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Moved page from wikipedia:en:Context awareness (history)
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{{Distinguish|awareness contexts}}
{{See also|Contextualism|Theory of mind}}
'''Context awareness''' refers, in [[information and communication technologies]], to a capability to take into account the ''situation'' of ''entities'',<ref name="dey2001"/> which may be users or devices, but are not limited to those. ''Location'' is only the most obvious element of this ''situation''. Narrowly defined for [[mobile device]]s, context awareness does thus generalize [[location awareness]]. Whereas location may determine how certain processes around a contributing device operate, context may be applied more flexibly with mobile users, especially with users of [[smart phones]]. Context awareness originated as a term from [[ubiquitous computing]] or as so-called pervasive computing which sought to deal with linking changes in the environment with computer systems, which are otherwise static. The term has also been applied to business theory in relation to [[contextual application design]] and [[business process management]] issues.<ref name="rosemann2006">{{Cite conference
| author = Rosemann, M., & Recker, J.
| year = 2006
| title = Context-aware process design: Exploring the extrinsic drivers for process flexibility
| url = http://eprints.qut.edu.au/archive/00004638/01/4638_1.pdf
| book-title = 18th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering. Proceedings of Workshops and Doctoral Consortium
| pages = 149–158
| location = Luxembourg
| publisher = Namur University Press
| editor1 = T. Latour
| editor2 = M. Petit}}</ref>
Context awareness refers, in information and communication technologies, to a capability to take into account the situation of entities, which may be users or devices, but are not limited to those. Location is only the most obvious element of this situation. Narrowly defined for mobile devices, context awareness does thus generalize location awareness. Whereas location may determine how certain processes around a contributing device operate, context may be applied more flexibly with mobile users, especially with users of smart phones. Context awareness originated as a term from ubiquitous computing or as so-called pervasive computing which sought to deal with linking changes in the environment with computer systems, which are otherwise static. The term has also been applied to business theory in relation to contextual application design and business process management issues.
在信息和通信技术中，上下文感知是指一种考虑实体情况的能力，这些实体可能是用户或设备，但不仅限于这些实体。位置只是这种情况中最明显的因素。狭义地定义为移动设备，上下文感知因此泛化位置感知。尽管位置可能决定某个设备周围的某些过程如何运作，但上下文可能更灵活地应用于移动用户，特别是智能手机用户。上下文感知起源于普适计算或所谓的普适计算，它试图处理环境变化与计算机系统之间的联系，否则计算机系统是静态的。这个术语也被应用到与上下文应用程序设计和业务流程管理问题相关的业务理论中。
== Qualities of context ==
Various categorizations of context have been proposed in the past. Dey and Abowd (1999)<ref name="ReferenceA">[ftp://ftp.cc.gatech.edu/pub/gvu/tr/1999/99-22.pdf Towards a Better Understanding of Context and Context-Awareness]</ref> distinguish between the context types ''location'', ''identity'', ''activity'' and ''time''. Kaltz et al. (2005)<ref name="kaltz2005">{{cite journal
|author1=Kaltz, J.W. |author2=Ziegler, J. |author3=Lohmann, S. | year = 2005
| title = Context-aware Web Engineering: Modeling and Applications
| journal = Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle
| volume = 19
| issue = 3
| pages = 439–458
| url = http://interactivesystems.info/system/pdfs/112/original/14852.pdf
| doi = 10.3166/ria.19.439-458
}}</ref> identified the categories ''user&role'', ''process&task'', ''location'', ''time'' and ''device'' to cover a broad variety of mobile and web scenarios. They emphasize yet for these classical [[Modality (human–computer interaction)|modalities]] that any optimal categorization depends very much on the application domain and use case. Beyond more advanced modalities may apply when not only single entities are addressed, but also clusters of entities that work in a coherence of context, as e.g. teams at work or also single bearers with a multiplicity of appliances.
Various categorizations of context have been proposed in the past. Dey and Abowd (1999)Towards a Better Understanding of Context and Context-Awareness distinguish between the context types location, identity, activity and time. Kaltz et al. (2005) identified the categories user&role, process&task, location, time and device to cover a broad variety of mobile and web scenarios. They emphasize yet for these classical modalities that any optimal categorization depends very much on the application domain and use case. Beyond more advanced modalities may apply when not only single entities are addressed, but also clusters of entities that work in a coherence of context, as e.g. teams at work or also single bearers with a multiplicity of appliances.
= = 上下文的特性过去已经提出了各种上下文的分类。为了更好地理解语境和语境感知，区分语境类型、位置、身份、活动和时间。Kaltz et al.(2005)确定了用户与角色、流程与任务、位置、时间和设备的类别，以涵盖各种各样的移动和网络场景。他们还强调，对于这些经典模式，任何最佳分类都非常依赖于应用程序领域和用例。除了更先进的模式之外，如果不仅涉及单一实体，而且涉及在一致背景下开展工作的多个实体，例如:。团队在工作或也与多种器具的单身搬运人。
Some classical understanding of context in business processes is derived from the definition of AAA applications<ref>[http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/12_2/security/configuration/guide/scfaaa.html CISCO AAA Overview]</ref> with the following three categories:
* Authentication, which means i.e. confirmation of stated identity
* Authorisation, which means i.e. allowance to accrual or access to location, function, data
* Accounting, which means i.e. the relation to order context and to accounts for applied labour, granted license, and delivered goods,
these three terms including additionally location and time as stated.
Some classical understanding of context in business processes is derived from the definition of AAA applicationsCISCO AAA Overview with the following three categories:
* Authentication, which means i.e. confirmation of stated identity
* Authorisation, which means i.e. allowance to accrual or access to location, function, data
* Accounting, which means i.e. the relation to order context and to accounts for applied labour, granted license, and delivered goods,
these three terms including additionally location and time as stated.
一些对业务流程上下文的经典理解来源于 AAA 应用程序的定义，包括以下三个类别:
* 身份验证，即。身份证明
* 授权书，即。应计制或存取地点、功能、资料
* 的准许，即。订货环境的关系和应用劳动帐户，授予许可证，交付货物，这三个条款，包括额外的地点和时间所述。
== Computer science ==
In computer science ''context awareness'' refers to the idea that computers can both sense, and react based on their environment. Devices may have information about the circumstances under which they are able to operate and based on rules, or an intelligent stimulus, react accordingly. The term ''context awareness'' in ubiquitous computing was introduced by Schilit (1994).<ref name="schilit94">{{cite conference
| author1=B. Schilit
| author2=N. Adams
| author3=R. Want.
| year = 1994
| title = Context-aware computing applications
| book-title = IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (WMCSA'94), Santa Cruz, CA, US
| pages = 89–101
| citeseerx = 10.1.1.29.5833}}</ref><ref name="schilit94b">{{cite journal
|author1=Schilit, B.N. |author2=Theimer, M.M.
| year = 1994
| title = Disseminating Active Map Information to Mobile Hosts
| journal = IEEE Network
| pages = 22–32
| volume = 8
| issue = 5
| doi = 10.1109/65.313011
|citeseerx=10.1.1.49.1499
}}</ref>
Context-aware devices may also try to make assumptions about the user's current situation. [[Anind Dey|Dey]] (2001) define context as "any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity."<ref name="dey2001">{{cite journal
| author = Dey, Anind K.
| author-link = Anind Dey
| year = 2001
| title = Understanding and Using Context
| journal = Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
| volume = 5
| issue = 1
| pages = 4–7
| doi = 10.1007/s007790170019
| citeseerx = 10.1.1.31.9786
}}</ref>
In computer science context awareness refers to the idea that computers can both sense, and react based on their environment. Devices may have information about the circumstances under which they are able to operate and based on rules, or an intelligent stimulus, react accordingly. The term context awareness in ubiquitous computing was introduced by Schilit (1994).
Context-aware devices may also try to make assumptions about the user's current situation. Dey (2001) define context as "any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity."
在计算机科学中，上下文感知是指计算机既能感知环境，又能根据环境做出反应。设备可能知道在什么情况下它们能够按照规则或智能刺激进行操作，从而做出相应的反应。语境意识这个术语在《普适计算由 Schilit 引入(1994)。上下文感知设备也可能尝试对用户的当前情况进行假设。Dey (2001)将上下文定义为“可用于描述实体状况的任何信息”
While the computer science community initially perceived the context as a matter of user location, as Dey discuss,<ref name="dey2001"/> in the last few years this notion has been considered not simply as a state, but part of a process in which users are involved; thus, sophisticated and general context models have been proposed (see survey<ref name="curino-context2007">{{cite journal
|author1=Cristiana Bolchini
|author2=Carlo A. Curino
|author3=Elisa Quintarelli
|author4=Fabio A. Schreiber
|author5=Letizia Tanca
|title=A data-oriented survey of context models
|url=http://carlo.curino.us/documents/curino-context2007-survey.pdf
|journal=SIGMOD Rec.
|volume=36
|year=2007
|issn=0163-5808
|pages=19–26
|doi=10.1145/1361348.1361353
|issue=4
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424051627/http://carlo.curino.us/documents/curino-context2007-survey.pdf
|archive-date=2009-04-24
|citeseerx=10.1.1.423.1960
}}</ref>), to support context-aware applications which use them to (a) adapt interfaces, (b) tailor the set of application-relevant data, (c) increase the precision of information retrieval, (d) discover services, (e) make the user interaction implicit, or (f) build smart environments.
For example: a context-aware mobile phone may know that it is currently in the meeting room, and that the user has sat down. The phone may conclude that the user is currently in a meeting and reject any unimportant calls.<ref name="schmidt1999a">{{cite conference
|author1=Schmidt, A. |author2=Aidoo, K.A. |author3=Takaluoma, A. |author4=Tuomela, U. |author5=Van Laerhoven, K. |author6=Van de Velde W. | author-link = Albrecht Schmidt (computer scientist)
| year = 1999
| title = Advanced Interaction in Context
| book-title = 1st International Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing (HUC99), Springer LNCS, Vol. 1707
| pages = 89–101
| url = http://www.teco.edu/~albrecht/publication/huc99/advanced_interaction_context.pdf
}}</ref>
While the computer science community initially perceived the context as a matter of user location, as Dey discuss, in the last few years this notion has been considered not simply as a state, but part of a process in which users are involved; thus, sophisticated and general context models have been proposed (see survey), to support context-aware applications which use them to (a) adapt interfaces, (b) tailor the set of application-relevant data, (c) increase the precision of information retrieval, (d) discover services, (e) make the user interaction implicit, or (f) build smart environments.
For example: a context-aware mobile phone may know that it is currently in the meeting room, and that the user has sat down. The phone may conclude that the user is currently in a meeting and reject any unimportant calls.
虽然计算机科学界最初认为上下文是一个用户位置的问题，正如 Dey 所讨论的，在过去几年中，这个概念不仅被认为是一个状态，而是一个过程的一部分，用户参与其中; 因此，复杂和一般的上下文模型已经被提出(见调查) ，以支持上下文感知应用程序，使用它们(a)适应接口，(b)定制应用相关数据集，(c)提高信息检索的精度，(d)发现服务，(e)使用户隐式交互，或(f)构建智能环境。例如: 上下文感知的移动电话可能知道它当前在会议室，并且用户已经坐下。电话可能会断定用户当前正在开会，并拒绝任何不重要的电话。
Context-aware systems are concerned with the acquisition of context (e.g. using sensors to perceive a situation), the abstraction and understanding of context (e.g. matching a perceived sensory stimulus to a context), and application behaviour based on the recognized context (e.g. triggering actions based on context).<ref name="schmidt2003phd">{{cite conference
|author=Schmidt, Albrecht
|author-link=Albrecht Schmidt (computer scientist)
|year=2002
|title=Ubiquitous Computing - Computing in Context
|book-title=PhD dissertation, Lancaster University.
|url=http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/~albrecht/phd/
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423093032/http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/~albrecht/phd/
|archive-date=2009-04-23
}}</ref>
As the user's activity and location are crucial for many applications, context awareness has been focused more deeply in the research fields of [[location awareness]] and [[activity recognition]].
Context-aware systems are concerned with the acquisition of context (e.g. using sensors to perceive a situation), the abstraction and understanding of context (e.g. matching a perceived sensory stimulus to a context), and application behaviour based on the recognized context (e.g. triggering actions based on context).
As the user's activity and location are crucial for many applications, context awareness has been focused more deeply in the research fields of location awareness and activity recognition.
上下文感知系统关注上下文的获取(例如:。使用传感器来感知一个场景) ，对场景的抽象和理解(例如:。将感知到的感官刺激与上下文进行匹配) ，以及基于识别上下文的应用行为(例如:。根据上下文触发动作)。由于用户的活动和位置对于许多应用来说都是至关重要的，因此上下文感知在位置感知和活动识别等领域得到了越来越深入的研究。
Context awareness is regarded as an enabling technology for ubiquitous computing systems.
Context awareness is used to design innovative [[user interface]]s, and is often used as a part of [[ubiquitous computing|ubiquitous]] and [[wearable computer|wearable computing]]. It is also beginning to be felt in the internet with the advent of [[hybrid search engine]]s.
