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无编辑摘要
模型是对特定事物的表示，范围从物体和人到通过数学方程创建的结构和产品，并使用计算机进行设计，使他们能够在研究中代替上述事物。模型可以是简单的，也可以是复杂的，这取决于两者的需要; 然而，模型的目的是比它们所表示的更简单，同时保持实际相似，以便准确地使用。它们是使用一组数据集转换成计算语言来构建的，计算语言使得它们能够表示所涉及的系统。这些模型，就像模拟一样，用来帮助我们更好地理解不同事物的特定角色和行为，从而预测行为等。
模型是对特定事物的表示，范围从物体和人到通过数学方程创建的结构和产品，并使用计算机进行设计，使他们能够在研究中代替上述事物。模型可以是简单的，也可以是复杂的，这取决于两者的需要; 然而，模型的目的是比它们所表示的更简单，同时保持实际相似，以便准确地使用。它们是使用一组数据集转换成计算语言来构建的，计算语言使得它们能够表示所涉及的系统。这些模型，就像模拟一样，用来帮助我们更好地理解不同事物的特定角色和行为，从而预测行为等。
=''Agent-based simulation''=
=''Agent-based simulation''=
= = = 基于 agent 的模拟 = = =
= = = 基于 agent 的模拟 = = =
Agent-based social simulation (ABSS) consists of modeling different societies after artificial agents, (varying on scale) and placing them in a computer simulated society to observe the behaviors of the agents. From this data it is possible to learn about the reactions of the artificial agents and translate them into the results of non-artificial agents and simulations. Three main fields in ABSS are agent-based computing, social science, and computer simulation.
Agent-based social simulation (ABSS) consists of modeling different societies after artificial agents, (varying on scale) and placing them in a computer simulated society to observe the behaviors of the agents. From this data it is possible to learn about the reactions of the artificial agents and translate them into the results of non-artificial agents and simulations. Three main fields in ABSS are agent-based computing, social science, and computer simulation.
基于agent的社会模拟([[Agent-based social simulation]]，ABSS)是将不同社会群体按照人工智能(artificial agent)模型(规模不同)进行建模，并将其置于计算机模拟的社会中，以观察agents的行为。从这些数据可以了解人工代理的反应，并将其转化为非人工代理和模拟的结果。ABSS 的3个主要领域是基于agent的计算、社会科学和计算机模拟。
Agent-based computing is the design of the model and agents, while the computer simulation is the part of the simulation of the agents in the model and the outcomes. The social science is a mixture of sciences and social part of the model. It is where the social phenomena is developed and theorized. The main purpose of ABSS is to provide models and tools for agent-based simulation of social phenomena. With ABSS we can explore different outcomes for phenomena where we might not be able to view the outcome in real life. It can provide us valuable information on society and the outcomes of social events or phenomena.
Agent-based computing is the design of the model and agents, while the computer simulation is the part of the simulation of the agents in the model and the outcomes. The social science is a mixture of sciences and social part of the model. It is where the social phenomena is developed and theorized. The main purpose of ABSS is to provide models and tools for agent-based simulation of social phenomena. With ABSS we can explore different outcomes for phenomena where we might not be able to view the outcome in real life. It can provide us valuable information on society and the outcomes of social events or phenomena.
Agent-based computing is the design of the model and agents, while the computer simulation is the part of the simulation of the agents in the model and the outcomes. The social science is a mixture of sciences and social part of the model. It is where the social phenomena is developed and theorized. The main purpose of ABSS is to provide models and tools for agent-based simulation of social phenomena. With ABSS we can explore different outcomes for phenomena where we might not be able to view the outcome in real life. It can provide us valuable information on society and the outcomes of social events or phenomena.
Agent-based computing is the design of the model and agents, while the computer simulation is the part of the simulation of the agents in the model and the outcomes. The social science is a mixture of sciences and social part of the model. It is where the social phenomena is developed and theorized. The main purpose of ABSS is to provide models and tools for agent-based simulation of social phenomena. With ABSS we can explore different outcomes for phenomena where we might not be able to view the outcome in real life. It can provide us valuable information on society and the outcomes of social events or phenomena.
