更改

<br>

<br>

==Experiments on the origin of life==

==关于生命起源的实验e==

克雷格·文特

[[File:J. Craig Venter crop 2011 CHAO2011-49.jpg|thumb|upright|克雷格·文特 J. Craig Venter]]

Both Eigen and [[Sol Spiegelman]] demonstrated that evolution, including replication, variation, and [[natural selection]], can occur in populations of molecules as well as in organisms.<ref name="Follmann2009">{{cite journal |last1= Follmann |first1= Hartmut |last2= Brownson |first2= Carol |date= November 2009 |title= Darwin's warm little pond revisited: from molecules to the origin of life |journal= [[Naturwissenschaften]] |volume= 96 |issue= 11 |pages= 1265–1292 |bibcode= 2009NW.....96.1265F |pmid= 19760276 |doi= 10.1007/s00114-009-0602-1|s2cid= 23259886 }}</ref> Following on from chemical evolution came the initiation of [[Evolution|biological evolution]], which led to the first cells.<ref name="Follmann2009" /> No one has yet synthesized a "[[protocell]]" using simple components with the necessary properties of life (the so-called "[[Top-down and bottom-up design|bottom-up-approach]]"). Without such a proof-of-principle, explanations have tended to focus on [[chemosynthesis]].<ref>{{cite press release |last1= McCollom |first1= Thomas |last2= Mayhew |first2= Lisa |last3= Scott |first3= Jim |date= 7 October 2014 |title= NASA awards CU-Boulder-led team $7 million to study origins, evolution of life in universe |url= http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2014/10/07/nasa-awards-cu-boulder-led-team-7-million-study-origins-evolution-life |location= Boulder, CO |publisher= [[University of Colorado Boulder]] |accessdate= 2015-06-08 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150731015530/http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2014/10/07/nasa-awards-cu-boulder-led-team-7-million-study-origins-evolution-life |archivedate= 31 July 2015}}</ref> However, some researchers work in this field, notably [[Steen Rasmussen (physicist)|Steen Rasmussen]] and  Szostak.

Eigen和索尔·斯皮格尔曼 Sol Spiegelman都证明了进化，包括复制、变异和自然选择，可以发生在分子群体中，也可以发生在生物群体中。<ref name="Follmann2009">{{cite journal |last1= Follmann |first1= Hartmut |last2= Brownson |first2= Carol |date= November 2009 |title= Darwin's warm little pond revisited: from molecules to the origin of life |journal= [[Naturwissenschaften]] |volume= 96 |issue= 11 |pages= 1265–1292 |bibcode= 2009NW.....96.1265F |pmid= 19760276 |doi= 10.1007/s00114-009-0602-1|s2cid= 23259886 }}</ref>继化学进化之后，是生物进化的开始，导致了第一个细胞的出现。<ref name="Follmann2009" />目前还没有人用简单的成分合成一个具有必要生命特征的"原细胞"（所谓"自下而上的方法"）。在没有这样的原理证明的情况下，解释往往集中在化学合成上。<ref>{{cite press release |last1= McCollom |first1= Thomas |last2= Mayhew |first2= Lisa |last3= Scott |first3= Jim |date= 7 October 2014 |title= NASA awards CU-Boulder-led team $7 million to study origins, evolution of life in universe |url= http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2014/10/07/nasa-awards-cu-boulder-led-team-7-million-study-origins-evolution-life |location= Boulder, CO |publisher= [[University of Colorado Boulder]] |accessdate= 2015-06-08 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150731015530/http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2014/10/07/nasa-awards-cu-boulder-led-team-7-million-study-origins-evolution-life |archivedate= 31 July 2015}}</ref> 然而，一些研究者从事这一领域的研究，著名的有斯蒂恩·拉斯穆森 Steen Rasmussen和Szostak。

