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→术语 Terminology
The term counterfactual conditional is widely used as an umbrella term for the kinds of sentences shown above. However, not all conditionals of this sort express contrary-to-fact meanings. For instance, the classic example known as the "Anderson Case" has the characteristic grammatical form of a counterfactual conditional, but does not convey that its antecedent is false or unlikely.
The term counterfactual conditional is widely used as an umbrella term for the kinds of sentences shown above. However, not all conditionals of this sort express contrary-to-fact meanings. For instance, the classic example known as the "Anderson Case" has the characteristic grammatical form of a counterfactual conditional, but does not convey that its antecedent is false or unlikely.
“反事实条件（counterfactual conditional）”这一术语被广泛用作上述各类句子的总称。然而，并非所有这类条件句都表达与事实相反的意思。例如，被称为“ Anderson 案例”的经典例子具有反事实条件的典型语法形式，但是并不表明它的先行词是假的或不可能的。
“反事实条件（counterfactual conditional）”这一术语被广泛用作上述各类句子的总称。然而，并非所有这类条件句都表达与事实相反的意思。例如，被称为“ Anderson 案例”的经典例子具有反事实条件的典型语法形式，但是并不表明它的前件条件是假的或不可能的。
# '''Anderson Case''': If the patient had taken arsenic, he would have blue spots.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Alan |date=1951 |title=A Note on Subjunctive and Counterfactual Conditionals |journal=Analysis |volume=12 |issue = 2|pages=35–38|doi=10.1093/analys/12.2.35 }}</ref>
# '''Anderson Case''': If the patient had taken arsenic, he would have blue spots.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Alan |date=1951 |title=A Note on Subjunctive and Counterfactual Conditionals |journal=Analysis |volume=12 |issue = 2|pages=35–38|doi=10.1093/analys/12.2.35 }}</ref>
''反事实（counterfactual）'' and ''从句（subjunctive）''这两个术语有时被重新用于更具体的用途。例如，不管其语法结构如何，"反事实"这个术语有时被用于表达与事实相反的意思的条件语<ref name = "lewis73" >{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=David |date=1973 |title= Counterfactuals |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn= 9780631224952}}</ref><ref name = "vonfintel98" />。按照类似的思路，不管其表达的意思如何，"从句"这个术语有时被用于指带有虚拟过去或非现实标记的条件语。
''反事实（counterfactual）'' and ''从句（subjunctive）''这两个术语有时被重新用于更具体的用途。例如，不管其语法结构如何，"反事实"这个术语有时被用于表达与事实相反的意思的条件语<ref name = "lewis73" >{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=David |date=1973 |title= Counterfactuals |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn= 9780631224952}}</ref><ref name = "vonfintel98" />。按照类似的思路，不管其表达的意思如何，"从句"这个术语有时被用于指带有虚拟过去或非现实标记的条件语。
最近有研究提出用术语 X-Marked这个词来替代，以概括这些条件语所带有的额外标记。采用这个术语的人把指示性条件语称为O-Marked条件语，反映了它们的普通标记。
Recently the term ''X-Marked'' has been proposed as a replacement, evoking the ''ex''tra marking that these conditionals bear. Those adopting this terminology refer to indicative conditionals as ''O-Marked'' conditionals, reflecting their ''o''rdinary marking.<ref>von Fintel, Kai; Iatridou, Sabine. [http://web.mit.edu/fintel/fintel-iatridou-2019-x-slides.pdf Prolegomena to a theory of X-marking ] Unpublished lecture slides.</ref><ref>von Fintel, Kai; Iatridou, Sabine. [https://web.mit.edu/fintel/ks-x-phlip-slides.pdf X-marked desires or: What wanting and wishing crosslinguistically can tell us about the ingredients of counterfactuality ] Unpublished lecture slides.</ref><ref name="Linguistic Society of America"/>
Recently the term ''X-Marked'' has been proposed as a replacement, evoking the ''ex''tra marking that these conditionals bear. Those adopting this terminology refer to indicative conditionals as ''O-Marked'' conditionals, reflecting their ''o''rdinary marking.<ref>von Fintel, Kai; Iatridou, Sabine. [http://web.mit.edu/fintel/fintel-iatridou-2019-x-slides.pdf Prolegomena to a theory of X-marking ] Unpublished lecture slides.</ref><ref>von Fintel, Kai; Iatridou, Sabine. [https://web.mit.edu/fintel/ks-x-phlip-slides.pdf X-marked desires or: What wanting and wishing crosslinguistically can tell us about the ingredients of counterfactuality ] Unpublished lecture slides.</ref><ref name="Linguistic Society of America"/>