基于 agent 的计算是模型和 agent 的设计，而计算机模拟是模型和结果中 agent 的模拟部分。社会科学是模型中科学和社会的混合体。它是社会现象发展和理论化的地方。ABSS 的主要目的是为基于智能体的社会现象模拟提供模型和工具。通过 ABSS，我们可以探索现象的不同结果，在现实生活中我们可能无法看到结果。它可以为我们提供关于社会和社会事件或现象的结果的有价值的信息。
基于 agent 的计算是模型和 agent 的设计，而计算机模拟是模型和结果中 agent 的模拟部分。社会科学是模型的科学和社会部分的混合体。它是社会现象发展和理论化的地方。ABSS 的主要目的是为基于agent的社会现象模拟提供模型和工具。有了ABSS，我们可以探索现象的不同结果，那些在现实生活中我们可能无法看到的结果。它可以为我们提供关于社会和社会事件或现象的结果的有价值的信息。
===Agent-based modeling===
===Agent-based modeling===
===Agent-based modeling===
===Agent-based modeling===
基于 agent 的建模
[[Agent-based modeling]] (ABM) is a system in which a collection of agents independently interact on networks. Each individual agent is responsible for different behaviors that result in collective behaviors. These behaviors as a whole help to define the workings of the network. ABM focuses on human social interactions and how people work together and communicate with one another without having one, single "group mind". This essentially means that it tends to focus on the consequences of interactions between people (the agents) in a population. Researchers are better able to understand this type of modeling by modeling these dynamics on a smaller, more localized level. Essentially, ABM helps to better understand interactions between people (agents) who, in turn, influence one another (in response to these influences). Simple individual rules or actions can result in coherent [[group behavior]]. Changes in these individual acts can affect the collective group in any given population.
[[Agent-based modeling]] (ABM) is a system in which a collection of agents independently interact on networks. Each individual agent is responsible for different behaviors that result in collective behaviors. These behaviors as a whole help to define the workings of the network. ABM focuses on human social interactions and how people work together and communicate with one another without having one, single "group mind". This essentially means that it tends to focus on the consequences of interactions between people (the agents) in a population. Researchers are better able to understand this type of modeling by modeling these dynamics on a smaller, more localized level. Essentially, ABM helps to better understand interactions between people (agents) who, in turn, influence one another (in response to these influences). Simple individual rules or actions can result in coherent [[group behavior]]. Changes in these individual acts can affect the collective group in any given population.
Agent-based modeling (ABM) is a system in which a collection of agents independently interact on networks. Each individual agent is responsible for different behaviors that result in collective behaviors. These behaviors as a whole help to define the workings of the network. ABM focuses on human social interactions and how people work together and communicate with one another without having one, single "group mind". This essentially means that it tends to focus on the consequences of interactions between people (the agents) in a population. Researchers are better able to understand this type of modeling by modeling these dynamics on a smaller, more localized level. Essentially, ABM helps to better understand interactions between people (agents) who, in turn, influence one another (in response to these influences). Simple individual rules or actions can result in coherent group behavior. Changes in these individual acts can affect the collective group in any given population.
Agent-based modeling (ABM) is a system in which a collection of agents independently interact on networks. Each individual agent is responsible for different behaviors that result in collective behaviors. These behaviors as a whole help to define the workings of the network. ABM focuses on human social interactions and how people work together and communicate with one another without having one, single "group mind". This essentially means that it tends to focus on the consequences of interactions between people (the agents) in a population. Researchers are better able to understand this type of modeling by modeling these dynamics on a smaller, more localized level. Essentially, ABM helps to better understand interactions between people (agents) who, in turn, influence one another (in response to these influences). Simple individual rules or actions can result in coherent group behavior. Changes in these individual acts can affect the collective group in any given population.