Others have argued that a "[[Top-down and bottom-up design|top-down approach]]" is more feasible, starting with simple forms of current life. Spiegelman took advantage of natural selection to synthesize the [[Spiegelman Monster]], which had a genome with just 218 [[nucleotide]] bases, having deconstructively evolved from a 4500-base bacterial RNA. Eigen built on Spiegelman's work and produced a similar system further degraded to just 48 or 54 nucleotides—the minimum required for the binding of the replication enzyme.<ref name="EIG">{{cite journal|last1=Oehlenschläger|first1=Frank|last2=Eigen|first2=Manfred|authorlink2=Manfred Eigen|date=December 1997|title=30 Years Later – a New Approach to Sol Spiegelman's and Leslie Orgel's in vitro Evolutionary Studies Dedicated to Leslie Orgel on the occasion of his 70th birthday|journal=[[Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres]]|volume=27|issue=5–6|pages=437–457|doi=10.1023/A:1006501326129|pmid=9394469|bibcode=1997OLEB...27..437O|s2cid=26717033}}</ref> [[Craig Venter]] and others at [[J. Craig Venter Institute]] engineered existing prokaryotic cells with progressively fewer genes, attempting to discern at which point the most minimal requirements for life are reached.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gibson |first1= Daniel G.|last2= Glass |first2= John I. |last3= Lartigue |first3= Carole | last4 = Noskov | first4 = V.| last5 = Chuang | first5 = R.| last6 = Algire | first6 = M.| last7 = Benders | first7 = G.| last8 = Montague | first8 = M.| last9 = Ma | first9 = L.| last10 = Moodie | first10 = M.M.| last11 = Merryman | first11 = C.| last12 = Vashee | first12 = S.| last13 = Krishnakumar | first13 = R.| last14 = Assad-Garcia | first14 = N.| last15 = Andrews-Pfannkoch | first15 = C.| last16 = Denisova | first16 = E.A.| last17 = Young | first17 = L.| last18 = Qi | first18 = Z.-Q.| last19 = Segall-Shapiro | first19 = T.H.| last20 = Calvey | first20 = C.H.| last21 = Parmar | first21 = P.P.| last22 = Hutchison Ca | first22 = C.A.| last23 = Smith | first23 = H.O.| last24 = Venter | first24 = J.C. |display-authors= 3 |date= 2 July 2010 |title= Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome |journal= Science |volume= 329 |issue= 5987 |pages= 52–56 |bibcode= 2010Sci...329...52G |doi= 10.1126/science.1190719 |pmid= 20488990| citeseerx = 10.1.1.167.1455 |s2cid= 7320517}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Swaby |first= Rachel |date= 20 May 2010 |title= Scientists Create First Self-Replicating Synthetic Life |url= https://www.wired.com/2010/05/scientists-create-first-self-replicating-synthetic-life-2/ |work= [[Wired (website)|Wired]] |location= New York |accessdate= 2015-06-08 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150617125555/http://www.wired.com/2010/05/scientists-create-first-self-replicating-synthetic-life-2/ |archivedate= 17 June 2015}}</ref><ref>Coughlan, Andy (2016) "Smallest ever genome comes to life: Humans built it but we don't know what a third of its genes actually do" (New Scientist 2 April 2016 No 3067)p.6</ref>

另一些人则认为"自上而下的方法"更可行，从当前生命的简单形式开始。Spiegelman利用自然选择的优势合成了Spiegelman怪兽，它的基因组只有218个核苷酸碱基，是由4500个碱基的细菌RNA解构进化而来的。Eigen在Spiegelman的研究基础上，制造了一个类似的系统，该系统进一步退化为仅有48或54个核苷酸——这是复制酶结合所需的最低限度。<ref name="EIG">{{cite journal|last1=Oehlenschläger|first1=Frank|last2=Eigen|first2=Manfred|authorlink2=Manfred Eigen|date=December 1997|title=30 Years Later – a New Approach to Sol Spiegelman's and Leslie Orgel's in vitro Evolutionary Studies Dedicated to Leslie Orgel on the occasion of his 70th birthday|journal=[[Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres]]|volume=27|issue=5–6|pages=437–457|doi=10.1023/A:1006501326129|pmid=9394469|bibcode=1997OLEB...27..437O|s2cid=26717033}}</ref>美国克雷格·文特尔研究所 J.Craig Venter研究所的克雷格·文特尔 Craig Venter等人对现有的原核细胞进行了基因逐渐减少的工程，试图分辨出在哪一点上达到了生命的最基本要求。<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gibson |first1= Daniel G.|last2= Glass |first2= John I. |last3= Lartigue |first3= Carole | last4 = Noskov | first4 = V.| last5 = Chuang | first5 = R.| last6 = Algire | first6 = M.| last7 = Benders | first7 = G.| last8 = Montague | first8 = M.| last9 = Ma | first9 = L.| last10 = Moodie | first10 = M.M.| last11 = Merryman | first11 = C.| last12 = Vashee | first12 = S.| last13 = Krishnakumar | first13 = R.| last14 = Assad-Garcia | first14 = N.| last15 = Andrews-Pfannkoch | first15 = C.| last16 = Denisova | first16 = E.A.| last17 = Young | first17 = L.| last18 = Qi | first18 = Z.-Q.| last19 = Segall-Shapiro | first19 = T.H.| last20 = Calvey | first20 = C.H.| last21 = Parmar | first21 = P.P.| last22 = Hutchison Ca | first22 = C.A.| last23 = Smith | first23 = H.O.| last24 = Venter | first24 = J.C. |display-authors= 3 |date= 2 July 2010 |title= Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome |journal= Science |volume= 329 |issue= 5987 |pages= 52–56 |bibcode= 2010Sci...329...52G |doi= 10.1126/science.1190719 |pmid= 20488990| citeseerx = 10.1.1.167.1455 |s2cid= 7320517}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Swaby |first= Rachel |date= 20 May 2010 |title= Scientists Create First Self-Replicating Synthetic Life |url= https://www.wired.com/2010/05/scientists-create-first-self-replicating-synthetic-life-2/ |work= [[Wired (website)|Wired]] |location= New York |accessdate= 2015-06-08 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150617125555/http://www.wired.com/2010/05/scientists-create-first-self-replicating-synthetic-life-2/ |archivedate= 17 June 2015}}</ref><ref>Coughlan, Andy (2016) "Smallest ever genome comes to life: Humans built it but we don't know what a third of its genes actually do" (New Scientist 2 April 2016 No 3067)p.6</ref>

