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==Direct versus indirect effects==

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~~Experimental approaches to mediation must be carried out with caution. First, it is important to have strong theoretical support for the exploratory investigation of a potential mediating variable.~~

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~~调解的试验办法必须谨慎进行。首先，对潜在中介变量的探索性研究必须有强有力的理论支持。~~

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[[File:Direct Effect in a Mediation Model.jpg|thumb|Direct Effect in a Mediation Model]]

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A criticism of a mediation approach rests on the ability to manipulate and measure a mediating variable. Thus, one must be able to manipulate the proposed mediator in an acceptable and ethical fashion. As such, one must be able to measure the intervening process without interfering with the outcome. The mediator must also be able to establish construct validity of manipulation.

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对调解方法的批评取决于操纵和测量调解变量的能力。因此，人们必须能够以可以接受和符合道德的方式操纵拟议的调解人。因此，人们必须能够在不干扰结果的情况下衡量干预过程。中介者还必须能够建立操纵的结构效度。

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In the diagram shown above, the indirect effect is the product of path coefficients "A" and "B". The direct effect is the coefficient " C' ".

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One of the most common criticisms of the measurement-of-mediation approach is that it is ultimately a correlational design. Consequently, it is possible that some other third variable, independent from the proposed mediator, could be responsible for the proposed effect. However, researchers have worked hard to provide counter-evidence to this disparagement. Specifically, the following counter-arguments have been put forward: and Preacher, Rucker, and Hayes (2007).

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对中介测量方法最常见的批评之一是，它最终是一种相关设计。因此，可能是其他第三个变数，独立于拟议的调解员，可负责拟议的效果。然而，研究人员一直在努力为这种蔑视提供反证据。具体来说，以下的反论点已经提出: 和牧师，拉克尔，和海斯(2007年)。

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The direct effect measures the extent to which the dependent variable changes when the independent variable increases by one unit and the mediator variable remains unaltered. In contrast, the indirect effect measures the extent to which the dependent variable changes when the independent variable is held fixed and the mediator variable changes by the amount it would have changed had the independent variable increased by one unit.<ref name="Robins"/><ref name="Pearl-01"/>

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[[File:Mediation Model.png|thumb|Indirect Effect in a Simple Mediation Model: The indirect effect constitutes the extent to which the X variable influences the Y variable through the mediator.]]

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In linear systems, the total effect is equal to the sum of the direct and indirect (''C' + AB'' in the model above). In nonlinear models, the total effect is not generally equal to the sum of the direct and indirect effects, but to a modified combination of the two.<ref name="Pearl-01"/>

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~~There are five possible models of moderated mediation, as illustrated in the diagrams below.~~

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~~如下图所示，有节制的调解有五种可能的模式。~~

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Participants were presented with an initial stimulus (a prime) that made them think of morality or made them think of might. They then participated in the Prisoner's Dilemma Game (PDG), in which participants pretend that they and their partner in crime have been arrested, and they must decide whether to remain loyal to their partner or to compete with their partner and cooperate with the authorities. The researchers found that prosocial individuals were affected by the morality and might primes, whereas proself individuals were not. Thus, social value orientation (proself vs. prosocial) moderated the relationship between the prime (independent variable: morality vs. might) and the behaviour chosen in the PDG (dependent variable: competitive vs. cooperative).

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研究人员向参与者提供了一个初始刺激物(初始刺激物) ，这个刺激物使他们想到道德或者让他们想到可能性。然后，他们参加了囚徒困境游戏(PDG) ，在这个游戏中，参与者假装他们和他们的犯罪同伙已经被逮捕，他们必须决定是继续忠于他们的同伙，还是与他们的同伙竞争并与当局合作。研究人员发现亲社会的个体受到道德和可能的优先权的影响，而亲社会的个体则不受影响。因此，社会价值取向(亲自与亲社会)调节了基本变量(自变量: 道德与可能)与 PDG 中选择的行为(因变量: 竞争与合作)之间的关系。

==Full versus partial mediation==

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