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==主动推理==

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当梯度下降应用于动作<math>\dot{a}=-\~~partial\u aF（s，~~\tilde{\mu}）</math>时，运动控制可以理解为通过下降（皮质脊髓）预测参与的经典反射弧。这提供了一种形式主义，将平衡点解推广到[[自由度问题]]<ref>Feldman, A. G., & Levin, M. F. (1995). [http://e.guigon.free.fr/rsc/article/FeldmanLevin95.pdf The origin and use of positional frames of reference in motor control]. Behav Brain Sci. , 18, 723–806.</ref>移动轨迹。

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当梯度下降应用于动作<math> \dot{a} = -\partial_aF(s,\tilde{\mu}) </math>时，运动控制可以理解为通过下降（皮质脊髓）预测参与的经典反射弧。这提供了一种形式主义，将平衡点解推广到[[自由度问题]]<ref>Feldman, A. G., & Levin, M. F. (1995). [http://e.guigon.free.fr/rsc/article/FeldmanLevin95.pdf The origin and use of positional frames of reference in motor control]. Behav Brain Sci. , 18, 723–806.</ref>移动轨迹。

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神经生物学上，神经调节剂[[多巴胺]]被认为通过调节编码预测误差的主细胞的增益来报告预测误差的准确性。<ref name="Friston_a">Friston, K. J. Shiner T, FitzGerald T, Galea JM, Adams R, Brown H, Dolan RJ, Moran R, Stephan KE, Bestmann S. (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Dopamine%20Affordance%20and%20Active%20Inference.pdf Dopamine, affordance and active inference]. PLoS Comput. Biol., 8(1), p. e1002327.</ref> 这与多巴胺在报告预测错误“本身”中的作用密切相关，但在形式上与之不同<ref>Fiorillo, C. D., Tobler, P. N. & Schultz, W., (2003). [http://e.guigon.free.fr/rsc/article/FiorilloEtAl03.pdf Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons]. Science, 299(5614), 1898–902.</ref>以及与计算账户相关<ref>Frank, M. J., (2005). [http://ski.cog.brown.edu/papers/Frank_JOCN.pdf Dynamic dopamine modulation in the basal ganglia: a neurocomputational account of cognitive deficits in medicated and nonmedicated Parkinsonism]. J Cogn Neurosci., Jan, 1, 51–72.</ref>

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===主动推理与认知神经科学===

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主动推理已被用于解决[[认知神经科学]]、脑功能和神经精神病学的一系列问题，包括：行动观察，<ref>Friston, K., Mattout, J. & Kilner, J., (2011). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Action%20understanding%20and%20active%20inference.pdf Action understanding and active inference]. Biol Cybern., 104, 137–160.</ref>镜像神经元，<ref>Kilner, J. M., Friston, K. J. & Frith, C. D., (2007). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Predictive%20coding%20an%20account%20of%20the%20mirror%20neuron%20system.pdf Predictive coding: an account of the mirror neuron system]. Cogn Process., 8(3), pp. 159–66.</ref> 扫视和视觉搜索，<ref>Friston, K., Adams, R. A., Perrinet, L. & Breakspear, M., (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Perceptions%20as%20hypotheses%20saccades%20as%20experiments.pdf Perceptions as hypotheses: saccades as experiments]. Front Psychol., 3, 151.</ref><ref>Mirza, M., Adams, R., Mathys, C., Friston, K. (2018). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0190429 Human visual exploration reduces uncertainty about the sensed world]. PLoS One, 13(1): e0190429 </ref> 眼球运动，<ref>Perrinet L, Adams R, Friston, K. [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00422-014-0620-8.pdf Active inference, eye movements and oculomotor delays]. Biological Cybernetics, 108(6):777-801, 2014.</ref> 睡眠，<ref>Hobson, J. A. & Friston, K. J., (2012). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301008212000706 Waking and dreaming consciousness: Neurobiological and functional considerations]. Prog Neurobiol, 98(1), pp. 82–98.</ref>幻觉，<ref>Brown, H., & Friston, K. J. (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Free-energy%20and%20illusions%20the%20Cornsweet%20effect.pdf Free-energy and illusions: the cornsweet effect]. Front Psychol , 3, 43.</ref> 注意，<ref name="Feldman" /> 动作选择，<ref name="Friston_a" /> 意识，<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rudrauf|first1=David|last2=Bennequin|first2=Daniel|last3=Granic|first3=Isabela|last4=Landini|first4=Gregory|last5=Friston|first5=Karl|last6=Williford|first6=Kenneth|date=2017-09-07|title=A mathematical model of embodied consciousness|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|volume=428|pages=106–131|doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.05.032|pmid=28554611|issn=0022-5193|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10057795/1/DR_et_al_A_math_model_of_embodied_consciousness_JTBiol_final_revision_for_submission.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Projective Consciousness Model and Phenomenal Selfhood|journal = Frontiers in Psychology|volume = 9|pages = 2571|last1=K|first1=Williford|last2=D|first2=Bennequin|date=2018-12-17|language=en|pmid=30618988|pmc = 6304424|last3=K|first3=Friston|last4=D|first4=Rudrauf|doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02571}}</ref> hysteria<ref>Edwards, M. J., Adams, R. A., Brown, H., Pareés, I., & Friston, K. J. (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/A%20Bayesian%20account%20of%20hysteria.pdf A Bayesian account of 'hysteria']. Brain , 135(Pt 11):3495–512.</ref> 还有精神病。<ref>Adams RA, Perrinet LU, Friston K. (2012). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0047502 Smooth pursuit and visual occlusion: active inference and oculomotor control in schizophrenia]. PLoS One. , 12;7(10):e47502</ref> 对主动推理中行为的解释常常依赖于这样一种观点，即大脑有“顽固的预测”，它无法更新，从而导致使这些预测成真的行为。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yon|first1=Daniel|last2=Lange|first2=Floris P. de|last3=Press|first3=Clare|date=2019-01-01|title=The Predictive Brain as a Stubborn Scientist|url=https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(18)30239-0|journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences|language=English|volume=23|issue=1|pages=6–8|doi=10.1016/j.tics.2018.10.003|issn=1364-6613|pmid=30429054|s2cid=53280000}}</ref>