Schmidt, Beigl & Gellersen<ref name="schmidt1999b">{{cite journal
|author1=Albrecht Schmidt
|author2=Michael Beigl
|author3=Hans-W. Gellersen
|author-link=Albrecht Schmidt (computer scientist)
|date=December 1999
|title=There is more to Context than Location
|journal=Computers & Graphics
|volume=23
|issue=6
|pages=893–902
|url=http://www.teco.uni-karlsruhe.de/~albrecht/publication/draft_docs/context-is-more-than-location.pdf
|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(99)00120-x
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316093648/http://www.teco.uni-karlsruhe.de/~albrecht/publication/draft_docs/context-is-more-than-location.pdf
|archive-date=2007-03-16
|citeseerx=10.1.1.37.2933
}}</ref>
define ''human factors'' and ''physical environment'' as two important aspects relating to computer science. More recently, much work has also been done to ease the ''distribution of context information''; Bellavista, Corradi, Fanelli & Foschini survey<ref name="foschini11">{{cite journal
|author1=Paolo Bellavista |author2=Antonio Corradi |author3=Mario Fanelli |author4=Luca Foschini |date=August 2012
| title = A Survey of Context Data Distribution for Mobile Ubiquitous Systems
| journal = ACM Computing Surveys
| volume = 44
| issue = 4
| pages = 1–45
| doi = 10.1145/2333112.2333119
}}</ref> the several middleware solutions that have been designed to transparently implement context management and provisioning in the mobile system. Grifoni, D'Ulizia & Ferri <ref>{{Cite book|title=Context-Awareness in Location Based Services in the Big Data Era|last=Grifoni|first=Patrizia|last2=D’Ulizia|first2=Arianna|last3=Ferri|first3=Fernando|date=2018|publisher=Springer, Cham|isbn=9783319679242|series=Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies|pages=85–127|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-67925-9_5}}</ref> provided a review of several context-aware [[location-based service]] systems using big data by analysing the methodological and practical choices that their developers made during the main phases of the context awareness process (i.e. context acquisition, context representation, and context reasoning and adaptation). Perera, Zaslavsky, Christen, & Georgakopoulos<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Perera|first=C.|last2=Zaslavsky|first2=A.|last3=Christen|first3=P.|last4=Georgakopoulos|first4=D.|date= 2014|title=Context Aware Computing for The Internet of Things: A Survey|journal=IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials|volume=16|issue=1|pages=414–454|doi=10.1109/SURV.2013.042313.00197|issn=1553-877X|arxiv=1305.0982}}</ref> have performed a comprehensive survey on context-aware computing from Internet of Things perspective by reviewing over 50 leading projects in the field. Further, Perera has also surveyed a large number of industrial products in the existing IoT marketplace from context-aware computing perspective.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Perera|first=C.|last2=Liu|first2=C. H.|last3=Jayawardena|first3=S.|last4=Chen|first4=M.|date=2014|title=A Survey on Internet of Things From Industrial Market Perspective|journal=IEEE Access|volume=2|pages=1660–1679|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2389854|issn=2169-3536|arxiv=1502.00164}}</ref> Their survey is intended to serve as a guideline and a conceptual framework for context-aware product development and research in the IoT paradigm. The evaluation has been done using the theoretical framework developed by Dey and Abowd (1999)<ref name="ReferenceA" /> more than a decade ago. The combination of the Internet and emerging technologies transform everyday objects into smart objects that can understand and react to their contexts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kortuem|first=Gerd|last2=Kawsar|first2=Fahim|last3=Sundramoorthy|first3=Vasughi|last4=Fitton|first4=Daniel|date=January 2010|title=Smart Objects As Building Blocks for the Internet of Things|journal=IEEE Internet Computing|volume=14|issue=1|pages=44–51|doi=10.1109/MIC.2009.143|issn=1089-7801|url=http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2735/1/w1iot.pdf}}</ref>
Context awareness is regarded as an enabling technology for ubiquitous computing systems.
Context awareness is used to design innovative user interfaces, and is often used as a part of ubiquitous and wearable computing. It is also beginning to be felt in the internet with the advent of hybrid search engines.
Schmidt, Beigl & Gellersen
define human factors and physical environment as two important aspects relating to computer science. More recently, much work has also been done to ease the distribution of context information; Bellavista, Corradi, Fanelli & Foschini survey the several middleware solutions that have been designed to transparently implement context management and provisioning in the mobile system. Grifoni, D'Ulizia & Ferri provided a review of several context-aware location-based service systems using big data by analysing the methodological and practical choices that their developers made during the main phases of the context awareness process (i.e. context acquisition, context representation, and context reasoning and adaptation). Perera, Zaslavsky, Christen, & Georgakopoulos have performed a comprehensive survey on context-aware computing from Internet of Things perspective by reviewing over 50 leading projects in the field. Further, Perera has also surveyed a large number of industrial products in the existing IoT marketplace from context-aware computing perspective. Their survey is intended to serve as a guideline and a conceptual framework for context-aware product development and research in the IoT paradigm. The evaluation has been done using the theoretical framework developed by Dey and Abowd (1999) more than a decade ago. The combination of the Internet and emerging technologies transform everyday objects into smart objects that can understand and react to their contexts.
上下文感知被认为是普适计算系统的一种使能技术。上下文感知被用来设计创新的用户界面，并且常常作为普适和可穿戴计算的一部分使用。随着混合搜索引擎的出现，互联网也开始感受到这一点。施密特、贝格尔和盖勒森将人的因素和物理环境定义为与计算机科学有关的两个重要方面。最近，在简化上下文信息的分发方面也做了很多工作，贝亚维斯塔、 Corradi、 Fanelli 和 Foschini 调查了几个中间件解决方案，这些中间件解决方案旨在透明地在移动系统中实现上下文管理和配置。Grifoni，d’ulizia & Ferri 通过分析开发人员在上下文意识过程的主要阶段(即:。上下文获取、上下文表征、上下文推理和顺应)。Perera，Zaslavsky，Christen，和 Georgakopoulos 从物联网的角度对上下文感知计算进行了全面的调查，回顾了该领域50多个主要项目。此外，佩雷拉还从上下文感知计算的角度调查了现有物联网市场中的大量工业产品。他们的调查旨在为物联网范式下的环境意识产品开发和研究提供指导和概念框架。评价是利用10多年前由 Dey 和 Abowd (1999)开发的理论框架进行的。互联网和新兴技术的结合将日常物品转化为智能物品，可以理解和反应它们的环境。
Human factors related context is structured into three categories: information on the user (knowledge of habits, emotional state, biophysiological conditions), the user's social environment (co-location of others, social interaction, group dynamics), and the user's tasks (spontaneous activity, engaged tasks, general goals). Likewise, context related to physical environment is structured into three categories: location (absolute position, relative position, [[wikt:colocation|co-location]]), infrastructure (surrounding resources for computation, communication, task performance), and physical conditions (noise, light, pressure, air quality).<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11042-010-0711-z?LI=true A Comprehensive Framework for Context-Aware Communication Systems. B. Chihani, E. Bertin, N. Crespi. 15th International Conference on Intelligence in Next Generation Networks (ICIN'11), Berlin, Germany, October 2011]</ref><ref>[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5956518 A Self-Organization Mechanism for a Cold Chain Monitoring System. C. Nicolas, M. Marot, M. Becker. 73rd Vehicular Technology Conference 2011 IEEE (VTC Spring), Yokohama, Japan May 2011]</ref>
== Relational context : dynamic and non-user-centric definitions==
Whereas early definitions of context tended to center on users, or devices interfaced directly with users, the oft-cited definition from Dey<ref name="dey2001"/> ("''any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity''") could be taken without this restriction. User-centric context, as may be used in the design of [[human-computer interaction|human-computer interfaces]], may also imply an overly clearcut, and partially arbitrary, separation between "content" (anything which is ''explicitly'' typed in by users, or output to them), and context, which is ''implicit'', and used for [[context adaptation|adaptation]] purposes. A more dynamic and de-centered view, advocated by Dourish <ref> Dourish, Paul. "What we talk about when we talk about context." Personal and ubiquitous computing 8.1 (2004): 19-30.</ref> views context as primarily ''relational''. This was originally congruent with the move from desktop computing to [[ubiquitous computing]], but it does also fit with a broader understanding of [[ambient intelligence]] where the distinctions between ''context'' and ''content'' become relative and dynamic.<ref> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230704197_Ambient_Intelligence Streitz, Norbert A., and Gilles Privat. "Ambient Intelligence" , ''Universal Access Handbook'' (2009)</ref> In this view, whichever sources of information (such as [[Internet of Things|IoT]] sensors) may be ''context'' for some uses and applications, might also be sources of primary ''content'' for others, and vice versa. What matters is the set of ''relationships'' that link them, together and with their environment. Whereas early descriptions of single-user-centric context could fit with classical [[Entity-attribute-value model|entity-attribute-value models]], more versatile graph-based information models, such as proposed with [[NGSI-LD]], are better adapted to capture the more relational view of context which is relevant for the [[Internet of Things]], [[Cyber-Physical Systems]] and [[Digital Twins]]. In this broader acceptation, context is not only represented as a set of attributes attached to an entity, it is also captured by a graph that enmeshes this entity with others. Context awareness is the capability to account for this cross-cutting information from different sources.
== Applications in situational or social awareness ==
Context awareness has been applied to the area of [[computer-supported cooperative work]] (CSCW) to help individuals work and collaborate more efficiently with each other. Since the early 1990s, researchers have developed a large number of software and hardware systems that can collect contextual information (e.g., location, video feeds, away status messages) from users. This information is then openly shared with other users, thereby improving their situational awareness, and allowing them to identify natural opportunities to interact with each other. In the early days of context-aware computing, many of the systems developed for this purpose were specifically designed to assist businesses or geographically separated work teams collaborate on shared documents or work artifacts. More recently, however, there has been a growing body of work that demonstrates how this technique can also be applied to groups of friends or family members to help keep them apprised of each other's activities.
Human factors related context is structured into three categories: information on the user (knowledge of habits, emotional state, biophysiological conditions), the user's social environment (co-location of others, social interaction, group dynamics), and the user's tasks (spontaneous activity, engaged tasks, general goals). Likewise, context related to physical environment is structured into three categories: location (absolute position, relative position, co-location), infrastructure (surrounding resources for computation, communication, task performance), and physical conditions (noise, light, pressure, air quality).A Comprehensive Framework for Context-Aware Communication Systems. B. Chihani, E. Bertin, N. Crespi. 15th International Conference on Intelligence in Next Generation Networks (ICIN'11), Berlin, Germany, October 2011A Self-Organization Mechanism for a Cold Chain Monitoring System. C. Nicolas, M. Marot, M. Becker. 73rd Vehicular Technology Conference 2011 IEEE (VTC Spring), Yokohama, Japan May 2011
Whereas early definitions of context tended to center on users, or devices interfaced directly with users, the oft-cited definition from Dey ("any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity") could be taken without this restriction. User-centric context, as may be used in the design of human-computer interfaces, may also imply an overly clearcut, and partially arbitrary, separation between "content" (anything which is explicitly typed in by users, or output to them), and context, which is implicit, and used for adaptation purposes. A more dynamic and de-centered view, advocated by Dourish Dourish, Paul. "What we talk about when we talk about context." Personal and ubiquitous computing 8.1 (2004): 19-30. views context as primarily relational. This was originally congruent with the move from desktop computing to ubiquitous computing, but it does also fit with a broader understanding of ambient intelligence where the distinctions between context and content become relative and dynamic. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230704197_Ambient_Intelligence Streitz, Norbert A., and Gilles Privat. "Ambient Intelligence" , Universal Access Handbook (2009) In this view, whichever sources of information (such as IoT sensors) may be context for some uses and applications, might also be sources of primary content for others, and vice versa. What matters is the set of relationships that link them, together and with their environment. Whereas early descriptions of single-user-centric context could fit with classical entity-attribute-value models, more versatile graph-based information models, such as proposed with NGSI-LD, are better adapted to capture the more relational view of context which is relevant for the Internet of Things, Cyber-Physical Systems and Digital Twins. In this broader acceptation, context is not only represented as a set of attributes attached to an entity, it is also captured by a graph that enmeshes this entity with others. Context awareness is the capability to account for this cross-cutting information from different sources.
Context awareness has been applied to the area of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) to help individuals work and collaborate more efficiently with each other. Since the early 1990s, researchers have developed a large number of software and hardware systems that can collect contextual information (e.g., location, video feeds, away status messages) from users. This information is then openly shared with other users, thereby improving their situational awareness, and allowing them to identify natural opportunities to interact with each other. In the early days of context-aware computing, many of the systems developed for this purpose were specifically designed to assist businesses or geographically separated work teams collaborate on shared documents or work artifacts. More recently, however, there has been a growing body of work that demonstrates how this technique can also be applied to groups of friends or family members to help keep them apprised of each other's activities.