In October 2018, researchers at [[McMaster University]] announced the development of a new technology, called a ''[[Planet Simulator]]'', to help study the [[origin of life]] on planet [[Earth]] and beyond.<ref name="BW-20181004">{{cite news |last=Balch |first=Erica |title=Ground-breaking lab poised to unlock the mystery of the origins of life on Earth and beyond |url=https://brighterworld.mcmaster.ca/articles/ground-breaking-lab-poised-to-unlock-the-mystery-of-the-origins-of-life-on-earth-and-beyond/ |date=4 October 2018 |work=[[McMaster University]] |accessdate=4 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="EA-20181004">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Ground-breaking lab poised to unlock the mystery of the origins of life |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/mu-glp100418.php |date=4 October 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="IVG-2018">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Planet Simulator |url=https://www.intravisiongroup.com/planet-simulator |date=2018 |work=IntraVisionGroup.com |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ES-209181014">{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Paul Scott |title=New technology may help solve mystery of life's origins – How did life on Earth begin? A new technology, called Planet Simulator, might finally help solve the mystery. |url=http://earthsky.org/space/new-technology-solve-mystery-of-lifes-origins |date=14 October 2018 |work=[[EarthSky]] |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref> It consists of a sophisticated climate chamber to study how the building blocks of life were assembled and how these prebiotic molecules transitioned into self-replicating RNA molecules.<ref name="BW-20181004"/>

2018年10月，麦克马斯特大学的研究人员宣布开发出一种名为"行星模拟器"的新技术，以帮助研究地球及其他星球上生命的起源。<ref name="BW-20181004">{{cite news |last=Balch |first=Erica |title=Ground-breaking lab poised to unlock the mystery of the origins of life on Earth and beyond |url=https://brighterworld.mcmaster.ca/articles/ground-breaking-lab-poised-to-unlock-the-mystery-of-the-origins-of-life-on-earth-and-beyond/ |date=4 October 2018 |work=[[McMaster University]] |accessdate=4 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="EA-20181004">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Ground-breaking lab poised to unlock the mystery of the origins of life |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/mu-glp100418.php |date=4 October 2018 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="IVG-2018">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Planet Simulator |url=https://www.intravisiongroup.com/planet-simulator |date=2018 |work=IntraVisionGroup.com |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ES-209181014">{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Paul Scott |title=New technology may help solve mystery of life's origins – How did life on Earth begin? A new technology, called Planet Simulator, might finally help solve the mystery. |url=http://earthsky.org/space/new-technology-solve-mystery-of-lifes-origins |date=14 October 2018 |work=[[EarthSky]] |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref>它由一个复杂的气候室组成，以研究生命的构件是如何组装的，以及这些前生物分子如何过渡到自我复制的RNA分子。<ref name="BW-20181004"/>

 

== See also ==

== See also ==