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主动推理已被用于解决[[认知神经科学]]、脑功能和神经精神病学的一系列问题，包括：行动观察，<ref>Friston, K., Mattout, J. & Kilner, J., (2011). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Action%20understanding%20and%20active%20inference.pdf Action understanding and active inference]. Biol Cybern., 104, 137–160.</ref>镜像神经元，<ref>Kilner, J. M., Friston, K. J. & Frith, C. D., (2007). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Predictive%20coding%20an%20account%20of%20the%20mirror%20neuron%20system.pdf Predictive coding: an account of the mirror neuron system]. Cogn Process., 8(3), pp. 159–66.</ref> 扫视和视觉搜索，<ref>Friston, K., Adams, R. A., Perrinet, L. & Breakspear, M., (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Perceptions%20as%20hypotheses%20saccades%20as%20experiments.pdf Perceptions as hypotheses: saccades as experiments]. Front Psychol., 3, 151.</ref><ref>Mirza, M., Adams, R., Mathys, C., Friston, K. (2018). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0190429 Human visual exploration reduces uncertainty about the sensed world]. PLoS One, 13(1): e0190429 </ref> 眼球运动，<ref>Perrinet L, Adams R, Friston, K. [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00422-014-0620-8.pdf Active inference, eye movements and oculomotor delays]. Biological Cybernetics, 108(6):777-801, 2014.</ref> 睡眠，<ref>Hobson, J. A. & Friston, K. J., (2012). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301008212000706 Waking and dreaming consciousness: Neurobiological and functional considerations]. Prog Neurobiol, 98(1), pp. 82–98.</ref>幻觉，<ref>Brown, H., & Friston, K. J. (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Free-energy%20and%20illusions%20the%20Cornsweet%20effect.pdf Free-energy and illusions: the cornsweet effect]. Front Psychol , 3, 43.</ref> 注意，<ref name="Feldman" /> 动作选择，<ref name="Friston_a" /> 意识，<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rudrauf|first1=David|last2=Bennequin|first2=Daniel|last3=Granic|first3=Isabela|last4=Landini|first4=Gregory|last5=Friston|first5=Karl|last6=Williford|first6=Kenneth|date=2017-09-07|title=A mathematical model of embodied consciousness|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|volume=428|pages=106–131|doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.05.032|pmid=28554611|issn=0022-5193|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10057795/1/DR_et_al_A_math_model_of_embodied_consciousness_JTBiol_final_revision_for_submission.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Projective Consciousness Model and Phenomenal Selfhood|journal = Frontiers in Psychology|volume = 9|pages = 2571|last1=K|first1=Williford|last2=D|first2=Bennequin|date=2018-12-17|language=en|pmid=30618988|pmc = 6304424|last3=K|first3=Friston|last4=D|first4=Rudrauf|doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02571}}</ref> hysteria<ref>Edwards, M. J., Adams, R. A., Brown, H., Pareés, I., & Friston, K. J. (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/A%20Bayesian%20account%20of%20hysteria.pdf A Bayesian account of 'hysteria']. Brain , 135(Pt 11):3495–512.</ref> 还有精神病。<ref>Adams RA, Perrinet LU, Friston K. (2012). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0047502 Smooth pursuit and visual occlusion: active inference and oculomotor control in schizophrenia]. PLoS One. , 12;7(10):e47502</ref> 对主动推理中行为的解释常常依赖于这样一种观点，即大脑有“顽固的预测”，它无法更新，从而导致使这些预测成真的行为。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yon|first1=Daniel|last2=Lange|first2=Floris P. de|last3=Press|first3=Clare|date=2019-01-01|title=The Predictive Brain as a Stubborn Scientist|url=https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(18)30239-0|journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences|language=English|volume=23|issue=1|pages=6–8|doi=10.1016/j.tics.2018.10.003|issn=1364-6613|pmid=30429054|s2cid=53280000}}</ref>

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