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===潜在结果 Potential Outcome ===

===潜在结果 Potential Outcome ===

定义：Y的潜在结果{{clarify|reason=What is an individual in this context?|date=January 2019}}是“如果<math>X</math>被赋值为<math>x</math>，对于个体<math>u</math>来说<math>Y</math>会怎么样”。数学上可以表达为<ref name=":1" />

定义：Y的潜在结果是“如果<math>X</math>被赋值为<math>x</math>，对于个体<math>u</math>来说<math>Y</math>会怎么样”。数学上可以表达为<ref name=":1" />

:<math> Y_X=Y_x(u)</math>

:<math> Y_X=Y_x(u)</math>