型的基础，这是一个城市网络交通工程中的交通模型，类似于古典统计力学的双流体模型。
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| − | Prigogine's formal concept of [[self-organization]] was used also as a "complementary bridge" between [[General Systems Theory]] and [[thermodynamics]], conciliating the cloudiness of some important systems theory concepts{{which|date=December 2013}} with scientific rigour.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
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| − | Prigogine's formal concept of self-organization was used also as a "complementary bridge" between General Systems Theory and thermodynamics, conciliating the cloudiness of some important systems theory concepts with scientific rigour.
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| − | 普里戈金的正式自我组织概念也被用作一般系统理论和热力学之间的“互补桥梁” ，用科学的严谨性调和一些重要系统理论概念的模糊性。
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| − | ===Work on unsolved problems in physics===
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| − | {{see also|Unsolved problems in physics}}
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| − | In his later years, his work concentrated on the fundamental role of [[indeterminism]] in [[nonlinear dynamics|nonlinear systems]] on both the [[classical physics|classical]] and [[quantum physics|quantum]] level. Prigogine and coworkers proposed a [[Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian)|Liouville space]] extension of quantum mechanics. A Liouville space is the [[vector space]] formed by the set of (self-adjoint) [[linear operator]]s, equipped with an inner product, that act on a [[Hilbert space]].<ref>Gregg Jaeger: ''Quantum Information: An Overview'', Springer, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-387-35725-6}}, Chapter B.3 "Lioville space and open quantum systems", [https://books.google.com/books?id=E0ho97k7S4oC&pg=PA248 p. 248]</ref> There exists a mapping of each linear operator into Liouville space, yet not every self-adjoint operator of Liouville space has a counterpart in Hilbert space, and in this sense Liouville space has a richer structure than Hilbert space.<ref>T. Sida, K. Saitô, Si Si (eds.): ''Quantum Information and Complexity: Proceedings of the Meijo Winter School, 6–10 January 2003'', World Scientific Publishing, 2004, {{ISBN|978-981-256-047-6}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BQ1MPLxzR4AC&pg=PA62 p. 62]</ref> The Liouville space extension proposal by Prigogine and co-workers aimed to solve the [[Entropy (arrow of time)#Current research|arrow of time problem]] of thermodynamics and the [[measurement problem]] of quantum mechanics.<ref>{{cite journal|author=T. Petrosky|author2=I. Prigogine|year=1997|title=The Liouville Space Extension of Quantum Mechanics|journal=Adv. Chem. Phys.|series=Advances in Chemical Physics|volume=99|pages=1–120|doi=10.1002/9780470141588.ch1|isbn=978-0-470-14158-8}}<!--| accessdate = 10 April 2011--></ref>
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| − | In his later years, his work concentrated on the fundamental role of indeterminism in nonlinear systems on both the classical and quantum level. Prigogine and coworkers proposed a Liouville space extension of quantum mechanics. A Liouville space is the vector space formed by the set of (self-adjoint) linear operators, equipped with an inner product, that act on a Hilbert space. There exists a mapping of each linear operator into Liouville space, yet not every self-adjoint operator of Liouville space has a counterpart in Hilbert space, and in this sense Liouville space has a richer structure than Hilbert space. The Liouville space extension proposal by Prigogine and co-workers aimed to solve the arrow of time problem of thermodynamics and the measurement problem of quantum mechanics.
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| − | 在他晚年，他的工作集中在非线性系统的非决定论的基本作用，无论是在经典和量子水平。Prigogine 和他的同事提出了一个 Liouville 空间的扩展量子力学。Liouville 空间是由作用于 Hilbert 空间的(自伴)线性算子集合构成的向量空间，它具有一个内积。每个线性算子都有一个到 Liouville 空间的映射，但并不是 Liouville 空间的每个自共轭算符都有一个对应于希尔伯特空间的映射，在这个意义上，刘维尔空间比希尔伯特空间具有更丰富的结构。普里戈金和他的同事提出的刘维尔空间扩展方案旨在解决热力学的时间箭头问题和量子力学的测量问题。
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| − | Prigogine co-authored several books with [[Isabelle Stengers]], including ''The End of Certainty'' and ''La Nouvelle Alliance'' (''Order out of Chaos'').
