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→热力学、自组织和信息：物理
==== 获得自由能 ====
==== 获得自由能 ====
Bernal在 Miller-Urey 的实验中说，
Bernal在 Miller-Urey 的实验中说，
<blockquote>it is not enough to explain the formation of such molecules, what is necessary, is a physical-chemical explanation of the origins of these molecules that suggests the presence of suitable sources and sinks for free energy.
''<blockquote>it is not enough to explain the formation of such molecules, what is necessary, is a physical-chemical explanation of the origins of these molecules that suggests the presence of suitable sources and sinks for free energy.
仅仅解释这些分子的形成是不够的，需要的是对这些分子的起源作出物理-化学解释，表明存在合适的自由能源和自由能汇。<ref name="Bernal 1967"/>
仅仅解释这些分子的形成是不够的，需要的是对这些分子的起源作出物理-化学解释，表明存在合适的自由能源和自由能汇。<ref name="Bernal 1967"/>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>''
然而，不可逆的过程，更不用说生命系统了，在这个角度下无法方便地进行分析，直到拉斯·昂萨格 Lars Onsager<ref>Onsager, L. (1931) Reciprocal Relations in Irreversible Processes I and II, ''Phys. Rev.'' 37, 405; 38, 2265 (1931)</ref>和后来的Ilya Prigogine<ref>Prigogine, I. (1967) An Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes, Wiley, New York</ref>，发展了一种优雅的数学形式体系，用于处理广义化学势下物质的 "自组织"。这个形式体系后来被称为经典不可逆热动力学，1977年Prigogine被授予诺贝尔化学奖，"以表彰他对非平衡热动力学，特别是耗散结构理论的贡献"。Prigogine的分析表明，如果让一个系统在一个强加的外部势下演化，物质可以自发地组织起来（降低其熵），形成他所说的 "耗散结构"，从而增加外部强加势的耗散（增强全局熵的产生）。此后，非平衡热动力学被成功地应用于生命系统的分析，从ATP<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Dewar | first1 = R | last2 = Juretić | first2 = D. | last3 = Županović | first3 = P. | year = 2006 | title = The functional design of the rotary enzyme ATP synthase is consistent with maximum entropy production | journal = Chem. Phys. Lett. | volume = 430 | issue = 1| pages = 177–182 | doi=10.1016/j.cplett.2006.08.095| bibcode = 2006CPL...430..177D }}</ref>的生化生产到优化细菌代谢通路<ref>Unrean, P., Srienc, F. (2011) Metabolic networks evolve towards states of maximum entropy production, Metabolic Engineering 13, 666–673.</ref>以形成完整的生态系统。<ref>Zotin, A.I. (1984) "Bioenergetic trends of evolutionary progress of organisms", in: ''Thermodynamics and regulation of biological processes'' Lamprecht, I. and Zotin, A.I. (eds.), De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 451–458.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schneider | first1 = E.D. | last2 = Kay | first2 = J.J. | year = 1994 | title = Life as a Manifestation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics | journal = Mathematical and Computer Modelling | volume = 19 | issue = 6–8| pages = 25–48 | doi=10.1016/0895-7177(94)90188-0| citeseerx = 10.1.1.36.8381 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Michaelian | first1 = K. | year = 2005 | title = Thermodynamic stability of ecosystems | journal = Journal of Theoretical Biology | volume = 237 | issue = 3| pages = 323–335 | bibcode = 2004APS..MAR.P9015M | doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.04.019| pmid = 15978624 }}</ref>
然而，不可逆的过程，更不用说生命系统了，在这个角度下无法方便地进行分析，直到拉斯·昂萨格 Lars Onsager<ref>Onsager, L. (1931) Reciprocal Relations in Irreversible Processes I and II, ''Phys. Rev.'' 37, 405; 38, 2265 (1931)</ref>和后来的Ilya Prigogine<ref>Prigogine, I. (1967) An Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes, Wiley, New York</ref>，发展了一种优雅的数学形式体系，用于处理广义化学势下物质的 "自组织"。这个形式体系后来被称为经典不可逆热动力学，1977年Prigogine被授予诺贝尔化学奖，"以表彰他对非平衡热动力学，特别是耗散结构理论的贡献"。Prigogine的分析表明，如果让一个系统在一个强加的外部势下演化，物质可以自发地组织起来（降低其熵），形成他所说的 "耗散结构"，从而增加外部强加势的耗散（增强全局熵的产生）。此后，非平衡热动力学被成功地应用于生命系统的分析，从ATP<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Dewar | first1 = R | last2 = Juretić | first2 = D. | last3 = Županović | first3 = P. | year = 2006 | title = The functional design of the rotary enzyme ATP synthase is consistent with maximum entropy production | journal = Chem. Phys. Lett. | volume = 430 | issue = 1| pages = 177–182 | doi=10.1016/j.cplett.2006.08.095| bibcode = 2006CPL...430..177D }}</ref>的生化生产到优化细菌代谢通路<ref>Unrean, P., Srienc, F. (2011) Metabolic networks evolve towards states of maximum entropy production, Metabolic Engineering 13, 666–673.</ref>以形成完整的生态系统。<ref>Zotin, A.I. (1984) "Bioenergetic trends of evolutionary progress of organisms", in: ''Thermodynamics and regulation of biological processes'' Lamprecht, I. and Zotin, A.I. (eds.), De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 451–458.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schneider | first1 = E.D. | last2 = Kay | first2 = J.J. | year = 1994 | title = Life as a Manifestation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics | journal = Mathematical and Computer Modelling | volume = 19 | issue = 6–8| pages = 25–48 | doi=10.1016/0895-7177(94)90188-0| citeseerx = 10.1.1.36.8381 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Michaelian | first1 = K. | year = 2005 | title = Thermodynamic stability of ecosystems | journal = Journal of Theoretical Biology | volume = 237 | issue = 3| pages = 323–335 | bibcode = 2004APS..MAR.P9015M | doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.04.019| pmid = 15978624 }}</ref>
==当前的生命，生物发生的结果：生物学==
==当前的生命，生物发生的结果：生物学==