与语境相关的人为因素被分为三类: 关于使用者的信息(习惯知识、情绪状态、生理生态条件)、使用者的社会环境(与他人共处、社会互动、群体动态)和使用者的任务(自发活动、参与任务、一般目标)。同样，与物理环境相关的上下文被分为三类: 位置(绝对位置、相对位置、同位)、基础设施(计算、通信、任务执行的周围资源)和物理条件(噪音、光线、压力、空气质量)。情境感知通信系统的综合框架。基哈尼，e. Bertin，n. Crespi。第15届国际下一代网络智能会议(ICIN’11) ，柏林，德国，2011年10月冷链监控系统的自我组织机制。马罗特，贝克尔。第73届车辆技术会议2011年(VTC Spring) ，日本横滨2011年5月 = = 关系上下文: 动态和非用户中心定义 = = 早期的上下文定义往往侧重于用户或直接与用户接口的设备，但经常引用的 Dey 的定义(”任何可用于描述实体状况的信息”)可以不受这种限制。以用户为中心的上下文，正如在人机界面设计中可能使用的那样，也可能意味着在“内容”(用户显式输入的任何内容，或用户输出的任何内容)和上下文之间过于明确和部分武断的分离，前者是隐含的，用于适应目的。一个更加动态和去中心的观点，主张杜里什，保罗。“当我们谈论环境时，我们谈论的是什么。”个人和普适计算8.1(2004) : 19-30. 视上下文为主要的关系。这最初与从桌面计算到普适计算计算的转变是一致的，但它也符合对环境智能计算的更广泛的理解，在这种理解中，上下文和内容之间的区别变得相对和动态。Https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230704197_ambient_intelligence · 斯特里茨，诺伯特 · a. 和吉尔 · 普雷瓦特。在这种观点看来，无论哪种信息来源(如物联网传感器)可能是某些用途和应用的背景，也可能是其他用途和应用的主要内容来源，反之亦然。重要的是一系列的关系，这些关系将他们联系在一起，并与他们的环境联系在一起。尽管早期对单用户为中心的上下文的描述可能适合于经典的实体属性值模型，但更多用途的基于图的信息模型，例如与 NGSI-LD 提出的模型，更适合于捕捉与物联网、网络物理系统和数字孪生相关的更关联的上下文视图。在这个更广泛的含义中，上下文不仅表示为附加到一个实体的一组属性，它还被一个将这个实体与其他实体结合在一起的图所捕获。上下文感知是从不同来源获取这些跨领域信息的能力。= = = 情景或社会意识应用 = = 上下文意识已应用于计算机支持的协同工作领域，以帮助个人更有效地工作和相互协作。自20世纪90年代初以来，研究人员已经开发了大量的软件和硬件系统，可以从用户那里收集上下文信息(例如，位置、视频反馈、远离状态信息)。然后，这些信息就可以与其他用户公开分享，从而提高他们的情势察觉，并使他们能够识别出自然的机会，与其他人进行互动。在上下文感知计算的早期，为此目的开发的许多系统都是专门设计来协助企业或地理上分离的工作团队协作共享文档或工件的。然而，最近有越来越多的研究表明，这种技术也可以应用到朋友或家庭成员的群体中，以帮助他们了解彼此的活动。
To date, systems that use context awareness to improve situational awareness can be characterised by:
* the context(s) that they collect from each user, and
* the method by which they convey this information to other users
To date, systems that use context awareness to improve situational awareness can be characterised by:
* the context(s) that they collect from each user, and
* the method by which they convey this information to other users
到目前为止，使用上下文感知来改善情势察觉的系统的特点是:
* 从每个用户那里收集的上下文，以及
* 将这些信息传达给其他用户的方法
The most common context to obtain and share for the purposes of improving situational awareness is the user's location. In an early prototype, the Active Badge system,<ref>{{cite journal
|author1=Want, R. |author2=Hopper, A. |author3=Falcao, V. |author4= Gibbons, J. |name-list-style=amp| year = 1992
| title = The Active Badge Location System
| journal = ACM Transactions on Information Systems
| volume = 10
| issue = 1
| pages = 91–102|doi=10.1145/128756.128759 |citeseerx=10.1.1.17.339 }}</ref> for example, each user had a uniquely identifying badge that could be tracked via a series of overhead infrared sensors. As users walked throughout a building, their location was constantly monitored by a centralized server. Other users could then view this information (either in text form, or on a map, as was done in later work<ref>{{cite book |author1= McCarthy, J. F. |author2= Meidel, E. S. |name-list-style= amp |year= 1999 |title= ACTIVE MAP: A visualization tool for location awareness to support informal interactions |journal= Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing |volume= 1707 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/handheldubiquito0000inte/page/158 158–170] |doi= 10.1007/3-540-48157-5_16 |citeseerx= 10.1.1.42.504 |series= Lecture Notes in Computer Science |isbn= 978-3-540-66550-2 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/handheldubiquito0000inte/page/158 }}</ref>) to determine if a user is in her office, thereby allowing them to determine the best time to stop by for an unplanned conversation. Location was also shared in the PeopleTones,<ref>{{cite conference
|author1=Li, K. A. |author2=Sohn, T. Y. |author3=Huang, S. |author4= Griswold, W. G. |name-list-style=amp | year = 2008
| title = Peopletones: a system for the detection and notification of buddy proximity on mobile phones.
| book-title = MobiSys '08
| pages = 160–173|url=http://www.kevinli.net/peopletones.pdf}}</ref> Serendipity,<ref>{{cite journal
|author1=Eagle, N. |author2=Pentland, A.
| year = 2005
| title = Social Serendipity: Mobilizing Social Software
| journal = IEEE Pervasive Computing
| volume = 4
| issue = 2
| pages = 28–34|doi=10.1109/MPRV.2005.37
}}</ref> and the Group Interaction Support Systems<ref>{{cite conference
|author1=Ferscha, A. |author2=Holzmann, C. |author3=Oppl, S. |name-list-style=amp | year = 2004
| title = Context awareness for group interaction support
| book-title = MobiWac '04
| pages = 88–97|url=http://www.academia.edu/download/43935834/GroupInteractionSupport-ferscha2004.pdf}}</ref> to help users determine when they are near friends, users with shared personal interests, and teammates, respectively. In comparison with Active Badge, which only displays location information, these systems are more proactive, and will alert the users when they are in proximity of each other. This lets the user know when a potential interaction opportunity is available, thereby increasing his/her chances of taking advantage of it.
The most common context to obtain and share for the purposes of improving situational awareness is the user's location. In an early prototype, the Active Badge system, for example, each user had a uniquely identifying badge that could be tracked via a series of overhead infrared sensors. As users walked throughout a building, their location was constantly monitored by a centralized server. Other users could then view this information (either in text form, or on a map, as was done in later work) to determine if a user is in her office, thereby allowing them to determine the best time to stop by for an unplanned conversation. Location was also shared in the PeopleTones, Serendipity, and the Group Interaction Support Systems to help users determine when they are near friends, users with shared personal interests, and teammates, respectively. In comparison with Active Badge, which only displays location information, these systems are more proactive, and will alert the users when they are in proximity of each other. This lets the user know when a potential interaction opportunity is available, thereby increasing his/her chances of taking advantage of it.
为了改善情势察觉，最常见的获取和分享上下文就是用户的位置。例如，在早期的原型机 Active Badge 系统中，每个用户都有一个独特的识别标志，可以通过一系列的间接红外传感器来跟踪。当用户在整个建筑物中行走时，他们的位置会被一个集中的服务器持续监控。然后，其他用户可以查看这些信息(以文本形式或在地图上查看，就像在后面的工作中所做的那样) ，以确定用户是否在办公室，从而允许他们确定进行计划外谈话的最佳时间。位置信息也在 peoplesoft、 Serendipity 和 Group Interaction Support Systems 中进行了共享，以帮助用户分别确定他们何时与朋友、有共同兴趣的用户和队友关系密切。与只显示位置信息的 Active Badge 相比，这些系统更加积极主动，当用户彼此靠近时会提醒他们。这样可以让用户知道什么时候有潜在的交互机会，从而增加他/她利用这个机会的机会。
Another popular context to share is a user's work activity, often by sharing video. In the Community Bar system,<ref>{{cite conference
|author1=Tee, K. |author2=Greenberg, S. |author3=Gutwin, C. |name-list-style=amp | year = 2006
| title = Providing Artifact Awareness to a Distributed Group Through Screen Sharing
| book-title = CSCW '06
| pages = 99–108|url=https://prism.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/handle/1880/45901/2006-828-21.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y}}</ref> researchers developed a desktop application that periodically took screenshots of the user's display. This information was then shared with the user's co-workers so that they could know what documents/artifacts their teammates was working on, and provided a common frame of reference so that users could n talk about these artifacts as if they were collocated. In Montage,<ref>{{cite conference
|author1=Tang, J. |author2=Rua, M.
| year = 1994
| title = Montage: Providing Teleproximity for Distributed Groups
| book-title = CHI '94
| pages = 37–43
|citeseerx=10.1.1.476.2157
}}</ref> users are given the ability to remotely activate the webcam on another user's computer for a brief amount of time. This capability to "glance" at another user lets users see if they are busy or preoccupied, which in turn helps them better determine the most opportune time to initiate a conversation.
Another popular context to share is a user's work activity, often by sharing video. In the Community Bar system, researchers developed a desktop application that periodically took screenshots of the user's display. This information was then shared with the user's co-workers so that they could know what documents/artifacts their teammates was working on, and provided a common frame of reference so that users could n talk about these artifacts as if they were collocated. In Montage, users are given the ability to remotely activate the webcam on another user's computer for a brief amount of time. This capability to "glance" at another user lets users see if they are busy or preoccupied, which in turn helps them better determine the most opportune time to initiate a conversation.
另一个流行的分享上下文是用户的工作活动，通常是通过分享视频。在 Community Bar 系统中，研究人员开发了一个桌面应用程序，定期对用户的显示屏幕截图。然后，这些信息与用户的同事共享，以便他们能够知道他们的队友正在处理哪些文档/工件，并提供一个共同的参考框架，以便用户能够像对待搭配一样谈论这些工件。在蒙太奇中，用户可以在短时间内远程激活另一个用户电脑上的网络摄像头。这种“扫视”另一个用户的功能可以让用户看到他们是否忙碌或全神贯注，从而帮助他们更好地确定启动对话的最佳时机。
A third type of context to share to improve or enhance situational awareness is the user's audio. In the Thunderwire system,<ref>{{cite journal
|author1=Ackerman, M. |author2=Hindus, D. |author3=Mainwaring, S. |author4=Starr, B. |name-list-style=amp| year = 1997
| title = Hanging on the 'Wire: A Field Study of an Audio-Only Media Space
| journal = ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
| volume = 4
| issue = 1
| pages = 39–66|doi=10.1145/244754.244756 }}</ref> researchers developed an audio-only media space that allowed friends to share raw audio from their mobile devices' microphones. This system, which in essence was a perpetual conference-call, allowed users to listen to other users' audio in order to determine if and when they were participating in a conversation. The WatchMe<ref>{{cite conference
|author1=Marmasse, N. |author2=Schmandt, C. |author3= Spectre, D. |name-list-style=amp| year = 2004
| title = WatchMe: communication and awareness between members of a closely-knit group
| book-title = UbiComp '04
| pages = 214–231|url=https://www.media.mit.edu/speech/old/papers/2004/marmasse_UBI04_WatchMe.pdf}}</ref> and ListenIn<ref>{{cite conference
| author = Rosas, G. M. V.
| year = 2003
| title = ListenIN: Ambient Auditory Awareness at Remote Places
| book-title = Doctoral dissertation, MIT Media Lab|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/62959/54698529-MIT.pdf?sequence=2}}
</ref> systems also rely heavily on audio in order to determine if and when a user was potentially interruptible. Unlike Thunderwire, however, these systems rely on machine learning algorithms in order to analyze the user's audio and determine if the user is talking. This allows the system to provide other users with the same context (i.e., whether or not the user is in a conversation) without having to share the actual audio, thereby making it more privacy centric.
A third type of context to share to improve or enhance situational awareness is the user's audio. In the Thunderwire system, researchers developed an audio-only media space that allowed friends to share raw audio from their mobile devices' microphones. This system, which in essence was a perpetual conference-call, allowed users to listen to other users' audio in order to determine if and when they were participating in a conversation. The WatchMe and ListenIn
systems also rely heavily on audio in order to determine if and when a user was potentially interruptible. Unlike Thunderwire, however, these systems rely on machine learning algorithms in order to analyze the user's audio and determine if the user is talking. This allows the system to provide other users with the same context (i.e., whether or not the user is in a conversation) without having to share the actual audio, thereby making it more privacy centric.
第三种可以分享来改进或增强情势察觉的内容是用户的音频。在 Thunderwire 系统中，研究人员开发了一个只有音频的媒体空间，允许朋友们分享来自移动设备麦克风的原始音频。这个系统本质上是一个永久性的电话会议，允许用户收听其他用户的音频，以确定他们是否以及何时参与了对话。WatchMe 和 ListenIn 系统还严重依赖音频，以确定用户是否以及何时可能被中断。然而，与 Thunderwire 不同的是，这些系统依赖于机器学习算法来分析用户的音频并确定用户是否在说话。这使得系统可以为其他用户提供相同的上下文(例如，不管用户是否在对话中) ，而无需共享实际的音频，从而使其更加以隐私为中心。
A fourth type of context that is commonly shared is the user's overall activity. In the Hubbub<ref>{{cite conference
|author1=Isaacs, E. |author2=Walendowski, A. |author3= Ranganthan, D. |name-list-style=amp| year = 2002
| title = Hubbub: A Sound-Enhanced Mobile Instant Messenger that Supports Awareness and Opportunistic Interactions
| book-title = CHI '02
| pages = 333–340|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221518280}}</ref> and Conchat<ref>{{cite journal
|author1=Ranganathan, A. |author2=Campbell, R. H. |author3=Ravi, A. |author4= Mahajan, A. |name-list-style=amp| year = 2002
| title = Conchat: A context-aware chat program
| journal = Pervasive Computing
| volume = 1
| issue = 3
| pages = 51–57|doi=10.1109/MPRV.2002.1037722 }}</ref> systems, researchers developed a series of instant messenger applications that monitored when the user was active or idle using either software, or environmental sensors, respectively. This information could then be provided to other users to let them know if and when their friends were available to respond to their messages. In the Digital Family Portrait system,<ref>{{cite conference
|author1=Mynatt, E.D. |author2=Rowan, J. |author3=Craighill, S. |author4= Jacobs, A. |name-list-style=amp| year = 2001
| title = Digital family portraits: supporting peace of mind for extended family members
| book-title = CHI '01
| pages = 333–340|url=http://www.cc.gt.atl.ga.us/fce/ahri/publications/dfp-chi2001.pdf}}</ref> researchers developed a digital picture frame that provides qualitative visualizations of a user's (i.e., an elderly parent/grandparent) daily activities. This visualization is then provided to the user's adult children so that they could "check up" on their parents without having to explicitly bother them, thereby allowing them to "age in place."
A fourth type of context that is commonly shared is the user's overall activity. In the Hubbub and Conchat systems, researchers developed a series of instant messenger applications that monitored when the user was active or idle using either software, or environmental sensors, respectively. This information could then be provided to other users to let them know if and when their friends were available to respond to their messages. In the Digital Family Portrait system, researchers developed a digital picture frame that provides qualitative visualizations of a user's (i.e., an elderly parent/grandparent) daily activities. This visualization is then provided to the user's adult children so that they could "check up" on their parents without having to explicitly bother them, thereby allowing them to "age in place."
第四种通常共享的上下文类型是用户的整体活动。在 Hubbub 和 Conchat 系统中，研究人员分别开发了一系列即时通信工具应用程序，可以通过软件或环境传感器监测用户的活动或空闲时间。然后，这些信息可以提供给其他用户，让他们知道他们的朋友是否以及何时可以回复他们的消息。在数码家庭肖像系统中，研究人员开发了一种数码相框，可以提供用户(即年长的父母/祖父母)日常活动的定性可视化效果。然后，这个可视化图像被提供给用户的成年子女，这样他们就可以“检查”他们的父母，而不必明确地打扰他们，从而允许他们“在适当的地方长大”
Although these system demonstrate how context awareness can be used to support situational and social awareness, the long term effectiveness of these systems are not yet fully understood. Many of the systems described above have only been evaluated at a conceptual level, or to demonstrate that the system is technically feasible. Consequently, while initial results from these studies suggest that context awareness can support situational awareness tasks, more longitudinal data is required.
Although these system demonstrate how context awareness can be used to support situational and social awareness, the long term effectiveness of these systems are not yet fully understood. Many of the systems described above have only been evaluated at a conceptual level, or to demonstrate that the system is technically feasible. Consequently, while initial results from these studies suggest that context awareness can support situational awareness tasks, more longitudinal data is required.
虽然这些系统展示了如何使用上下文感知来支持情景和社会感知，但是这些系统的长期效果还没有被完全理解。上述许多系统只是在概念层面上进行了评估，或证明该系统在技术上是可行的。因此，虽然这些研究的初步结果表明，情境意识可以支持情势察觉任务，但还需要更多的纵向数据。
== Application in health care ==
Context-aware mobile [[Software agent|agents]]<ref>[http://recursionsw.com/About_Us/inc/White_papers/Voyager_3rd_Party/Context_Aware_Mobile_Agents_Healthcare.pdf Burstein et.al. Context Aware Mobile Agents in Healthcare] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410211606/http://recursionsw.com/About_Us/inc/White_papers/Voyager_3rd_Party/Context_Aware_Mobile_Agents_Healthcare.pdf |date=2011-04-10 }}</ref> are a best suited host implementing any context-aware applications. Modern integrated voice and data communications equips the hospital staff with smart phones to communicate vocally with each other, but preferably to look up the next task to be executed and to capture the next report to be noted.
Context-aware mobile agentsBurstein et.al. Context Aware Mobile Agents in Healthcare are a best suited host implementing any context-aware applications. Modern integrated voice and data communications equips the hospital staff with smart phones to communicate vocally with each other, but preferably to look up the next task to be executed and to capture the next report to be noted.
= = = 在医疗保健中的应用 = = 上下文感知的移动代理 sburstein/et.al。上下文感知的医疗保健移动代理是实现任何上下文感知应用程序的最适合的主机。现代化的综合语音和数据通信使医院的工作人员能够使用智能手机进行语音通信，但最好是查找下一个要执行的任务，并捕捉下一个要注意的报告。
However, all attempts to support staff with such approaches are hampered till failure of acceptance with the need to look up upon a new event for patient identities, order lists and work schedules. Hence a well suited solution has to get rid of such manual interaction with a tiny screen and therefore serves the user with
However, all attempts to support staff with such approaches are hampered till failure of acceptance with the need to look up upon a new event for patient identities, order lists and work schedules. Hence a well suited solution has to get rid of such manual interaction with a tiny screen and therefore serves the user with
然而，所有试图用这种方法支持工作人员的努力都受到阻碍，直到接受失败，因为需要查找新的事件以获得病人身份、订单和工作时间表。因此，一个非常适合的解决方案必须摆脱这样的手动交互与一个小屏幕，因此服务于用户
* automated identifying actual patient and local environment upon approach,
* automated recording the events with coming to and leaving off the actual patient,
* automated presentation of the orders or service due on the current location and with
* supported documentation to provide such qualities for [[Electronic health record|EHR]].
* automated identifying actual patient and local environment upon approach,
* automated recording the events with coming to and leaving off the actual patient,
* automated presentation of the orders or service due on the current location and with
* supported documentation to provide such qualities for EHR.
* 自动识别实际病人和当地环境，
* 自动记录与实际病人来往和离开的事件，
* 自动显示当前地点的订单或服务，
* 支持的文件，以提供这些质量的电子健康记录。
==Applications in industrial production==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2017}}
Context-aware mobile agents are a well suited host implementing newer context-aware applications in relation to the new paradigm with [[industry 4.0]]. Modern integrated (voice and) data communications equips the workshop or production line staff with smart phones to communicate data with production control for feedback, where data originates from detecting and identifying components and parts to get integrated in flexible production management for on-demand products.
Context-aware mobile agents are a well suited host implementing newer context-aware applications in relation to the new paradigm with industry 4.0. Modern integrated (voice and) data communications equips the workshop or production line staff with smart phones to communicate data with production control for feedback, where data originates from detecting and identifying components and parts to get integrated in flexible production management for on-demand products.
= = 工业生产中的应用程序 = = 上下文感知的移动代理程序是一个非常适合的主机，针对工业4.0的新范例实现了较新的上下文感知应用程序。现代的综合(语音和)数据通信使车间或生产线的工作人员配备了智能手机，以便与生产控制部门沟通数据，从而获得反馈，数据来源于检测和识别零部件，以便对按需产品进行灵活的生产管理。
However, all attempts to support staff with such approaches are hampered by fixed production schedules unless the information for customer demand and product configuration can be matched with parts supply. Hence a well suited solution has to get rid of missing interaction of production plan and production line occurrence of relevant information and material by means of
However, all attempts to support staff with such approaches are hampered by fixed production schedules unless the information for customer demand and product configuration can be matched with parts supply. Hence a well suited solution has to get rid of missing interaction of production plan and production line occurrence of relevant information and material by means of
然而，除非客户需求和产品配置信息能够与零部件供应相匹配，否则所有支持工作人员使用这种方法的尝试都会受到固定生产计划的阻碍。因此，一个非常适合的解决方案必须通过生产计划和生产线之间的相互作用来消除相关信息和材料的出现
* automated identifying actually available parts delivered from stock or out of buffer supplies,
* automated presenting of the integration requirements for on-demand configuration,
* automated detecting and reporting of the actually mounted configuration
The key requirement is to implement a solution free from manual interaction of worker with information handling. Otherwise the error rate will rise with the rise in information requirements.
* automated identifying actually available parts delivered from stock or out of buffer supplies,
* automated presenting of the integration requirements for on-demand configuration,
* automated detecting and reporting of the actually mounted configuration
The key requirement is to implement a solution free from manual interaction of worker with information handling. Otherwise the error rate will rise with the rise in information requirements.
* 自动识别从库存或缓冲供应中交付的实际可用零件;
* 自动显示按需配置的集成要求;
* 自动检测和报告实际安装的配置。关键要求是实施一个解决方案，避免工人与信息处理之间的人工互动。否则，错误率将随着信息需求的增加而上升。
Additionally, none of the conventional RFID, WLAN or RTLS locating solutions advertising for most precise locating serve the required quality, as determining a location in conventional attitude looking for absolute coordinates fails either technically or economically. Other approaches based on [[fuzzy locating]] promise better return on investment.
Additionally, none of the conventional RFID, WLAN or RTLS locating solutions advertising for most precise locating serve the required quality, as determining a location in conventional attitude looking for absolute coordinates fails either technically or economically. Other approaches based on fuzzy locating promise better return on investment.
此外，传统的 RFID，WLAN 或 RTLS 定位解决方案广告最精确的定位服务所需的质量，因为确定一个位置在传统的态度寻找绝对坐标在技术上或经济上都失败。其他基于模糊定位的方法则可以获得更好的投资回报。
==Applications in pervasive games==
==Applications in pervasive games==
= = 应用程序在普遍的游戏 = =
A [[pervasive game]] is leveraging the sensed human contexts to adapt game system behaviors. By blending of real and virtual elements and enabling users to physically interact with their surroundings during the play, people can become fully involved in and attain better gaming experience. For example, a pervasive game that uses the contexts of human activity and location in [[smart home]]s is reported by an [[autonomous agent]].<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11042-010-0711-z?LI=true B. Guo, R. Fujimura, D. Zhang, M. Imai.Design-in-Play: Improving the Variability of Indoor Pervasive Games. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2011]</ref>
A pervasive game is leveraging the sensed human contexts to adapt game system behaviors. By blending of real and virtual elements and enabling users to physically interact with their surroundings during the play, people can become fully involved in and attain better gaming experience. For example, a pervasive game that uses the contexts of human activity and location in smart homes is reported by an autonomous agent.B. Guo, R. Fujimura, D. Zhang, M. Imai.Design-in-Play: Improving the Variability of Indoor Pervasive Games. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2011
一个普遍的游戏是利用感知的人类环境来调整游戏系统的行为。通过混合真实和虚拟元素，使用户能够在游戏过程中与周围环境进行身体互动，人们可以充分参与并获得更好的游戏体验。例如，一个使用人类活动背景和智能家居位置的普遍游戏被一个自治代理报告。郭，藤村，张，今井。游戏中的设计: 提高室内游戏的可变性。多媒体工具和应用，2011年
==Applications in mobile multimedia devices==
Museums and archaeological sites sometimes provide multimedia mobile devices as an alternative to the conventional audio guide (see e.g. the Tate Modern in London.<ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/visit/tate-modern/things-to-do/multimedia-guides Multimedia guides at Tate Modern]</ref> A context aware device will use the location, current user interactions and the graph of connected objects to dynamically tailor the information presented to the user.<ref>[https://www.mjc2.com/past-visitor-scheduling-system.htm PAST Project - Context Aware Visitor Guiding]</ref> In some cases this is combined with real-time navigation around the site to guide the user to artefacts or exhibits that are likely to be of interest, based on the user's previous interactions.<ref>[https://www.mjc2.com/agamemnon-multimedia-tour-guide.htm AGAMEMNON - Real-time Visitor Guiding]</ref>
Museums and archaeological sites sometimes provide multimedia mobile devices as an alternative to the conventional audio guide (see e.g. the Tate Modern in London.Multimedia guides at Tate Modern A context aware device will use the location, current user interactions and the graph of connected objects to dynamically tailor the information presented to the user.PAST Project - Context Aware Visitor Guiding In some cases this is combined with real-time navigation around the site to guide the user to artefacts or exhibits that are likely to be of interest, based on the user's previous interactions.AGAMEMNON - Real-time Visitor Guiding
= = 在移动多媒体设备中的应用 = = 博物馆和考古遗址有时提供多媒体移动设备，作为传统音频指南的替代品。伦敦的泰特现代美术馆。多媒体指南在泰特现代美术馆一个环境感知设备将使用位置，当前用户交互和连接对象的图形，动态裁剪呈现给用户的信息。过去的项目-环境感知访问者指导在某些情况下，这是结合在网站周围的实时导航，引导用户根据用户以前的交互可能感兴趣的人工制品或展品
==See also==
* [[Context adaptation]]
* [[Context-aware collaborative filtering]]
* [[Context-aware pervasive systems]]
* [[Context sensitive user interface]]
* [[Differentiated service]]
* Context adaptation
* Context-aware collaborative filtering
* Context-aware pervasive systems
* Context sensitive user interface
* Differentiated service
= = = = =
* 上下文适应
* 上下文感知的协同过滤
* 上下文感知的普适系统
* 上下文敏感的用户界面
* 差异化服务
== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
== Further reading ==
* [http://paper.ijcsns.org/07_book/200803/20080319.pdf A design methodology for acceptability analyzer in context aware adaptive mobile learning systems development]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011131812/http://www.ist-e-sense.org/ Capturing Ambient Intelligence for Mobile Communications through Wireless Sensor Networks] (Research Project)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081227024637/http://www.ist-mobilife.org/ Bring advances in mobile applications and services within the reach of users] (Research Project)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090219024547/http://www.portable-personality.org/ Middleware for context collection and personal profile exchange](Invalid)
* A design methodology for acceptability analyzer in context aware adaptive mobile learning systems development
* Capturing Ambient Intelligence for Mobile Communications through Wireless Sensor Networks (Research Project)
* Bring advances in mobile applications and services within the reach of users (Research Project)
* Middleware for context collection and personal profile exchange(Invalid)
= = = 进一步阅读 = = = =
* 上下文感知自适应移动学习系统开发中可接受性分析器的设计方法
* 通过无线传感器网络捕获移动通信环境智能(研究项目)
* 将移动应用程序和服务的进步带到用户能够接触到的范围(研究项目)
* 中间件用于上下文收集和个人个
== External links ==
* Peer-reviewed [http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/context-aware_computing.html encyclopedia chapter on Context Awareness and Computing]
* Peer-reviewed encyclopedia chapter on Context Awareness and Computing
= = = 外部链接 = =
* 经同行评审的百科全书关于上下文意识和计算的章节
{{Ambient intelligence}}
{{Pervasive games}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Context Awareness}}
[[Category:User interface techniques]]
Category:User interface techniques
类别: 用户界面技术
<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Context awareness]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[情景感知/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
[[Category:待整理页面]]
{{Distinguish|awareness contexts}}
{{See also|Contextualism|Theory of mind}}
'''Context awareness''' refers, in [[information and communication technologies]], to a capability to take into account the ''situation'' of ''entities'',<ref name="dey2001"/> which may be users or devices, but are not limited to those. ''Location'' is only the most obvious element of this ''situation''. Narrowly defined for [[mobile device]]s, context awareness does thus generalize [[location awareness]]. Whereas location may determine how certain processes around a contributing device operate, context may be applied more flexibly with mobile users, especially with users of [[smart phones]]. Context awareness originated as a term from [[ubiquitous computing]] or as so-called pervasive computing which sought to deal with linking changes in the environment with computer systems, which are otherwise static. The term has also been applied to business theory in relation to [[contextual application design]] and [[business process management]] issues.<ref name="rosemann2006">{{Cite conference
| author = Rosemann, M., & Recker, J.
| year = 2006
| title = Context-aware process design: Exploring the extrinsic drivers for process flexibility
| url = http://eprints.qut.edu.au/archive/00004638/01/4638_1.pdf
| book-title = 18th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering. Proceedings of Workshops and Doctoral Consortium
| pages = 149–158
| location = Luxembourg
| publisher = Namur University Press
| editor1 = T. Latour
| editor2 = M. Petit}}</ref>
Context awareness refers, in information and communication technologies, to a capability to take into account the situation of entities, which may be users or devices, but are not limited to those. Location is only the most obvious element of this situation. Narrowly defined for mobile devices, context awareness does thus generalize location awareness. Whereas location may determine how certain processes around a contributing device operate, context may be applied more flexibly with mobile users, especially with users of smart phones. Context awareness originated as a term from ubiquitous computing or as so-called pervasive computing which sought to deal with linking changes in the environment with computer systems, which are otherwise static. The term has also been applied to business theory in relation to contextual application design and business process management issues.
在信息和通信技术中，上下文感知是指一种考虑实体情况的能力，这些实体可能是用户或设备，但不仅限于这些实体。位置只是这种情况中最明显的因素。狭义地定义为移动设备，上下文感知因此泛化位置感知。尽管位置可能决定某个设备周围的某些过程如何运作，但上下文可能更灵活地应用于移动用户，特别是智能手机用户。上下文感知起源于普适计算或所谓的普适计算，它试图处理环境变化与计算机系统之间的联系，否则计算机系统是静态的。这个术语也被应用到与上下文应用程序设计和业务流程管理问题相关的业务理论中。
== Qualities of context ==
Various categorizations of context have been proposed in the past. Dey and Abowd (1999)<ref name="ReferenceA">[ftp://ftp.cc.gatech.edu/pub/gvu/tr/1999/99-22.pdf Towards a Better Understanding of Context and Context-Awareness]</ref> distinguish between the context types ''location'', ''identity'', ''activity'' and ''time''. Kaltz et al. (2005)<ref name="kaltz2005">{{cite journal
|author1=Kaltz, J.W. |author2=Ziegler, J. |author3=Lohmann, S. | year = 2005
| title = Context-aware Web Engineering: Modeling and Applications
| journal = Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle
| volume = 19
| issue = 3
| pages = 439–458
| url = http://interactivesystems.info/system/pdfs/112/original/14852.pdf
| doi = 10.3166/ria.19.439-458
}}</ref> identified the categories ''user&role'', ''process&task'', ''location'', ''time'' and ''device'' to cover a broad variety of mobile and web scenarios. They emphasize yet for these classical [[Modality (human–computer interaction)|modalities]] that any optimal categorization depends very much on the application domain and use case. Beyond more advanced modalities may apply when not only single entities are addressed, but also clusters of entities that work in a coherence of context, as e.g. teams at work or also single bearers with a multiplicity of appliances.
Various categorizations of context have been proposed in the past. Dey and Abowd (1999)Towards a Better Understanding of Context and Context-Awareness distinguish between the context types location, identity, activity and time. Kaltz et al. (2005) identified the categories user&role, process&task, location, time and device to cover a broad variety of mobile and web scenarios. They emphasize yet for these classical modalities that any optimal categorization depends very much on the application domain and use case. Beyond more advanced modalities may apply when not only single entities are addressed, but also clusters of entities that work in a coherence of context, as e.g. teams at work or also single bearers with a multiplicity of appliances.
= = 上下文的特性过去已经提出了各种上下文的分类。为了更好地理解语境和语境感知，区分语境类型、位置、身份、活动和时间。Kaltz et al.(2005)确定了用户与角色、流程与任务、位置、时间和设备的类别，以涵盖各种各样的移动和网络场景。他们还强调，对于这些经典模式，任何最佳分类都非常依赖于应用程序领域和用例。除了更先进的模式之外，如果不仅涉及单一实体，而且涉及在一致背景下开展工作的多个实体，例如:。团队在工作或也与多种器具的单身搬运人。
Some classical understanding of context in business processes is derived from the definition of AAA applications<ref>[http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/12_2/security/configuration/guide/scfaaa.html CISCO AAA Overview]</ref> with the following three categories:
* Authentication, which means i.e. confirmation of stated identity
* Authorisation, which means i.e. allowance to accrual or access to location, function, data
* Accounting, which means i.e. the relation to order context and to accounts for applied labour, granted license, and delivered goods,
these three terms including additionally location and time as stated.
Some classical understanding of context in business processes is derived from the definition of AAA applicationsCISCO AAA Overview with the following three categories:
* Authentication, which means i.e. confirmation of stated identity
* Authorisation, which means i.e. allowance to accrual or access to location, function, data
* Accounting, which means i.e. the relation to order context and to accounts for applied labour, granted license, and delivered goods,
these three terms including additionally location and time as stated.
一些对业务流程上下文的经典理解来源于 AAA 应用程序的定义，包括以下三个类别:
* 身份验证，即。身份证明
* 授权书，即。应计制或存取地点、功能、资料
* 的准许，即。订货环境的关系和应用劳动帐户，授予许可证，交付货物，这三个条款，包括额外的地点和时间所述。
== Computer science ==
In computer science ''context awareness'' refers to the idea that computers can both sense, and react based on their environment. Devices may have information about the circumstances under which they are able to operate and based on rules, or an intelligent stimulus, react accordingly. The term ''context awareness'' in ubiquitous computing was introduced by Schilit (1994).<ref name="schilit94">{{cite conference
| author1=B. Schilit
| author2=N. Adams
| author3=R. Want.
| year = 1994
| title = Context-aware computing applications
| book-title = IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (WMCSA'94), Santa Cruz, CA, US
| pages = 89–101
| citeseerx = 10.1.1.29.5833}}</ref><ref name="schilit94b">{{cite journal
|author1=Schilit, B.N. |author2=Theimer, M.M.
| year = 1994
| title = Disseminating Active Map Information to Mobile Hosts
| journal = IEEE Network
| pages = 22–32
| volume = 8
| issue = 5
| doi = 10.1109/65.313011
|citeseerx=10.1.1.49.1499
}}</ref>
Context-aware devices may also try to make assumptions about the user's current situation. [[Anind Dey|Dey]] (2001) define context as "any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity."<ref name="dey2001">{{cite journal
| author = Dey, Anind K.
| author-link = Anind Dey
| year = 2001
| title = Understanding and Using Context
| journal = Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
| volume = 5
| issue = 1
| pages = 4–7
| doi = 10.1007/s007790170019
| citeseerx = 10.1.1.31.9786
}}</ref>
In computer science context awareness refers to the idea that computers can both sense, and react based on their environment. Devices may have information about the circumstances under which they are able to operate and based on rules, or an intelligent stimulus, react accordingly. The term context awareness in ubiquitous computing was introduced by Schilit (1994).
Context-aware devices may also try to make assumptions about the user's current situation. Dey (2001) define context as "any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity."
在计算机科学中，上下文感知是指计算机既能感知环境，又能根据环境做出反应。设备可能知道在什么情况下它们能够按照规则或智能刺激进行操作，从而做出相应的反应。语境意识这个术语在《普适计算由 Schilit 引入(1994)。上下文感知设备也可能尝试对用户的当前情况进行假设。Dey (2001)将上下文定义为“可用于描述实体状况的任何信息”
While the computer science community initially perceived the context as a matter of user location, as Dey discuss,<ref name="dey2001"/> in the last few years this notion has been considered not simply as a state, but part of a process in which users are involved; thus, sophisticated and general context models have been proposed (see survey<ref name="curino-context2007">{{cite journal
|author1=Cristiana Bolchini
|author2=Carlo A. Curino
|author3=Elisa Quintarelli
|author4=Fabio A. Schreiber
|author5=Letizia Tanca
|title=A data-oriented survey of context models
|url=http://carlo.curino.us/documents/curino-context2007-survey.pdf
|journal=SIGMOD Rec.
|volume=36
|year=2007
|issn=0163-5808
|pages=19–26
|doi=10.1145/1361348.1361353
|issue=4
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424051627/http://carlo.curino.us/documents/curino-context2007-survey.pdf
|archive-date=2009-04-24
|citeseerx=10.1.1.423.1960
}}</ref>), to support context-aware applications which use them to (a) adapt interfaces, (b) tailor the set of application-relevant data, (c) increase the precision of information retrieval, (d) discover services, (e) make the user interaction implicit, or (f) build smart environments.
For example: a context-aware mobile phone may know that it is currently in the meeting room, and that the user has sat down. The phone may conclude that the user is currently in a meeting and reject any unimportant calls.<ref name="schmidt1999a">{{cite conference
|author1=Schmidt, A. |author2=Aidoo, K.A. |author3=Takaluoma, A. |author4=Tuomela, U. |author5=Van Laerhoven, K. |author6=Van de Velde W. | author-link = Albrecht Schmidt (computer scientist)
| year = 1999
| title = Advanced Interaction in Context
| book-title = 1st International Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing (HUC99), Springer LNCS, Vol. 1707
| pages = 89–101
| url = http://www.teco.edu/~albrecht/publication/huc99/advanced_interaction_context.pdf
}}</ref>
While the computer science community initially perceived the context as a matter of user location, as Dey discuss, in the last few years this notion has been considered not simply as a state, but part of a process in which users are involved; thus, sophisticated and general context models have been proposed (see survey), to support context-aware applications which use them to (a) adapt interfaces, (b) tailor the set of application-relevant data, (c) increase the precision of information retrieval, (d) discover services, (e) make the user interaction implicit, or (f) build smart environments.
For example: a context-aware mobile phone may know that it is currently in the meeting room, and that the user has sat down. The phone may conclude that the user is currently in a meeting and reject any unimportant calls.
虽然计算机科学界最初认为上下文是一个用户位置的问题，正如 Dey 所讨论的，在过去几年中，这个概念不仅被认为是一个状态，而是一个过程的一部分，用户参与其中; 因此，复杂和一般的上下文模型已经被提出(见调查) ，以支持上下文感知应用程序，使用它们(a)适应接口，(b)定制应用相关数据集，(c)提高信息检索的精度，(d)发现服务，(e)使用户隐式交互，或(f)构建智能环境。例如: 上下文感知的移动电话可能知道它当前在会议室，并且用户已经坐下。电话可能会断定用户当前正在开会，并拒绝任何不重要的电话。
Context-aware systems are concerned with the acquisition of context (e.g. using sensors to perceive a situation), the abstraction and understanding of context (e.g. matching a perceived sensory stimulus to a context), and application behaviour based on the recognized context (e.g. triggering actions based on context).<ref name="schmidt2003phd">{{cite conference
|author=Schmidt, Albrecht
|author-link=Albrecht Schmidt (computer scientist)
|year=2002
|title=Ubiquitous Computing - Computing in Context
|book-title=PhD dissertation, Lancaster University.
|url=http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/~albrecht/phd/
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423093032/http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/~albrecht/phd/
|archive-date=2009-04-23
}}</ref>
As the user's activity and location are crucial for many applications, context awareness has been focused more deeply in the research fields of [[location awareness]] and [[activity recognition]].
Context-aware systems are concerned with the acquisition of context (e.g. using sensors to perceive a situation), the abstraction and understanding of context (e.g. matching a perceived sensory stimulus to a context), and application behaviour based on the recognized context (e.g. triggering actions based on context).
As the user's activity and location are crucial for many applications, context awareness has been focused more deeply in the research fields of location awareness and activity recognition.
上下文感知系统关注上下文的获取(例如:。使用传感器来感知一个场景) ，对场景的抽象和理解(例如:。将感知到的感官刺激与上下文进行匹配) ，以及基于识别上下文的应用行为(例如:。根据上下文触发动作)。由于用户的活动和位置对于许多应用来说都是至关重要的，因此上下文感知在位置感知和活动识别等领域得到了越来越深入的研究。
Context awareness is regarded as an enabling technology for ubiquitous computing systems.
Context awareness is used to design innovative [[user interface]]s, and is often used as a part of [[ubiquitous computing|ubiquitous]] and [[wearable computer|wearable computing]]. It is also beginning to be felt in the internet with the advent of [[hybrid search engine]]s.
Schmidt, Beigl & Gellersen<ref name="schmidt1999b">{{cite journal
|author1=Albrecht Schmidt
|author2=Michael Beigl
|author3=Hans-W. Gellersen
|author-link=Albrecht Schmidt (computer scientist)
|date=December 1999
|title=There is more to Context than Location
|journal=Computers & Graphics
|volume=23
|issue=6
|pages=893–902
|url=http://www.teco.uni-karlsruhe.de/~albrecht/publication/draft_docs/context-is-more-than-location.pdf
|doi=10.1016/s0097-8493(99)00120-x
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316093648/http://www.teco.uni-karlsruhe.de/~albrecht/publication/draft_docs/context-is-more-than-location.pdf
|archive-date=2007-03-16
|citeseerx=10.1.1.37.2933
}}</ref>
define ''human factors'' and ''physical environment'' as two important aspects relating to computer science. More recently, much work has also been done to ease the ''distribution of context information''; Bellavista, Corradi, Fanelli & Foschini survey<ref name="foschini11">{{cite journal
|author1=Paolo Bellavista |author2=Antonio Corradi |author3=Mario Fanelli |author4=Luca Foschini |date=August 2012
| title = A Survey of Context Data Distribution for Mobile Ubiquitous Systems
| journal = ACM Computing Surveys
| volume = 44
| issue = 4
| pages = 1–45
| doi = 10.1145/2333112.2333119
}}</ref> the several middleware solutions that have been designed to transparently implement context management and provisioning in the mobile system. Grifoni, D'Ulizia & Ferri <ref>{{Cite book|title=Context-Awareness in Location Based Services in the Big Data Era|last=Grifoni|first=Patrizia|last2=D’Ulizia|first2=Arianna|last3=Ferri|first3=Fernando|date=2018|publisher=Springer, Cham|isbn=9783319679242|series=Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies|pages=85–127|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-67925-9_5}}</ref> provided a review of several context-aware [[location-based service]] systems using big data by analysing the methodological and practical choices that their developers made during the main phases of the context awareness process (i.e. context acquisition, context representation, and context reasoning and adaptation). Perera, Zaslavsky, Christen, & Georgakopoulos<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Perera|first=C.|last2=Zaslavsky|first2=A.|last3=Christen|first3=P.|last4=Georgakopoulos|first4=D.|date= 2014|title=Context Aware Computing for The Internet of Things: A Survey|journal=IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials|volume=16|issue=1|pages=414–454|doi=10.1109/SURV.2013.042313.00197|issn=1553-877X|arxiv=1305.0982}}</ref> have performed a comprehensive survey on context-aware computing from Internet of Things perspective by reviewing over 50 leading projects in the field. Further, Perera has also surveyed a large number of industrial products in the existing IoT marketplace from context-aware computing perspective.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Perera|first=C.|last2=Liu|first2=C. H.|last3=Jayawardena|first3=S.|last4=Chen|first4=M.|date=2014|title=A Survey on Internet of Things From Industrial Market Perspective|journal=IEEE Access|volume=2|pages=1660–1679|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2389854|issn=2169-3536|arxiv=1502.00164}}</ref> Their survey is intended to serve as a guideline and a conceptual framework for context-aware product development and research in the IoT paradigm. The evaluation has been done using the theoretical framework developed by Dey and Abowd (1999)<ref name="ReferenceA" /> more than a decade ago. The combination of the Internet and emerging technologies transform everyday objects into smart objects that can understand and react to their contexts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kortuem|first=Gerd|last2=Kawsar|first2=Fahim|last3=Sundramoorthy|first3=Vasughi|last4=Fitton|first4=Daniel|date=January 2010|title=Smart Objects As Building Blocks for the Internet of Things|journal=IEEE Internet Computing|volume=14|issue=1|pages=44–51|doi=10.1109/MIC.2009.143|issn=1089-7801|url=http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2735/1/w1iot.pdf}}</ref>
Context awareness is regarded as an enabling technology for ubiquitous computing systems.
Context awareness is used to design innovative user interfaces, and is often used as a part of ubiquitous and wearable computing. It is also beginning to be felt in the internet with the advent of hybrid search engines.
Schmidt, Beigl & Gellersen
define human factors and physical environment as two important aspects relating to computer science. More recently, much work has also been done to ease the distribution of context information; Bellavista, Corradi, Fanelli & Foschini survey the several middleware solutions that have been designed to transparently implement context management and provisioning in the mobile system. Grifoni, D'Ulizia & Ferri provided a review of several context-aware location-based service systems using big data by analysing the methodological and practical choices that their developers made during the main phases of the context awareness process (i.e. context acquisition, context representation, and context reasoning and adaptation). Perera, Zaslavsky, Christen, & Georgakopoulos have performed a comprehensive survey on context-aware computing from Internet of Things perspective by reviewing over 50 leading projects in the field. Further, Perera has also surveyed a large number of industrial products in the existing IoT marketplace from context-aware computing perspective. Their survey is intended to serve as a guideline and a conceptual framework for context-aware product development and research in the IoT paradigm. The evaluation has been done using the theoretical framework developed by Dey and Abowd (1999) more than a decade ago. The combination of the Internet and emerging technologies transform everyday objects into smart objects that can understand and react to their contexts.
上下文感知被认为是普适计算系统的一种使能技术。上下文感知被用来设计创新的用户界面，并且常常作为普适和可穿戴计算的一部分使用。随着混合搜索引擎的出现，互联网也开始感受到这一点。施密特、贝格尔和盖勒森将人的因素和物理环境定义为与计算机科学有关的两个重要方面。最近，在简化上下文信息的分发方面也做了很多工作，贝亚维斯塔、 Corradi、 Fanelli 和 Foschini 调查了几个中间件解决方案，这些中间件解决方案旨在透明地在移动系统中实现上下文管理和配置。Grifoni，d’ulizia & Ferri 通过分析开发人员在上下文意识过程的主要阶段(即:。上下文获取、上下文表征、上下文推理和顺应)。Perera，Zaslavsky，Christen，和 Georgakopoulos 从物联网的角度对上下文感知计算进行了全面的调查，回顾了该领域50多个主要项目。此外，佩雷拉还从上下文感知计算的角度调查了现有物联网市场中的大量工业产品。他们的调查旨在为物联网范式下的环境意识产品开发和研究提供指导和概念框架。评价是利用10多年前由 Dey 和 Abowd (1999)开发的理论框架进行的。互联网和新兴技术的结合将日常物品转化为智能物品，可以理解和反应它们的环境。
Human factors related context is structured into three categories: information on the user (knowledge of habits, emotional state, biophysiological conditions), the user's social environment (co-location of others, social interaction, group dynamics), and the user's tasks (spontaneous activity, engaged tasks, general goals). Likewise, context related to physical environment is structured into three categories: location (absolute position, relative position, [[wikt:colocation|co-location]]), infrastructure (surrounding resources for computation, communication, task performance), and physical conditions (noise, light, pressure, air quality).<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11042-010-0711-z?LI=true A Comprehensive Framework for Context-Aware Communication Systems. B. Chihani, E. Bertin, N. Crespi. 15th International Conference on Intelligence in Next Generation Networks (ICIN'11), Berlin, Germany, October 2011]</ref><ref>[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5956518 A Self-Organization Mechanism for a Cold Chain Monitoring System. C. Nicolas, M. Marot, M. Becker. 73rd Vehicular Technology Conference 2011 IEEE (VTC Spring), Yokohama, Japan May 2011]</ref>
== Relational context : dynamic and non-user-centric definitions==
Whereas early definitions of context tended to center on users, or devices interfaced directly with users, the oft-cited definition from Dey<ref name="dey2001"/> ("''any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity''") could be taken without this restriction. User-centric context, as may be used in the design of [[human-computer interaction|human-computer interfaces]], may also imply an overly clearcut, and partially arbitrary, separation between "content" (anything which is ''explicitly'' typed in by users, or output to them), and context, which is ''implicit'', and used for [[context adaptation|adaptation]] purposes. A more dynamic and de-centered view, advocated by Dourish <ref> Dourish, Paul. "What we talk about when we talk about context." Personal and ubiquitous computing 8.1 (2004): 19-30.</ref> views context as primarily ''relational''. This was originally congruent with the move from desktop computing to [[ubiquitous computing]], but it does also fit with a broader understanding of [[ambient intelligence]] where the distinctions between ''context'' and ''content'' become relative and dynamic.<ref> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230704197_Ambient_Intelligence Streitz, Norbert A., and Gilles Privat. "Ambient Intelligence" , ''Universal Access Handbook'' (2009)</ref> In this view, whichever sources of information (such as [[Internet of Things|IoT]] sensors) may be ''context'' for some uses and applications, might also be sources of primary ''content'' for others, and vice versa. What matters is the set of ''relationships'' that link them, together and with their environment. Whereas early descriptions of single-user-centric context could fit with classical [[Entity-attribute-value model|entity-attribute-value models]], more versatile graph-based information models, such as proposed with [[NGSI-LD]], are better adapted to capture the more relational view of context which is relevant for the [[Internet of Things]], [[Cyber-Physical Systems]] and [[Digital Twins]]. In this broader acceptation, context is not only represented as a set of attributes attached to an entity, it is also captured by a graph that enmeshes this entity with others. Context awareness is the capability to account for this cross-cutting information from different sources.
== Applications in situational or social awareness ==
Context awareness has been applied to the area of [[computer-supported cooperative work]] (CSCW) to help individuals work and collaborate more efficiently with each other. Since the early 1990s, researchers have developed a large number of software and hardware systems that can collect contextual information (e.g., location, video feeds, away status messages) from users. This information is then openly shared with other users, thereby improving their situational awareness, and allowing them to identify natural opportunities to interact with each other. In the early days of context-aware computing, many of the systems developed for this purpose were specifically designed to assist businesses or geographically separated work teams collaborate on shared documents or work artifacts. More recently, however, there has been a growing body of work that demonstrates how this technique can also be applied to groups of friends or family members to help keep them apprised of each other's activities.
Human factors related context is structured into three categories: information on the user (knowledge of habits, emotional state, biophysiological conditions), the user's social environment (co-location of others, social interaction, group dynamics), and the user's tasks (spontaneous activity, engaged tasks, general goals). Likewise, context related to physical environment is structured into three categories: location (absolute position, relative position, co-location), infrastructure (surrounding resources for computation, communication, task performance), and physical conditions (noise, light, pressure, air quality).A Comprehensive Framework for Context-Aware Communication Systems. B. Chihani, E. Bertin, N. Crespi. 15th International Conference on Intelligence in Next Generation Networks (ICIN'11), Berlin, Germany, October 2011A Self-Organization Mechanism for a Cold Chain Monitoring System. C. Nicolas, M. Marot, M. Becker. 73rd Vehicular Technology Conference 2011 IEEE (VTC Spring), Yokohama, Japan May 2011
Whereas early definitions of context tended to center on users, or devices interfaced directly with users, the oft-cited definition from Dey ("any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity") could be taken without this restriction. User-centric context, as may be used in the design of human-computer interfaces, may also imply an overly clearcut, and partially arbitrary, separation between "content" (anything which is explicitly typed in by users, or output to them), and context, which is implicit, and used for adaptation purposes. A more dynamic and de-centered view, advocated by Dourish Dourish, Paul. "What we talk about when we talk about context." Personal and ubiquitous computing 8.1 (2004): 19-30. views context as primarily relational. This was originally congruent with the move from desktop computing to ubiquitous computing, but it does also fit with a broader understanding of ambient intelligence where the distinctions between context and content become relative and dynamic. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230704197_Ambient_Intelligence Streitz, Norbert A., and Gilles Privat. "Ambient Intelligence" , Universal Access Handbook (2009) In this view, whichever sources of information (such as IoT sensors) may be context for some uses and applications, might also be sources of primary content for others, and vice versa. What matters is the set of relationships that link them, together and with their environment. Whereas early descriptions of single-user-centric context could fit with classical entity-attribute-value models, more versatile graph-based information models, such as proposed with NGSI-LD, are better adapted to capture the more relational view of context which is relevant for the Internet of Things, Cyber-Physical Systems and Digital Twins. In this broader acceptation, context is not only represented as a set of attributes attached to an entity, it is also captured by a graph that enmeshes this entity with others. Context awareness is the capability to account for this cross-cutting information from different sources.
Context awareness has been applied to the area of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) to help individuals work and collaborate more efficiently with each other. Since the early 1990s, researchers have developed a large number of software and hardware systems that can collect contextual information (e.g., location, video feeds, away status messages) from users. This information is then openly shared with other users, thereby improving their situational awareness, and allowing them to identify natural opportunities to interact with each other. In the early days of context-aware computing, many of the systems developed for this purpose were specifically designed to assist businesses or geographically separated work teams collaborate on shared documents or work artifacts. More recently, however, there has been a growing body of work that demonstrates how this technique can also be applied to groups of friends or family members to help keep them apprised of each other's activities.
与语境相关的人为因素被分为三类: 关于使用者的信息(习惯知识、情绪状态、生理生态条件)、使用者的社会环境(与他人共处、社会互动、群体动态)和使用者的任务(自发活动、参与任务、一般目标)。同样，与物理环境相关的上下文被分为三类: 位置(绝对位置、相对位置、同位)、基础设施(计算、通信、任务执行的周围资源)和物理条件(噪音、光线、压力、空气质量)。情境感知通信系统的综合框架。基哈尼，e. Bertin，n. Crespi。第15届国际下一代网络智能会议(ICIN’11) ，柏林，德国，2011年10月冷链监控系统的自我组织机制。马罗特，贝克尔。第73届车辆技术会议2011年(VTC Spring) ，日本横滨2011年5月 = = 关系上下文: 动态和非用户中心定义 = = 早期的上下文定义往往侧重于用户或直接与用户接口的设备，但经常引用的 Dey 的定义(”任何可用于描述实体状况的信息”)可以不受这种限制。以用户为中心的上下文，正如在人机界面设计中可能使用的那样，也可能意味着在“内容”(用户显式输入的任何内容，或用户输出的任何内容)和上下文之间过于明确和部分武断的分离，前者是隐含的，用于适应目的。一个更加动态和去中心的观点，主张杜里什，保罗。“当我们谈论环境时，我们谈论的是什么。”个人和普适计算8.1(2004) : 19-30. 视上下文为主要的关系。这最初与从桌面计算到普适计算计算的转变是一致的，但它也符合对环境智能计算的更广泛的理解，在这种理解中，上下文和内容之间的区别变得相对和动态。Https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230704197_ambient_intelligence · 斯特里茨，诺伯特 · a. 和吉尔 · 普雷瓦特。在这种观点看来，无论哪种信息来源(如物联网传感器)可能是某些用途和应用的背景，也可能是其他用途和应用的主要内容来源，反之亦然。重要的是一系列的关系，这些关系将他们联系在一起，并与他们的环境联系在一起。尽管早期对单用户为中心的上下文的描述可能适合于经典的实体属性值模型，但更多用途的基于图的信息模型，例如与 NGSI-LD 提出的模型，更适合于捕捉与物联网、网络物理系统和数字孪生相关的更关联的上下文视图。在这个更广泛的含义中，上下文不仅表示为附加到一个实体的一组属性，它还被一个将这个实体与其他实体结合在一起的图所捕获。上下文感知是从不同来源获取这些跨领域信息的能力。= = = 情景或社会意识应用 = = 上下文意识已应用于计算机支持的协同工作领域，以帮助个人更有效地工作和相互协作。自20世纪90年代初以来，研究人员已经开发了大量的软件和硬件系统，可以从用户那里收集上下文信息(例如，位置、视频反馈、远离状态信息)。然后，这些信息就可以与其他用户公开分享，从而提高他们的情势察觉，并使他们能够识别出自然的机会，与其他人进行互动。在上下文感知计算的早期，为此目的开发的许多系统都是专门设计来协助企业或地理上分离的工作团队协作共享文档或工件的。然而，最近有越来越多的研究表明，这种技术也可以应用到朋友或家庭成员的群体中，以帮助他们了解彼此的活动。
To date, systems that use context awareness to improve situational awareness can be characterised by:
* the context(s) that they collect from each user, and
* the method by which they convey this information to other users
To date, systems that use context awareness to improve situational awareness can be characterised by:
* the context(s) that they collect from each user, and
* the method by which they convey this information to other users
到目前为止，使用上下文感知来改善情势察觉的系统的特点是:
* 从每个用户那里收集的上下文，以及
* 将这些信息传达给其他用户的方法
The most common context to obtain and share for the purposes of improving situational awareness is the user's location. In an early prototype, the Active Badge system,<ref>{{cite journal
|author1=Want, R. |author2=Hopper, A. |author3=Falcao, V. |author4= Gibbons, J. |name-list-style=amp| year = 1992
| title = The Active Badge Location System
| journal = ACM Transactions on Information Systems
| volume = 10
| issue = 1
| pages = 91–102|doi=10.1145/128756.128759 |citeseerx=10.1.1.17.339 }}</ref> for example, each user had a uniquely identifying badge that could be tracked via a series of overhead infrared sensors. As users walked throughout a building, their location was constantly monitored by a centralized server. Other users could then view this information (either in text form, or on a map, as was done in later work<ref>{{cite book |author1= McCarthy, J. F. |author2= Meidel, E. S. |name-list-style= amp |year= 1999 |title= ACTIVE MAP: A visualization tool for location awareness to support informal interactions |journal= Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing |volume= 1707 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/handheldubiquito0000inte/page/158 158–170] |doi= 10.1007/3-540-48157-5_16 |citeseerx= 10.1.1.42.504 |series= Lecture Notes in Computer Science |isbn= 978-3-540-66550-2 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/handheldubiquito0000inte/page/158 }}</ref>) to determine if a user is in her office, thereby allowing them to determine the best time to stop by for an unplanned conversation. Location was also shared in the PeopleTones,<ref>{{cite conference
|author1=Li, K. A. |author2=Sohn, T. Y. |author3=Huang, S. |author4= Griswold, W. G. |name-list-style=amp | year = 2008
| title = Peopletones: a system for the detection and notification of buddy proximity on mobile phones.
| book-title = MobiSys '08
| pages = 160–173|url=http://www.kevinli.net/peopletones.pdf}}</ref> Serendipity,<ref>{{cite journal
|author1=Eagle, N. |author2=Pentland, A.
| year = 2005
| title = Social Serendipity: Mobilizing Social Software
| journal = IEEE Pervasive Computing
| volume = 4
| issue = 2
| pages = 28–34|doi=10.1109/MPRV.2005.37
}}</ref> and the Group Interaction Support Systems<ref>{{cite conference
|author1=Ferscha, A. |author2=Holzmann, C. |author3=Oppl, S. |name-list-style=amp | year = 2004
| title = Context awareness for group interaction support
| book-title = MobiWac '04
| pages = 88–97|url=http://www.academia.edu/download/43935834/GroupInteractionSupport-ferscha2004.pdf}}</ref> to help users determine when they are near friends, users with shared personal interests, and teammates, respectively. In comparison with Active Badge, which only displays location information, these systems are more proactive, and will alert the users when they are in proximity of each other. This lets the user know when a potential interaction opportunity is available, thereby increasing his/her chances of taking advantage of it.
The most common context to obtain and share for the purposes of improving situational awareness is the user's location. In an early prototype, the Active Badge system, for example, each user had a uniquely identifying badge that could be tracked via a series of overhead infrared sensors. As users walked throughout a building, their location was constantly monitored by a centralized server. Other users could then view this information (either in text form, or on a map, as was done in later work) to determine if a user is in her office, thereby allowing them to determine the best time to stop by for an unplanned conversation. Location was also shared in the PeopleTones, Serendipity, and the Group Interaction Support Systems to help users determine when they are near friends, users with shared personal interests, and teammates, respectively. In comparison with Active Badge, which only displays location information, these systems are more proactive, and will alert the users when they are in proximity of each other. This lets the user know when a potential interaction opportunity is available, thereby increasing his/her chances of taking advantage of it.
为了改善情势察觉，最常见的获取和分享上下文就是用户的位置。例如，在早期的原型机 Active Badge 系统中，每个用户都有一个独特的识别标志，可以通过一系列的间接红外传感器来跟踪。当用户在整个建筑物中行走时，他们的位置会被一个集中的服务器持续监控。然后，其他用户可以查看这些信息(以文本形式或在地图上查看，就像在后面的工作中所做的那样) ，以确定用户是否在办公室，从而允许他们确定进行计划外谈话的最佳时间。位置信息也在 peoplesoft、 Serendipity 和 Group Interaction Support Systems 中进行了共享，以帮助用户分别确定他们何时与朋友、有共同兴趣的用户和队友关系密切。与只显示位置信息的 Active Badge 相比，这些系统更加积极主动，当用户彼此靠近时会提醒他们。这样可以让用户知道什么时候有潜在的交互机会，从而增加他/她利用这个机会的机会。
Another popular context to share is a user's work activity, often by sharing video. In the Community Bar system,<ref>{{cite conference
|author1=Tee, K. |author2=Greenberg, S. |author3=Gutwin, C. |name-list-style=amp | year = 2006
| title = Providing Artifact Awareness to a Distributed Group Through Screen Sharing
| book-title = CSCW '06
| pages = 99–108|url=https://prism.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/handle/1880/45901/2006-828-21.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y}}</ref> researchers developed a desktop application that periodically took screenshots of the user's display. This information was then shared with the user's co-workers so that they could know what documents/artifacts their teammates was working on, and provided a common frame of reference so that users could n talk about these artifacts as if they were collocated. In Montage,<ref>{{cite conference
|author1=Tang, J. |author2=Rua, M.
| year = 1994
| title = Montage: Providing Teleproximity for Distributed Groups
| book-title = CHI '94
| pages = 37–43
|citeseerx=10.1.1.476.2157
}}</ref> users are given the ability to remotely activate the webcam on another user's computer for a brief amount of time. This capability to "glance" at another user lets users see if they are busy or preoccupied, which in turn helps them better determine the most opportune time to initiate a conversation.
Another popular context to share is a user's work activity, often by sharing video. In the Community Bar system, researchers developed a desktop application that periodically took screenshots of the user's display. This information was then shared with the user's co-workers so that they could know what documents/artifacts their teammates was working on, and provided a common frame of reference so that users could n talk about these artifacts as if they were collocated. In Montage, users are given the ability to remotely activate the webcam on another user's computer for a brief amount of time. This capability to "glance" at another user lets users see if they are busy or preoccupied, which in turn helps them better determine the most opportune time to initiate a conversation.
另一个流行的分享上下文是用户的工作活动，通常是通过分享视频。在 Community Bar 系统中，研究人员开发了一个桌面应用程序，定期对用户的显示屏幕截图。然后，这些信息与用户的同事共享，以便他们能够知道他们的队友正在处理哪些文档/工件，并提供一个共同的参考框架，以便用户能够像对待搭配一样谈论这些工件。在蒙太奇中，用户可以在短时间内远程激活另一个用户电脑上的网络摄像头。这种“扫视”另一个用户的功能可以让用户看到他们是否忙碌或全神贯注，从而帮助他们更好地确定启动对话的最佳时机。
A third type of context to share to improve or enhance situational awareness is the user's audio. In the Thunderwire system,<ref>{{cite journal
|author1=Ackerman, M. |author2=Hindus, D. |author3=Mainwaring, S. |author4=Starr, B. |name-list-style=amp| year = 1997
| title = Hanging on the 'Wire: A Field Study of an Audio-Only Media Space
| journal = ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
| volume = 4
| issue = 1
| pages = 39–66|doi=10.1145/244754.244756 }}</ref> researchers developed an audio-only media space that allowed friends to share raw audio from their mobile devices' microphones. This system, which in essence was a perpetual conference-call, allowed users to listen to other users' audio in order to determine if and when they were participating in a conversation. The WatchMe<ref>{{cite conference
|author1=Marmasse, N. |author2=Schmandt, C. |author3= Spectre, D. |name-list-style=amp| year = 2004
| title = WatchMe: communication and awareness between members of a closely-knit group
| book-title = UbiComp '04
| pages = 214–231|url=https://www.media.mit.edu/speech/old/papers/2004/marmasse_UBI04_WatchMe.pdf}}</ref> and ListenIn<ref>{{cite conference
| author = Rosas, G. M. V.
| year = 2003
| title = ListenIN: Ambient Auditory Awareness at Remote Places
| book-title = Doctoral dissertation, MIT Media Lab|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/62959/54698529-MIT.pdf?sequence=2}}
</ref> systems also rely heavily on audio in order to determine if and when a user was potentially interruptible. Unlike Thunderwire, however, these systems rely on machine learning algorithms in order to analyze the user's audio and determine if the user is talking. This allows the system to provide other users with the same context (i.e., whether or not the user is in a conversation) without having to share the actual audio, thereby making it more privacy centric.
A third type of context to share to improve or enhance situational awareness is the user's audio. In the Thunderwire system, researchers developed an audio-only media space that allowed friends to share raw audio from their mobile devices' microphones. This system, which in essence was a perpetual conference-call, allowed users to listen to other users' audio in order to determine if and when they were participating in a conversation. The WatchMe and ListenIn
systems also rely heavily on audio in order to determine if and when a user was potentially interruptible. Unlike Thunderwire, however, these systems rely on machine learning algorithms in order to analyze the user's audio and determine if the user is talking. This allows the system to provide other users with the same context (i.e., whether or not the user is in a conversation) without having to share the actual audio, thereby making it more privacy centric.
第三种可以分享来改进或增强情势察觉的内容是用户的音频。在 Thunderwire 系统中，研究人员开发了一个只有音频的媒体空间，允许朋友们分享来自移动设备麦克风的原始音频。这个系统本质上是一个永久性的电话会议，允许用户收听其他用户的音频，以确定他们是否以及何时参与了对话。WatchMe 和 ListenIn 系统还严重依赖音频，以确定用户是否以及何时可能被中断。然而，与 Thunderwire 不同的是，这些系统依赖于机器学习算法来分析用户的音频并确定用户是否在说话。这使得系统可以为其他用户提供相同的上下文(例如，不管用户是否在对话中) ，而无需共享实际的音频，从而使其更加以隐私为中心。
A fourth type of context that is commonly shared is the user's overall activity. In the Hubbub<ref>{{cite conference
|author1=Isaacs, E. |author2=Walendowski, A. |author3= Ranganthan, D. |name-list-style=amp| year = 2002
| title = Hubbub: A Sound-Enhanced Mobile Instant Messenger that Supports Awareness and Opportunistic Interactions
| book-title = CHI '02
| pages = 333–340|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221518280}}</ref> and Conchat<ref>{{cite journal
|author1=Ranganathan, A. |author2=Campbell, R. H. |author3=Ravi, A. |author4= Mahajan, A. |name-list-style=amp| year = 2002
| title = Conchat: A context-aware chat program
| journal = Pervasive Computing
| volume = 1
| issue = 3
| pages = 51–57|doi=10.1109/MPRV.2002.1037722 }}</ref> systems, researchers developed a series of instant messenger applications that monitored when the user was active or idle using either software, or environmental sensors, respectively. This information could then be provided to other users to let them know if and when their friends were available to respond to their messages. In the Digital Family Portrait system,<ref>{{cite conference
|author1=Mynatt, E.D. |author2=Rowan, J. |author3=Craighill, S. |author4= Jacobs, A. |name-list-style=amp| year = 2001
| title = Digital family portraits: supporting peace of mind for extended family members
| book-title = CHI '01
| pages = 333–340|url=http://www.cc.gt.atl.ga.us/fce/ahri/publications/dfp-chi2001.pdf}}</ref> researchers developed a digital picture frame that provides qualitative visualizations of a user's (i.e., an elderly parent/grandparent) daily activities. This visualization is then provided to the user's adult children so that they could "check up" on their parents without having to explicitly bother them, thereby allowing them to "age in place."
