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→Reachability, transitive closure, and transitive reduction
有向无环图的可达性可以用其顶点的<font color="#ff8000"> 偏序关系</font>≤来表示。在偏序关系中，如果存在一条路径从顶点u指向顶点v，它们的偏序关系可被写作u ≤ v。也就是，从节点u是可达节点v。[5] 不同的有向无环图可以有着相同的可达关系和偏序关系[6]。例如，有两条边a → b，b → c的有向无环图，和有三条边的a → b, b → c，a → c的有向无环图有着相同的偏序关系a ≤ b ≤ c。
有向无环图的可达性可以用其顶点的<font color="#ff8000"> 偏序关系</font>≤来表示。在偏序关系中，如果存在一条路径从顶点u指向顶点v，它们的偏序关系可被写作u ≤ v。也就是，从节点u是可达节点v。[5] 不同的有向无环图可以有着相同的可达关系和偏序关系[6]。例如，有两条边a → b，b → c的有向无环图，和有三条边的a → b, b → c，a → c的有向无环图有着相同的偏序关系a ≤ b ≤ c。
If is a DAG, its transitive closure is the graph with the most edges that represents the same reachability relation. It has an edge whenever can reach . That is, it has an edge for every related pair of distinct elements in the reachability relation of , and may therefore be thought of as a direct translation of the reachability relation into graph-theoretic terms. The same method of translating partial orders into DAGs works more generally: for every finite partially ordered set , the graph that has a vertex for each member of and an edge for each pair of elements related by is automatically a transitively closed DAG, and has as its reachability relation. In this way, every finite partially ordered set can be represented as the reachability relation of a DAG.
If is a DAG, its transitive closure is the graph with the most edges that represents the same reachability relation. It has an edge whenever can reach . That is, it has an edge for every related pair of distinct elements in the reachability relation of , and may therefore be thought of as a direct translation of the reachability relation into graph-theoretic terms. The same method of translating partial orders into DAGs works more generally: for every finite partially ordered set , the graph that has a vertex for each member of and an edge for each pair of elements related by is automatically a transitively closed DAG, and has as its reachability relation. In this way, every finite partially ordered set can be represented as the reachability relation of a DAG.
对于一个有向无环图G，它的传递闭包等同于一个在保持与其相同可达性的情况下，边数最多的图。在这个图中，当u可达v的时候，边u → v必定存在。换句话说，每个G中的非相同元素偏序关系对u ≤ v都在这个图中有一条边。这可以被视作用图来可视化图G的可达性关系。
The transitive reduction of a DAG is the graph with the fewest edges that represents the same reachability relation as . It is a subgraph of , formed by discarding the edges for which also contains a longer path connecting the same two vertices.
The transitive reduction of a DAG is the graph with the fewest edges that represents the same reachability relation as . It is a subgraph of , formed by discarding the edges for which also contains a longer path connecting the same two vertices.
Like the transitive closure, the transitive reduction is uniquely defined for DAGs. In contrast, for a directed graph that is not acyclic, there can be more than one minimal subgraph with the same reachability relation.<ref>{{citation|title=Digraphs: Theory, Algorithms and Applications|series=Springer Monographs in Mathematics|first1=Jørgen|last1=Bang-Jensen|first2=Gregory Z.|last2=Gutin|publisher=Springer|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84800-998-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4UY-ucucWucC&pg=PA36|contribution=2.3 Transitive Digraphs, Transitive Closures and Reductions|pages=36–39}}.</ref>
Like the transitive closure, the transitive reduction is uniquely defined for DAGs. In contrast, for a directed graph that is not acyclic, there can be more than one minimal subgraph with the same reachability relation.<ref>{{citation|title=Digraphs: Theory, Algorithms and Applications|series=Springer Monographs in Mathematics|first1=Jørgen|last1=Bang-Jensen|first2=Gregory Z.|last2=Gutin|publisher=Springer|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84800-998-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4UY-ucucWucC&pg=PA36|contribution=2.3 Transitive Digraphs, Transitive Closures and Reductions|pages=36–39}}.</ref>
Like the transitive closure, the transitive reduction is uniquely defined for DAGs. In contrast, for a directed graph that is not acyclic, there can be more than one minimal subgraph with the same reachability relation.
Like the transitive closure, the transitive reduction is uniquely defined for DAGs. In contrast, for a directed graph that is not acyclic, there can be more than one minimal subgraph with the same reachability relation.
有向无环图G的传递规约为和其有着相同可达性，边数最少的图。它是G的一个子图。构造方法为当G有着一条更长的路径连接顶点u和v的时候，消去边u → v。 传递约简和传递闭包都是有向无环图的特有概念。相反的，对于有向有环图，可以存在多个与原图有着相同可达性的最简子图。[7]
If a DAG has a reachability relation described by the partial order , then the transitive reduction of is a subgraph of that has an edge for every pair in the covering relation of . Transitive reductions are useful in visualizing the partial orders they represent, because they have fewer edges than other graphs representing the same orders and therefore lead to simpler graph drawings. A Hasse diagram of a partial order is a drawing of the transitive reduction in which the orientation of each edge is shown by placing the starting vertex of the edge in a lower position than its ending vertex.
If a DAG has a reachability relation described by the partial order , then the transitive reduction of is a subgraph of that has an edge for every pair in the covering relation of . Transitive reductions are useful in visualizing the partial orders they represent, because they have fewer edges than other graphs representing the same orders and therefore lead to simpler graph drawings. A Hasse diagram of a partial order is a drawing of the transitive reduction in which the orientation of each edge is shown by placing the starting vertex of the edge in a lower position than its ending vertex.
对于有向无环图G和表达其可达性的偏序关系≤，它的传递规约也可以看作包含G的覆盖关系covering relation中每一条边的G的子图。传递规约在图示有向无环图的偏序关系时十分有用，因为它们比其他具有相同偏序关系的图的边数要少，这简化了绘图。偏序关系的哈斯图由将传递规约中的每条边的起点绘制在其终点的下方而得到。[9]
=== Topological ordering ===
=== Topological ordering ===