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Counterfactuals are one of the most studied phenomena in [[philosophical logic]], [[formal semantics (natural language)|formal semantics]], and [[philosophy of language]]. They were first discussed as a problem for the [[material conditional]] analysis of conditionals, which treats them all as trivially true. Starting in the 1960s, philosophers and linguists developed the now-classic [[possible world]] approach, in which a counterfactual's truth hinges on its consequent holding at certain possible worlds where its antecedent holds. More recent formal analyses have treated them using tools such as [[causal model]]s and [[dynamic semantics]]. Other research has addressed their metaphysical, psychological, and grammatical underpinnings, while applying some of the resultant insights to fields including history, marketing, and epidemiology.
Counterfactuals are one of the most studied phenomena in [[philosophical logic]], [[formal semantics (natural language)|formal semantics]], and [[philosophy of language]]. They were first discussed as a problem for the [[material conditional]] analysis of conditionals, which treats them all as trivially true. Starting in the 1960s, philosophers and linguists developed the now-classic [[possible world]] approach, in which a counterfactual's truth hinges on its consequent holding at certain possible worlds where its antecedent holds. More recent formal analyses have treated them using tools such as [[causal model]]s and [[dynamic semantics]]. Other research has addressed their metaphysical, psychological, and grammatical underpinnings, while applying some of the resultant insights to fields including history, marketing, and epidemiology.
反事实是哲学逻辑、形式语义学和语言哲学中研究最多的现象之一。它们首先作为条件句的实质条件分析的问题被讨论，条件句把它们都当作是显而易见的事实。从20世纪60年代开始，哲学家和语言学家发展出现在经典的可能世界方法，在这种方法中，反事实的真理取决于它在某些可能世界中的后果，而这些可能世界的前因是成立的。最近的形式化分析使用因果模型和动态语义等工具对它们进行了处理。其他研究已经解决了他们的形而上学、心理学和语法基础，同时将一些结果的见解应用到包括历史，市场营销和流行病学领域。
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