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共同的特征有: (1)根本的新颖性(以前在系统中没有观察到的特征) ; (2)连贯性或相关性(意味着在一段时间内维持自身的完整) ; (3)全局或宏观的“层次”(即：它是一个整体的特性);(4)它是动力学过程的产物(它可以演进); (5)它是一个明显的(可以被感知)。 <ref name="Corning">{{Citation | doi = 10.1002/cplx.10043 | last = Corning | first = Peter A. | authorlink = Peter Corning | title = The Re-Emergence of "Emergence": A Venerable Concept in Search of a Theory | year = 2002 | journal = Complexity | volume = 7 | pages = 18–30 | issue = 6 | bibcode = 2002Cmplx...7f..18C | df = | citeseerx = 10.1.1.114.1724 }}</ref>
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共同的特征有: (1)根本的新颖性(以前在系统中没有观察到的特征) ; (2)连贯性或相关性(意味着在一段时间内维持自身的完整) ; (3)全局或宏观的“层次”(即：它是一个整体的特性);(4)它是动力学过程的产物(它可以演进); (5)它是一个明显的(可以被感知)。 <ref name="Corning">{{Citation | doi = 10.1002/cplx.10043 | last = Corning | first = Peter A.| title = The Re-Emergence of "Emergence": A Venerable Concept in Search of a Theory | year = 2002 | journal = Complexity | volume = 7 | pages = 18–30 | issue = 6 | bibcode = 2002Cmplx...7f..18C | df = | citeseerx = 10.1.1.114.1724 }}</ref>
 
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生命是复杂性的主要来源，进化是不同生命形式背后的主要过程。这种观点认为，进化是描述自然界中复杂性增长的过程。在谈到复杂生物和生命形式的涌现时，这种观点是指进化中的突变就是复杂性的主要来源。
 
生命是复杂性的主要来源，进化是不同生命形式背后的主要过程。这种观点认为，进化是描述自然界中复杂性增长的过程。在谈到复杂生物和生命形式的涌现时，这种观点是指进化中的突变就是复杂性的主要来源。
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生命被认为是在早期的 RNA 世界中出现的。那时 RNA 链展示出了达尔文所构想的自然选择运作的基本条件: 遗传、变异、和对有限资源的竞争。'''RNA 复制器 RNA Replicators'''的固有的适应能力(亦即RNA的平均增长率，在某种意义上说，它们是由核酸序列决定的)和''可用资源''的函数。<ref name="Bernstein">{{cite journal | last1 = Bernstein | first1 = H | last2 = Byerly | first2 = HC | last3 = Hopf | first3 = FA | last4 = Michod | first4 = RA | last5 = Vemulapalli | first5 = GK | year = 1983 | title = The Darwinian Dynamic | journal = Quarterly Review of Biology | volume = 58 | issue = 2| pages = 185–207 | doi=10.1086/413216| jstor = 2828805 }}</ref><ref name="Michod">Michod RE. (2000) Darwinian Dynamics: Evolutionary Transitions in Fitness and Individuality. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey {{ISBN|0691050112}}</ref>
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生命被认为是在早期的 RNA 世界中出现的。那时 RNA 链展示出了达尔文所构想的自然选择运作的基本条件: 遗传、变异、和对有限资源的竞争。'''RNA 复制器 RNA Replicators'''的固有的适应能力(亦即RNA的平均增长率，在某种意义上说，它们是由核酸序列决定的)和''可用资源''的函数。<ref name="Bernstein">{{cite journal | last1 = Bernstein | first1 = H | last2 = Byerly | first2 = HC | last3 = Hopf | first3 = FA | last4 = Michod | first4 = RA | last5 = Vemulapalli | first5 = GK | year = 1983 | title = The Darwinian Dynamic | journal = Quarterly Review of Biology | volume = 58 | issue = 2| pages = 185–207 | doi=10.1086/413216| jstor = 2828805 }}</ref><ref name="Michod">Michod RE. (2000) Darwinian Dynamics: Evolutionary Transitions in Fitness and Individuality. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey </ref>
 
其中三种主要的适应能力可能是: (1)具有中等保真度的复制能力(同时具有遗传和变异的能力) ; (2)避免衰变的能力; (3)获取和加工资源的能力。<ref name=Bernstein /><ref name =Michod />这些能力最初是由 RNA 复制器的折叠结构决定的，而这些结构又反过来编码在各自的核酸序列中。不同复制器之间的竞争成败将取决于这些适应能力的相对值。
 
其中三种主要的适应能力可能是: (1)具有中等保真度的复制能力(同时具有遗传和变异的能力) ; (2)避免衰变的能力; (3)获取和加工资源的能力。<ref name=Bernstein /><ref name =Michod />这些能力最初是由 RNA 复制器的折叠结构决定的，而这些结构又反过来编码在各自的核酸序列中。不同复制器之间的竞争成败将取决于这些适应能力的相对值。
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'''集群 Swarming''' 在许多动物物种中是一种普遍的行为，从蝗虫群到鱼群，再到鸟群。涌现结构是许多动物群体中常见的策略: 例如蚁群，白蚁筑成的蚁丘、蜜蜂群、浅滩或鱼群、鸟群和哺乳动物群落。
 
