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== 定义 Definition ==

== 定义 Definition ==

<blockquote>Causal models are mathematical models representing causal relationships within an individual system or population. They facilitate inferences about causal relationships from statistical data. They can teach us a good deal about the epistemology of causation, and about the relationship between causation and probability. They have also been applied to topics of interest to philosophers, such as the logic of counterfactuals, decision theory, and the analysis of actual causation.<ref>{{Citation|last=Hitchcock|first=Christopher|title=Causal Models|date=2018|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/causal-models/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Fall 2018|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref></blockquote>

<blockquote>因果模型是表示单个系统或群体内因果关系的数学模型。它有助于从统计数据中推断因果关系，可以教会我们关于因果关系的认识论，并展现因果关系和概率之间的关系。它还被应用于哲学家感兴趣的主题，例如反事实逻辑、决策理论和实际因果关系分析。<ref>{{Citation|last=Hitchcock|first=Christopher|title=Causal Models|date=2018|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/causal-models/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Fall 2018|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref></blockquote>

Judea Pearl将因果模型定义为一个有序的三元组<math>\langle U, V, E\rangle</math>，其中 U 是一组外生变量，其值由模型外部的因素决定；V 是一组内生变量，其值由模型内部的因素决定；E 是一组结构方程，把每个内生变量的值表示为 U 和 V 中其他变量值的函数。

Judea Pearl将因果模型定义为一个有序的三元组<math>\langle U, V, E\rangle</math>，其中 U 是一组外生变量，其值由模型外部的因素决定；V 是一组内生变量，其值由模型内部的因素决定；E 是一组结构方程，把每个内生变量的值表示为 U 和 V 中其他变量值的函数。