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| − | Prigogine co-authored several books with Isabelle Stengers, including The End of Certainty and La Nouvelle Alliance (Order out of Chaos).
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| − | 普里戈金与伊莎贝尔 · 施泰因合著了几本书，包括《确定性的终结》和新浪潮联盟(从混乱中走出来)。
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| − | ===''The End of Certainty''===
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| − | In his 1996 book, ''La Fin des certitudes'', written in collaboration with [[Isabelle Stengers]] and published in English in 1997 as ''The End of Certainty: Time, Chaos, and the New Laws of Nature'', Prigogine contends that determinism is no longer a viable scientific belief: "The more we know about our universe, the more difficult it becomes to believe in determinism." This is a major departure from the approach of [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] and [[Erwin Schrödinger|Schrödinger]], all of whom expressed their theories in terms of deterministic equations. According to Prigogine, determinism loses its explanatory power in the face of [[irreversibility]] and [[instability]].{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}
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| − | In his 1996 book, La Fin des certitudes, written in collaboration with Isabelle Stengers and published in English in 1997 as The End of Certainty: Time, Chaos, and the New Laws of Nature, Prigogine contends that determinism is no longer a viable scientific belief: "The more we know about our universe, the more difficult it becomes to believe in determinism." This is a major departure from the approach of Newton, Einstein and Schrödinger, all of whom expressed their theories in terms of deterministic equations. According to Prigogine, determinism loses its explanatory power in the face of irreversibility and instability.
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| − | 普利戈金在他1996年与伊莎贝尔 · 斯蒂恩合著的《确定性的终结: 时间、混沌和新自然法则》(The End of Certainty: Time，Chaos，and The New Laws of Nature)一书中主张，决定论不再是一种可行的科学信仰: “我们对宇宙了解得越多，就越难相信决定论。”这与牛顿、爱因斯坦和薛定谔的方法大相径庭，他们都是用确定性方程来表达他们的理论。根据普里戈金的观点，面对不可逆性和不稳定性，决定论失去了它的解释力。
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| − | Prigogine traces the dispute over determinism back to [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]], whose attempt to explain individual variability according to evolving populations inspired [[Ludwig Boltzmann]] to explain the behavior of gases in terms of populations of particles rather than individual particles.{{sfnp|Prigogine|Stengers|1997|p=19–20}} This led to the field of [[statistical mechanics]] and the realization that gases undergo [[irreversible process]]es. In deterministic physics, all processes are time-reversible, meaning that they can proceed backward as well as forward through time. As Prigogine explains, determinism is fundamentally a denial of the [[arrow of time]]. With no arrow of time, there is no longer a privileged moment known as the "present," which follows a determined "past" and precedes an undetermined "future." All of time is simply given, with the future as determined or as undetermined as the past. With irreversibility, the arrow of time is reintroduced to physics. Prigogine notes numerous examples of irreversibility, including [[diffusion]], [[radioactive decay]], [[solar radiation]], [[weather]] and the emergence and evolution of [[life]]. Like weather systems, organisms are unstable systems existing far from [[thermodynamic equilibrium]]. Instability resists standard deterministic explanation. Instead, due to sensitivity to initial conditions, unstable systems can only be explained statistically, that is, in terms of [[probability]].
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| − | Prigogine traces the dispute over determinism back to Darwin, whose attempt to explain individual variability according to evolving populations inspired Ludwig Boltzmann to explain the behavior of gases in terms of populations of particles rather than individual particles. This led to the field of statistical mechanics and the realization that gases undergo irreversible processes. In deterministic physics, all processes are time-reversible, meaning that they can proceed backward as well as forward through time. As Prigogine explains, determinism is fundamentally a denial of the arrow of time. With no arrow of time, there is no longer a privileged moment known as the "present," which follows a determined "past" and precedes an undetermined "future." All of time is simply given, with the future as determined or as undetermined as the past. With irreversibility, the arrow of time is reintroduced to physics. Prigogine notes numerous examples of irreversibility, including diffusion, radioactive decay, solar radiation, weather and the emergence and evolution of life. Like weather systems, organisms are unstable systems existing far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Instability resists standard deterministic explanation. Instead, due to sensitivity to initial conditions, unstable systems can only be explained statistically, that is, in terms of probability.
