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== History ==
== History ==
The first reported [[clinical trial]] was conducted by [[James Lind]] in 1747 to identify treatment for [[scurvy]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=1720613 | pmid=9059193 | volume=76 |issue = 1| title=James Lind (1716-94) of Edinburgh and the treatment of scurvy | date=January 1997 | author=Dunn PM | journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. | pages=F64–5 | doi=10.1136/fn.76.1.f64}}</ref> [[Randomized experiment]]s appeared in [[experimental psychology|psychology]], where they were introduced by [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] and [[Joseph Jastrow]] in the 1880s,<ref>{{cite journal| author=[[Charles Sanders Peirce]] and [[Joseph Jastrow]]|year=1885|title=On Small Differences in Sensation| journal=Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=3|pages=73–83|url=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm}} http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm</ref> and in [[school of education|education]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/354775|first=Ian|last=Hacking|author-link=Ian Hacking | title=Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design|journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]|series=A Special Issue on Artifact and Experiment|volume=79|issue=3|date=September 1988 |pages=427–451|jstor=234674|mr=1013489|s2cid=52201011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/444032|author=Stephen M. Stigler|title=A Historical View of Statistical Concepts in Psychology and Educational Research| journal=American Journal of Education| volume=101|issue=1|date=November 1992|pages=60–70|s2cid=143685203|author-link=Stephen M. Stigler}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/383850|author=Trudy Dehue|title=Deception, Efficiency, and Random Groups: Psychology and the Gradual Origination of the Random Group Design|journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]|volume=88|issue=4|date=December 1997|pages=653–673|pmid=9519574|s2cid=23526321|url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/71855616/237831.pdf}}</ref> Later, in the early 20th century, randomized experiments appeared in agriculture, due to [[Jerzy Neyman]]<ref>Neyman, Jerzy. 1923 [1990]. "On the Application of Probability Theory to AgriculturalExperiments. Essay on Principles. Section 9." ''Statistical Science'' 5 (4): 465–472. Trans. Dorota M. Dabrowska and Terence P. Speed.
The first reported [[clinical trial]] was conducted by [[James Lind]] in 1747 to identify treatment for [[scurvy]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=1720613 | pmid=9059193 | volume=76 |issue = 1| title=James Lind (1716-94) of Edinburgh and the treatment of scurvy | date=January 1997 | author=Dunn PM | journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. | pages=F64–5 | doi=10.1136/fn.76.1.f64}}</ref> [[Randomized experiment]]s appeared in [[experimental psychology|psychology]], where they were introduced by [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] and [[Joseph Jastrow]] in the 1880s,<ref>{{cite journal| author=[[Charles Sanders Peirce]] and [[Joseph Jastrow]]|year=1885|title=On Small Differences in Sensation| journal=Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=3|pages=73–83|url=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm}} http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm</ref> and in [[school of education|education]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/354775|first=Ian|last=Hacking|author-link=Ian Hacking | title=Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design|journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]|series=A Special Issue on Artifact and Experiment|volume=79|issue=3|date=September 1988 |pages=427–451|jstor=234674|mr=1013489|s2cid=52201011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/444032|author=Stephen M. Stigler|title=A Historical View of Statistical Concepts in Psychology and Educational Research| journal=American Journal of Education| volume=101|issue=1|date=November 1992|pages=60–70|s2cid=143685203|author-link=Stephen M. Stigler}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/383850|author=Trudy Dehue|title=Deception, Efficiency, and Random Groups: Psychology and the Gradual Origination of the Random Group Design|journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]|volume=88|issue=4|date=December 1997|pages=653–673|pmid=9519574|s2cid=23526321|url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/71855616/237831.pdf}}</ref> Later, in the early 20th century, randomized experiments appeared in agriculture, due to [[Jerzy Neyman]]<ref>Neyman, Jerzy. 1923 [1990]. "On the Application of Probability Theory to AgriculturalExperiments. Essay on Principles. Section 9." ''Statistical Science'' 5 (4): 465–472. Trans. Dorota M. Dabrowska and Terence P. Speed.</ref> and [[Ronald A. Fisher]]. Fisher's experimental research and his writings popularized randomized experiments.<ref name="Conniffe" >
The first reported clinical trial was conducted by James Lind in 1747 to identify treatment for scurvy. Randomized experiments appeared in psychology, where they were introduced by Charles Sanders Peirce and Joseph Jastrow in the 1880s, and in education. Later, in the early 20th century, randomized experiments appeared in agriculture, due to Jerzy Neyman and Ronald A. Fisher. Fisher's experimental research and his writings popularized randomized experiments.
The first reported clinical trial was conducted by James Lind in 1747 to identify treatment for scurvy. Randomized experiments appeared in psychology, where they were introduced by Charles Sanders Peirce and Joseph Jastrow in the 1880s, and in education. Later, in the early 20th century, randomized experiments appeared in agriculture, due to Jerzy Neyman and Ronald A. Fisher. Fisher's experimental research and his writings popularized randomized experiments.
第一个报道的临床试验是由詹姆斯林德在1747年进行，以确定治疗坏血病。随机实验出现在心理学和教育领域，在19世纪80年代，查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士和约瑟夫 · 杰斯特罗引入了随机实验。后来，在20世纪早期，随机实验出现在农业，由于 Jerzy Neyman 和罗纳德·费希尔。费舍尔的实验研究和他的著作普及了随机实验。
第一个报道的临床试验是由詹姆斯林德在1747年进行，以确定治疗坏血病。随机实验出现在心理学和教育领域，在19世纪80年代，查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士和约瑟夫 · 杰斯特罗引入了随机实验。后来，在20世纪早期，随机实验出现在农业，由于 Jerzy Neyman 和罗纳德·费希尔。费舍尔的实验研究和他的著作普及了随机实验。
According to Denis Conniffe:
According to Denis Conniffe: