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[[Judea Pearl]] defines a causal model as an ordered triple <math>\langle U, V, E\rangle</math>, where U is a set of [[exogenous variable]]s whose values are determined by factors outside the model; V is a set of endogenous variables whose values are determined by factors within the model; and E is a set of [[structural equation]]s that express the value of each endogenous variable as a function of the values of the other variables in U and V.<ref name=":0" />
[[Judea Pearl]] defines a causal model as an ordered triple <math>\langle U, V, E\rangle</math>, where U is a set of [[exogenous variable]]s whose values are determined by factors outside the model; V is a set of endogenous variables whose values are determined by factors within the model; and E is a set of [[structural equation]]s that express the value of each endogenous variable as a function of the values of the other variables in U and V.<ref name=":0" />
Judea Pearl defines a causal model as an ordered triple <math>\langle U, V, E\rangle</math>, where U is a set of exogenous variables whose values are determined by factors outside the model; V is a set of endogenous variables whose values are determined by factors within the model; and E is a set of structural equations that express the value of each endogenous variable as a function of the values of the other variables in U and V.
Judea Pearl 将因果模型定义为一个有序的三元组<math>\langle U, V, E\rangle</math> ，其中 u 是一组外生变量，其值由模型外部的因素决定; v 是一组内生变量，其值由模型内部的因素决定; e 是一组结构方程，表示每个内生变量的值为 u 和 v 中其他变量值的函数。
Judea Pearl 将因果模型定义为一个有序的三元组<math>\langle U, V, E\rangle</math> ，其中 u 是一组外生变量，其值由模型外部的因素决定; v 是一组内生变量，其值由模型内部的因素决定; e 是一组结构方程，表示每个内生变量的值为 u 和 v 中其他变量值的函数。
== History ==
== History ==