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| − | 普里戈金将关于决定论的争论追溯到达尔文，他试图根据不断变化的人口来解释个体的变化，这激发了路德维希·玻尔兹曼以粒子群而不是单个粒子来解释气体的行为。这导致了统计力学研究领域的出现，人们意识到气体会经历不可逆过程。在确定性物理学中，所有的过程都是时间可逆的，这意味着它们可以在时间中向后或向前进行。正如普里戈金所解释的，决定论从根本上是对时间之箭的否定。没有了时间之箭，就不再有一个被称为“现在”的特权时刻，这个特权时刻紧跟着一个决定性的“过去” ，预示着一个不确定的“未来”所有的时间都是被简单地给予的，未来和过去一样被决定或者未被决定。由于不可逆性，时间之箭被重新引入物理学。普里戈金注意到许多不可逆转的例子，包括扩散、放射性、太阳辐射、天气以及生命的出现和进化。像天气系统一样，有机体也是远离热力学平衡的不稳定系统。不稳定性抵制标准的确定性解释。相反，由于对初始条件的敏感性，不稳定系统只能用统计的方法来解释，即用概率来解释。
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| − | Prigogine asserts that [[Newtonian physics]] has now been "extended" three times:{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} first with the introduction of spacetime in [[general relativity]], then with the use of the wave function in [[quantum mechanics]], and finally with the recognition of indeterminism in the study of unstable systems ([[chaos theory]]).
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| − | Prigogine asserts that Newtonian physics has now been "extended" three times: first with the introduction of spacetime in general relativity, then with the use of the wave function in quantum mechanics, and finally with the recognition of indeterminism in the study of unstable systems (chaos theory).
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| − | 普里戈金断言牛顿物理学现在已经被“扩展”了3次: 第一次是在21广义相对论引入了时空，然后是在21量子力学使用了波函数，最后是在研究不稳定系统时认识到了不确定性(混沌理论)。
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| − | ==Publications==
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| − | * {{cite book | last1=Prigogine | first1=I. | last2=Defay | first2=R. | year=1954 | title=Chemical Thermodynamics | location=London | publisher=Longmans Green and Co.}}
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| − | * {{cite book | last1=Prigogine | first1=I. | year=1955 | title=Introduction to Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes | location=Springfield, Illinois | publisher=Charles C. Thomas Publisher}}
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| − | * {{cite book | last=Prigogine | first=Ilya | year=1957 | title=The Molecular Theory of Solutions | location=Amsterdam | publisher = North Holland Publishing Company}}
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| − | * {{cite book | last=Prigogine | first=Ilya | year=1961 | title=Introduction to Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoth0000prig | url-access=registration | edition=Second | location=New York | publisher=Interscience| oclc=219682909}}
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| − | *Defay, R. & Prigogine, I. (1966). Surface tension and adsorption. Longmans, Green & Co. LTD.