A fourth type of context that is commonly shared is the user's overall activity. In the Hubbub and Conchat systems, researchers developed a series of instant messenger applications that monitored when the user was active or idle using either software, or environmental sensors, respectively. This information could then be provided to other users to let them know if and when their friends were available to respond to their messages. In the Digital Family Portrait system, researchers developed a digital picture frame that provides qualitative visualizations of a user's (i.e., an elderly parent/grandparent) daily activities. This visualization is then provided to the user's adult children so that they could "check up" on their parents without having to explicitly bother them, thereby allowing them to "age in place."
第四种通常共享的上下文类型是用户的整体活动。在 Hubbub 和 Conchat 系统中，研究人员分别开发了一系列即时通信工具应用程序，可以通过软件或环境传感器监测用户的活动或空闲时间。然后，这些信息可以提供给其他用户，让他们知道他们的朋友是否以及何时可以回复他们的消息。在数码家庭肖像系统中，研究人员开发了一种数码相框，可以提供用户(即年长的父母/祖父母)日常活动的定性可视化效果。然后，这个可视化图像被提供给用户的成年子女，这样他们就可以“检查”他们的父母，而不必明确地打扰他们，从而允许他们“在适当的地方长大”
Although these system demonstrate how context awareness can be used to support situational and social awareness, the long term effectiveness of these systems are not yet fully understood. Many of the systems described above have only been evaluated at a conceptual level, or to demonstrate that the system is technically feasible. Consequently, while initial results from these studies suggest that context awareness can support situational awareness tasks, more longitudinal data is required.
Although these system demonstrate how context awareness can be used to support situational and social awareness, the long term effectiveness of these systems are not yet fully understood. Many of the systems described above have only been evaluated at a conceptual level, or to demonstrate that the system is technically feasible. Consequently, while initial results from these studies suggest that context awareness can support situational awareness tasks, more longitudinal data is required.
虽然这些系统展示了如何使用上下文感知来支持情景和社会感知，但是这些系统的长期效果还没有被完全理解。上述许多系统只是在概念层面上进行了评估，或证明该系统在技术上是可行的。因此，虽然这些研究的初步结果表明，情境意识可以支持情势察觉任务，但还需要更多的纵向数据。
== Application in health care ==
Context-aware mobile [[Software agent|agents]]<ref>[http://recursionsw.com/About_Us/inc/White_papers/Voyager_3rd_Party/Context_Aware_Mobile_Agents_Healthcare.pdf Burstein et.al. Context Aware Mobile Agents in Healthcare] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410211606/http://recursionsw.com/About_Us/inc/White_papers/Voyager_3rd_Party/Context_Aware_Mobile_Agents_Healthcare.pdf |date=2011-04-10 }}</ref> are a best suited host implementing any context-aware applications. Modern integrated voice and data communications equips the hospital staff with smart phones to communicate vocally with each other, but preferably to look up the next task to be executed and to capture the next report to be noted.
Context-aware mobile agentsBurstein et.al. Context Aware Mobile Agents in Healthcare are a best suited host implementing any context-aware applications. Modern integrated voice and data communications equips the hospital staff with smart phones to communicate vocally with each other, but preferably to look up the next task to be executed and to capture the next report to be noted.
= = = 在医疗保健中的应用 = = 上下文感知的移动代理 sburstein/et.al。上下文感知的医疗保健移动代理是实现任何上下文感知应用程序的最适合的主机。现代化的综合语音和数据通信使医院的工作人员能够使用智能手机进行语音通信，但最好是查找下一个要执行的任务，并捕捉下一个要注意的报告。
However, all attempts to support staff with such approaches are hampered till failure of acceptance with the need to look up upon a new event for patient identities, order lists and work schedules. Hence a well suited solution has to get rid of such manual interaction with a tiny screen and therefore serves the user with
However, all attempts to support staff with such approaches are hampered till failure of acceptance with the need to look up upon a new event for patient identities, order lists and work schedules. Hence a well suited solution has to get rid of such manual interaction with a tiny screen and therefore serves the user with
然而，所有试图用这种方法支持工作人员的努力都受到阻碍，直到接受失败，因为需要查找新的事件以获得病人身份、订单和工作时间表。因此，一个非常适合的解决方案必须摆脱这样的手动交互与一个小屏幕，因此服务于用户
* automated identifying actual patient and local environment upon approach,
* automated recording the events with coming to and leaving off the actual patient,
* automated presentation of the orders or service due on the current location and with
* supported documentation to provide such qualities for [[Electronic health record|EHR]].
* automated identifying actual patient and local environment upon approach,
* automated recording the events with coming to and leaving off the actual patient,
* automated presentation of the orders or service due on the current location and with
* supported documentation to provide such qualities for EHR.
* 自动识别实际病人和当地环境，
* 自动记录与实际病人来往和离开的事件，
* 自动显示当前地点的订单或服务，
* 支持的文件，以提供这些质量的电子健康记录。
==Applications in industrial production==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2017}}
Context-aware mobile agents are a well suited host implementing newer context-aware applications in relation to the new paradigm with [[industry 4.0]]. Modern integrated (voice and) data communications equips the workshop or production line staff with smart phones to communicate data with production control for feedback, where data originates from detecting and identifying components and parts to get integrated in flexible production management for on-demand products.
Context-aware mobile agents are a well suited host implementing newer context-aware applications in relation to the new paradigm with industry 4.0. Modern integrated (voice and) data communications equips the workshop or production line staff with smart phones to communicate data with production control for feedback, where data originates from detecting and identifying components and parts to get integrated in flexible production management for on-demand products.
= = 工业生产中的应用程序 = = 上下文感知的移动代理程序是一个非常适合的主机，针对工业4.0的新范例实现了较新的上下文感知应用程序。现代的综合(语音和)数据通信使车间或生产线的工作人员配备了智能手机，以便与生产控制部门沟通数据，从而获得反馈，数据来源于检测和识别零部件，以便对按需产品进行灵活的生产管理。
However, all attempts to support staff with such approaches are hampered by fixed production schedules unless the information for customer demand and product configuration can be matched with parts supply. Hence a well suited solution has to get rid of missing interaction of production plan and production line occurrence of relevant information and material by means of
However, all attempts to support staff with such approaches are hampered by fixed production schedules unless the information for customer demand and product configuration can be matched with parts supply. Hence a well suited solution has to get rid of missing interaction of production plan and production line occurrence of relevant information and material by means of
然而，除非客户需求和产品配置信息能够与零部件供应相匹配，否则所有支持工作人员使用这种方法的尝试都会受到固定生产计划的阻碍。因此，一个非常适合的解决方案必须通过生产计划和生产线之间的相互作用来消除相关信息和材料的出现
* automated identifying actually available parts delivered from stock or out of buffer supplies,
* automated presenting of the integration requirements for on-demand configuration,
* automated detecting and reporting of the actually mounted configuration
The key requirement is to implement a solution free from manual interaction of worker with information handling. Otherwise the error rate will rise with the rise in information requirements.
* automated identifying actually available parts delivered from stock or out of buffer supplies,
* automated presenting of the integration requirements for on-demand configuration,
* automated detecting and reporting of the actually mounted configuration
The key requirement is to implement a solution free from manual interaction of worker with information handling. Otherwise the error rate will rise with the rise in information requirements.
* 自动识别从库存或缓冲供应中交付的实际可用零件;
* 自动显示按需配置的集成要求;
* 自动检测和报告实际安装的配置。关键要求是实施一个解决方案，避免工人与信息处理之间的人工互动。否则，错误率将随着信息需求的增加而上升。
Additionally, none of the conventional RFID, WLAN or RTLS locating solutions advertising for most precise locating serve the required quality, as determining a location in conventional attitude looking for absolute coordinates fails either technically or economically. Other approaches based on [[fuzzy locating]] promise better return on investment.
Additionally, none of the conventional RFID, WLAN or RTLS locating solutions advertising for most precise locating serve the required quality, as determining a location in conventional attitude looking for absolute coordinates fails either technically or economically. Other approaches based on fuzzy locating promise better return on investment.
此外，传统的 RFID，WLAN 或 RTLS 定位解决方案广告最精确的定位服务所需的质量，因为确定一个位置在传统的态度寻找绝对坐标在技术上或经济上都失败。其他基于模糊定位的方法则可以获得更好的投资回报。
==Applications in pervasive games==
==Applications in pervasive games==
= = 应用程序在普遍的游戏 = =
A [[pervasive game]] is leveraging the sensed human contexts to adapt game system behaviors. By blending of real and virtual elements and enabling users to physically interact with their surroundings during the play, people can become fully involved in and attain better gaming experience. For example, a pervasive game that uses the contexts of human activity and location in [[smart home]]s is reported by an [[autonomous agent]].<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11042-010-0711-z?LI=true B. Guo, R. Fujimura, D. Zhang, M. Imai.Design-in-Play: Improving the Variability of Indoor Pervasive Games. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2011]</ref>
A pervasive game is leveraging the sensed human contexts to adapt game system behaviors. By blending of real and virtual elements and enabling users to physically interact with their surroundings during the play, people can become fully involved in and attain better gaming experience. For example, a pervasive game that uses the contexts of human activity and location in smart homes is reported by an autonomous agent.B. Guo, R. Fujimura, D. Zhang, M. Imai.Design-in-Play: Improving the Variability of Indoor Pervasive Games. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2011
一个普遍的游戏是利用感知的人类环境来调整游戏系统的行为。通过混合真实和虚拟元素，使用户能够在游戏过程中与周围环境进行身体互动，人们可以充分参与并获得更好的游戏体验。例如，一个使用人类活动背景和智能家居位置的普遍游戏被一个自治代理报告。郭，藤村，张，今井。游戏中的设计: 提高室内游戏的可变性。多媒体工具和应用，2011年
==Applications in mobile multimedia devices==
Museums and archaeological sites sometimes provide multimedia mobile devices as an alternative to the conventional audio guide (see e.g. the Tate Modern in London.<ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/visit/tate-modern/things-to-do/multimedia-guides Multimedia guides at Tate Modern]</ref> A context aware device will use the location, current user interactions and the graph of connected objects to dynamically tailor the information presented to the user.<ref>[https://www.mjc2.com/past-visitor-scheduling-system.htm PAST Project - Context Aware Visitor Guiding]</ref> In some cases this is combined with real-time navigation around the site to guide the user to artefacts or exhibits that are likely to be of interest, based on the user's previous interactions.<ref>[https://www.mjc2.com/agamemnon-multimedia-tour-guide.htm AGAMEMNON - Real-time Visitor Guiding]</ref>
Museums and archaeological sites sometimes provide multimedia mobile devices as an alternative to the conventional audio guide (see e.g. the Tate Modern in London.Multimedia guides at Tate Modern A context aware device will use the location, current user interactions and the graph of connected objects to dynamically tailor the information presented to the user.PAST Project - Context Aware Visitor Guiding In some cases this is combined with real-time navigation around the site to guide the user to artefacts or exhibits that are likely to be of interest, based on the user's previous interactions.AGAMEMNON - Real-time Visitor Guiding
= = 在移动多媒体设备中的应用 = = 博物馆和考古遗址有时提供多媒体移动设备，作为传统音频指南的替代品。伦敦的泰特现代美术馆。多媒体指南在泰特现代美术馆一个环境感知设备将使用位置，当前用户交互和连接对象的图形，动态裁剪呈现给用户的信息。过去的项目-环境感知访问者指导在某些情况下，这是结合在网站周围的实时导航，引导用户根据用户以前的交互可能感兴趣的人工制品或展品
==See also==
* [[Context adaptation]]
* [[Context-aware collaborative filtering]]
* [[Context-aware pervasive systems]]
* [[Context sensitive user interface]]
* [[Differentiated service]]
* Context adaptation
* Context-aware collaborative filtering
* Context-aware pervasive systems
* Context sensitive user interface
* Differentiated service
= = = = =
* 上下文适应
* 上下文感知的协同过滤
* 上下文感知的普适系统
* 上下文敏感的用户界面
* 差异化服务
== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
== Further reading ==
* [http://paper.ijcsns.org/07_book/200803/20080319.pdf A design methodology for acceptability analyzer in context aware adaptive mobile learning systems development]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011131812/http://www.ist-e-sense.org/ Capturing Ambient Intelligence for Mobile Communications through Wireless Sensor Networks] (Research Project)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081227024637/http://www.ist-mobilife.org/ Bring advances in mobile applications and services within the reach of users] (Research Project)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090219024547/http://www.portable-personality.org/ Middleware for context collection and personal profile exchange](Invalid)
* A design methodology for acceptability analyzer in context aware adaptive mobile learning systems development
* Capturing Ambient Intelligence for Mobile Communications through Wireless Sensor Networks (Research Project)
* Bring advances in mobile applications and services within the reach of users (Research Project)
* Middleware for context collection and personal profile exchange(Invalid)
= = = 进一步阅读 = = = =
* 上下文感知自适应移动学习系统开发中可接受性分析器的设计方法
* 通过无线传感器网络捕获移动通信环境智能(研究项目)
* 将移动应用程序和服务的进步带到用户能够接触到的范围(研究项目)
* 中间件用于上下文收集和个人个
== External links ==
* Peer-reviewed [http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/context-aware_computing.html encyclopedia chapter on Context Awareness and Computing]
* Peer-reviewed encyclopedia chapter on Context Awareness and Computing
= = = 外部链接 = =
* 经同行评审的百科全书关于上下文意识和计算的章节
{{Ambient intelligence}}
{{Pervasive games}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Context Awareness}}
[[Category:User interface techniques]]
Category:User interface techniques
类别: 用户界面技术
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<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Context awareness]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[情景感知/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
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