'''集群 Swarming''' 在许多动物物种中是一种普遍的行为，从蝗虫群到鱼群，再到鸟群。涌现结构是许多动物群体中常见的策略: 例如蚁群，白蚁筑成的蚁丘、蜜蜂群、浅滩或鱼群、鸟群和哺乳动物群落。
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需要详细考虑的一个例子是蚁群。蚁后不会直接下达命令，也不会告诉蚂蚁该做什么。相反，每只蚂蚁对来自幼虫、其他蚂蚁、入侵者、食物和排泄物的化学气味的刺激作出反应，并留下化学痕迹，这反过来刺激其他蚂蚁。在这里，每只蚂蚁都是一个自主的单元，它们的反应仅仅取决于它们所处的局部环境和它们的蚂蚁种类的遗传编码规则。尽管缺乏集中化的决策，蚁群仍能表现出复杂的行为，甚至被证明具有解决几何问题的能力。例如，蚁群会按照一定的例行规则找到距离所有蚁群入口的最大距离来处理尸体。<ref>Steven Johnson. 2001. [[Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software]]</ref>
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需要详细考虑的一个例子是蚁群。蚁后不会直接下达命令，也不会告诉蚂蚁该做什么。相反，每只蚂蚁对来自幼虫、其他蚂蚁、入侵者、食物和排泄物的化学气味的刺激作出反应，并留下化学痕迹，这反过来刺激其他蚂蚁。在这里，每只蚂蚁都是一个自主的单元，它们的反应仅仅取决于它们所处的局部环境和它们的蚂蚁种类的遗传编码规则。尽管缺乏集中化的决策，蚁群仍能表现出复杂的行为，甚至被证明具有解决几何问题的能力。例如，蚁群会按照一定的例行规则找到距离所有蚁群入口的最大距离来处理尸体。<ref>Steven Johnson. 2001. Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software</ref>
    
似乎环境因素也可能在影响涌现方面发挥作用，比如''大翅目 Macrotera Portalis''的蜜蜂。在这个物种中，蜜蜂以与降雨量一致的模式出现。具体来说，出现的模式与西南部沙漠春季和夏末的降雨情况相一致。<ref name="Danforth2">{{cite journal|last1=Danforth|first1=Bryan|title=Female Foraging and Intranest Behavior of a Communal Bee, Perdita portalis (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|date=1991|volume=84|issue=5|pages=537–48|doi= 10.1093/aesa/84.5.537}}</ref>
 
似乎环境因素也可能在影响涌现方面发挥作用，比如''大翅目 Macrotera Portalis''的蜜蜂。在这个物种中，蜜蜂以与降雨量一致的模式出现。具体来说，出现的模式与西南部沙漠春季和夏末的降雨情况相一致。<ref name="Danforth2">{{cite journal|last1=Danforth|first1=Bryan|title=Female Foraging and Intranest Behavior of a Communal Bee, Perdita portalis (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|date=1991|volume=84|issue=5|pages=537–48|doi= 10.1093/aesa/84.5.537}}</ref>
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====生命的组织====
 
====生命的组织====
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从生命的生物组织，从亚原子水平到整个生物圈，我们可以看到生物涌现特性的一个更广泛的例子。例如，单个原子可以结合形成多肽链之类的分子，多肽链再折叠形成蛋白质，而蛋白质又形成更复杂的结构。这些蛋白质，从它们的空间结构中获得它们的功能状态，并与其他分子相互作用，实现更高的生物功能，最终创造出一个生物体。另一个例子是'''级联表现型反应 Cascade Phenotype Reactions'''，如混沌理论中详细描述的，级联表现型反应产生于个体基因在特定位置的变异<ref>[[Neil Campbell (scientist)|Campbell]], Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. ''Biology''. 6th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2002.</ref> 。在最高层次上，世界上所有的生物群落形成了生物圈，其中，人类形成了人类社会，并形成了诸如股票市场等元社会系统的复杂相互作用。
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从生命的生物组织，从亚原子水平到整个生物圈，我们可以看到生物涌现特性的一个更广泛的例子。例如，单个原子可以结合形成多肽链之类的分子，多肽链再折叠形成蛋白质，而蛋白质又形成更复杂的结构。这些蛋白质，从它们的空间结构中获得它们的功能状态，并与其他分子相互作用，实现更高的生物功能，最终创造出一个生物体。另一个例子是'''级联表现型反应 Cascade Phenotype Reactions'''，如混沌理论中详细描述的，级联表现型反应产生于个体基因在特定位置的变异<ref>Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. ''Biology''. 6th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2002.</ref> 。在最高层次上，世界上所有的生物群落形成了生物圈，其中，人类形成了人类社会，并形成了诸如股票市场等元社会系统的复杂相互作用。
    
====心灵的涌现====
 
====心灵的涌现====
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   | last3 = Kang
 
   | last3 = Kang
 
   | first3 = Ruogu
 
   | first3 = Ruogu
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  | isbn = 978-1-4244-5334-4 | s2cid = 10229043
   
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   | volume = 17
 
   | volume = 17
 
   | issue = 3
 
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* {{Citation | last = Wan | first = Poe Yu-ze | title = Reframing the Social: Emergentist Systemism and Social Theory | publisher = Ashgate Publishing | year = 2011 | url = http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409411529 | access-date = 2012-02-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130311101716/http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409411529 | archive-date = 2013-03-11 | url-status = dead }}
 
* {{Citation | last = Weinstock | first=Michael | author-link = Michael Weinstock | title = The Architecture of Emergence - the evolution of form in Nature and Civilisation | year = 2010 |publisher = John Wiley and Sons |isbn = 978-0-470-06633-1}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20110912083233/http://www.architectureofemergence.com/]
 
* {{Citation | last = Weinstock | first=Michael | author-link = Michael Weinstock | title = The Architecture of Emergence - the evolution of form in Nature and Civilisation | year = 2010 |publisher = John Wiley and Sons |isbn = 978-0-470-06633-1}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20110912083233/http://www.architectureofemergence.com/]
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