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| − | * {{cite book | last=Glansdorff | first=Paul | year=1971 |author2=Prigogine, I. | title=Thermodynamics Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations | location=London | publisher=Wiley-Interscience}}
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| − | * {{cite book | last=Prigogine | first=Ilya | year=1971 |author2=Herman, R. | title=Kinetic Theory of Vehicular Traffic | location=New York | publisher=American Elsevier | isbn=0-444-00082-8 }}
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| − | * {{cite book | last=Prigogine | first=Ilya | year=1977 |author2=Nicolis, G. | title=Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems | publisher=Wiley| isbn=0-471-02401-5}}
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| − | * {{cite book | last=Prigogine | first=Ilya | year=1980 | title=From Being To Becoming | publisher=Freeman | isbn=0-7167-1107-9 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/frombeingtobecom00ipri }}
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| − | * {{cite book | last=Prigogine | first=Ilya | year=1984 |author2=Stengers, Isabelle | title=Order out of Chaos: Man's new dialogue with nature | publisher=Flamingo | isbn=0-00-654115-1}}
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| − | * Prigogine, I. ''The Behavior of Matter under Nonequilibrium Conditions: Fundamental Aspects and Applications in Energy-oriented Problems'', [[United States Department of Energy]], Progress Reports:
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| − | **[https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6892665-behavior-matter-under-nonequilibrium-conditions-fundamental-aspects-applications-energy-oriented-problems-progress-report-period-september-november September 1984 – November 1987], (7 October 1987). Department of Physics at the University of Texas-Austin
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| − | ** [https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6476254-behavior-matter-under-nonequilibrium-conditions-fundamental-aspects-applications-progress-report-april-april 15 April 1988 – 14 April 1989], (January 1989), Center for Studies in Statistical Mathematics at the University of Texas-Austin.
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| − | **[https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6139111-behavior-matter-under-nonequilibrium-conditions-fundamental-aspects-applications-progress-report-period-april-april 15 April 1990 – 14 April 1991], (December 1990), Center for Studies in Statistical Mechanics and Complex Systems at the University of Texas-Austin.
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| − | * {{cite book | last=Nicolis | first=G. | year=1989 |author2=Prigogine, I. | title=Exploring complexity: An introduction | location=New York, NY | publisher=W. H. Freeman | isbn=0-7167-1859-6}}
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| − | * Prigogine, I. [https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6390561-time-dynamics-chaos-integrating-poincare-non-integrable-systems "Time, Dynamics and Chaos: Integrating Poincare's 'Non-Integrable Systems'"], Center for Studies in Statistical Mechanics and Complex Systems at the University of Texas-Austin, [[United States Department of Energy]]-Office of Energy Research, Commission of the European Communities (October 1990).
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| − | * {{cite book | last=Prigogine | first=Ilya | year=1993 | title=Chaotic Dynamics and Transport in Fluids and Plasmas: Research Trends in Physics Series | location=New York | publisher=American Institute of Physics | isbn=0-88318-923-2}}
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| − | *{{cite book|first1=Ilya |last1=Prigogine|first2=Isabelle |last2=Stengers |title=The End of Certainty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VI8093PJuUC |date=1997 |publisher=The Free Press |isbn=978-0-684-83705-5 |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book | last1=Kondepudi | first1=Dilip | last2=Prigogine | first2=Ilya | year=1998 | title=Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures | publisher=Wiley | isbn=978-0-471-97394-2}}
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| − | * {{cite book | last=Prigogine | first=Ilya | title=Advances in Chemical Physics | location=New York | publisher=Wiley InterScience | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-471-26431-6 | accessdate=29 July 2008 | url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/bookhome/93517918/ProductInformation.html| archive-url=https://archive.today/20121217210216/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/bookhome/93517918/ProductInformation.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=17 December 2012}}
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| − | * Editor (with Stuart A. Rice) of the [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/bookseries/114180445/home Advances in Chemical Physics]{{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} book series published by [[John Wiley & Sons]] (presently over 140 volumes)
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| − | * Prigogine I, (papers and interviews) ''Is future given?'', World Scientific, 2003. {{ISBN|9789812385086}} (145p.)
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | {{Portal|Systems science}}
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| − | * [[Autocatalytic reactions and order creation]]
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| − | * [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates]]
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| − | * [[Schismatrix]] <!-- influential cyberpunk novel which coopts Prigogine's dissipative structures theory-->
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| − | * [[Systems theory]] <!-- his works on self-organization conciliate important "systems theory concepts" with "system thermodynamics" -->
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| − | * [[Process philosophy]]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{Reflist|30em}}
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| − | ==Further reading==
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| − | * {{cite web | editor=Karl Grandin | title=Ilya Prigogine Autobiography | url=http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1977/prigogine-autobio.html | work=Les Prix Nobel | publisher=The Nobel Foundation | year=1977 | accessdate=24 July 2008}}
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| − | * {{cite journal | last=Eftekhari | first=Ali | title=Obituary – Prof. Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003) | journal=Adaptive Behavior | volume=11 | issue=2 | pages=129–131 | year=2003 | url=http://www.ait.ac/papers/eftekhari/AB11-129.pdf | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327050704/http://www.ait.ac/papers/eftekhari/AB11-129.pdf | archivedate=27 March 2009 | df=dmy-all | doi=10.1177/10597123030112005 | s2cid=221315813 }}
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| − | * {{cite web | author=Barbra Rodriguez | title=Nobel Prize-winning physical chemist dies in Brussels at age 86 | url=http://order.ph.utexas.edu/people/Prigogine.htm | publisher= University of Texas at Austin | date=28 May 2003 | accessdate=29 July 2008}}
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | {{Commons category|Ilya Prigogine}}
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| − | {{Wikiquote}}
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| − | * {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture, 8 December 1977 ''Time, Structure and Fluctuations''
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| − | * [http://order.ph.utexas.edu The Center for Complex Quantum Systems]
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| − | * [http://www.kanadas.com/emergent.html Emergent computation]
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| − | * {{YouTube|2NCdpMlYJxQ|Video of Ilya Prigogine talking about complexity}}
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| − | * {{YouTube|MnD0IlBvgO4|An interview of Ilya Prigogine with Giannis Zisis}}
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| − | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310212835/http://oldportal.euscreen.eu/play.jsp?id=EUS_65C0E3CC51E541D489AD452223D564C3 Interview with Prigogine (Belgian VRT, 1977)]
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| − | {{Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 1976-2000}}
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| − | {{International Society for the Systems Sciences Presidents}}
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| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Prigogine, Ilya}}
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| − | [[Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry]]
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| − | Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
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| − | 类别: 诺贝尔化学奖获得者
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| − | [[Category:Belgian Nobel laureates]]
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| − | Category:Belgian Nobel laureates
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| − | 类别: 比利时诺贝尔奖获得者
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| − | 类别: 犹太诺贝尔奖获得者
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| − | [[Category:Russian physicists]]
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| − | 类别: 俄罗斯物理学家
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| − | 类别: 犹太物理学家
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| − | 类别: 比利时物理化学家
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| − | 类别: 犹太物理化学家
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| − | 类别: 热力学家
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| − | [[Category:Free University of Brussels alumni]]
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| − | 类别: 布鲁塞尔自由大学校友
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| − | [[Category:University of Texas at Austin faculty]]
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| − | 类别: 德克萨斯州大学奥斯汀分校
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| − | [[Category:Foreign Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]
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| − | 类别: 苏联科学院外国成员
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| − | 类别: 俄罗斯科学院外籍成员
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| − | [[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]]
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| − | 类别: 美国国家科学院的外国合伙人
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| − | [[Category:Jewish chemists]]
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| − | 类别: 犹太化学家
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| − | 类别: 犹太科学家
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| − | 分类: 俄罗斯犹太人
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| − | 类别: 比利时犹太人
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| − | Category:Belgian people of Russian-Jewish descent
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| − | 类别: 俄罗斯-犹太裔比利时人
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| − | [[Category:Naturalised citizens of Belgium]]
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| − | 类别: 比利时公民
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| − | [[Category:Viscounts of Belgium]]
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| − | Category:Viscounts of Belgium
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| − | 类别: 比利时子爵
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| − | [[Category:People from Moscow]]
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| − | 分类: 来自莫斯科的人
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| − | [[Category:Imperial Russian emigrants to Belgium]]
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| − | 类别: 移居比利时的俄罗斯帝国移民
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| − | 分类: 计算化学家
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| − | 类别: 柏林德国科学院院士
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| − | <noinclude>
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| − | <small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Ilya Prigogine]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[普利高津/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
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| − | [[Category:待整理页面]]
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