基于 agent 的建模(ABM)是一个由多个 agent 在网络上相互独立交互的系统。每个个体代理人都要对导致集体行为的不同行为负责。这些行为作为一个整体有助于定义网络的工作。反弹道导弹侧重于人类的社会互动和人们如何一起工作和沟通彼此没有一个，单一的“群体心灵”。这本质上意味着它倾向于关注人与人(代理人)之间相互作用的结果。研究人员能够更好地理解这种类型的建模通过建模这些动态在一个更小的，更局部的水平。从本质上讲，ABM 有助于更好地理解人(代理)之间的互动，而这些人(代理)又相互影响(对这些影响作出反应)。简单的个人规则或动作可以导致连贯的群体行为。这些个人行为的变化可以影响任何特定人口中的集体群体。
基于 agent 的建模([[Agent-based modeling]] ，ABM)是一个由多个 agent 在网络上独立交互的系统。每个个体agent都要对导致集体行为的不同行为负责。这些行为作为一个整体有助于定义网络的工作方式。ABM侧重于人类的社会互动和人们如何在没有单一“群体思维”的情况下一起工作和沟通。这本质上意味着它倾向于关注人与人(the agent)之间相互作用的结果。通过在一个更小的，更局部的水平上对这些动态建模，研究人员能够更好地理解这种类型的建模。从本质上讲，ABM 有助于更好地理解人(agent)之间的互动，而这些人(agent)又相互影响(对这些影响作出反应)。简单的个人规则或动作可以导致一致的群体行为。这些个人行为的变化会影响任何特定人群中的集体。
Agent-based modeling is an experimental tool for theoretical research. It enables one to deal with more complex individual behaviors, such as adaptation. Overall, through this type of modeling, the creator, or researcher, aims to model behavior of agents and the communication between them in order to better understand how these individual interactions impact an entire population. In essence, ABM is a way of modeling and understanding different global patterns.
Agent-based modeling is an experimental tool for theoretical research. It enables one to deal with more complex individual behaviors, such as adaptation. Overall, through this type of modeling, the creator, or researcher, aims to model behavior of agents and the communication between them in order to better understand how these individual interactions impact an entire population. In essence, ABM is a way of modeling and understanding different global patterns.
Agent-based modeling is an experimental tool for theoretical research. It enables one to deal with more complex individual behaviors, such as adaptation. Overall, through this type of modeling, the creator, or researcher, aims to model behavior of agents and the communication between them in order to better understand how these individual interactions impact an entire population. In essence, ABM is a way of modeling and understanding different global patterns.
Agent-based modeling is an experimental tool for theoretical research. It enables one to deal with more complex individual behaviors, such as adaptation. Overall, through this type of modeling, the creator, or researcher, aims to model behavior of agents and the communication between them in order to better understand how these individual interactions impact an entire population. In essence, ABM is a way of modeling and understanding different global patterns.
基于 agent 的建模是一种理论研究的实验工具。它使人们能够处理更复杂的个人行为，例如适应。总的来说，通过这种类型的建模，创造者或研究人员的目标是为代理人的行为和他们之间的交流建模，以便更好地理解这些个体的相互作用如何影响整个群体。本质上，ABM 是一种建模和理解不同全局模式的方法。
基于 agent 的建模是一种理论研究的实验工具。它使人们能够处理更复杂的个人行为，例如适应。总的来说，通过这种类型的建模，创建者或研究人员的目标是对agent的行为和他们之间的交流建模，以更好地理解这些个体的相互作用如何影响整个群体。本质上，ABM 是一种建模和理解不同全局模式的方法。
==Current research==
==Current research==
There are several current research projects that relate directly to modeling and agent-based simulation the following are listed below with a brief overview.
There are several current research projects that relate directly to modeling and agent-based simulation the following are listed below with a brief overview.
有几个当前的研究项目与建模和基于agent的模拟直接相关的，下面列出了一个简短的概述。
*"Generative e-Social Science for Socio-Spatial Simulation" or (GENESIS) is a research node of the UK National Centre for e-Social Science funded by the UK research council [http://www.esrc.ac.uk ESRC]. For further details please see: [https://web.archive.org/web/20091209031009/http://www.genesis.ucl.ac.uk/ GENESIS Web Page] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20091114023426/http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/genesisblog/ Blog].
*"Generative e-Social Science for Socio-Spatial Simulation" or (GENESIS) is a research node of the UK National Centre for e-Social Science funded by the UK research council [http://www.esrc.ac.uk ESRC]. For further details please see: [https://web.archive.org/web/20091209031009/http://www.genesis.ucl.ac.uk/ GENESIS Web Page] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20091114023426/http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/genesisblog/ Blog].
*“用于社会空间模拟的生成式电子社会科学”或(GENESIS)是英国国家电子社会科学中心的一个研究节点，由英国研究理事会 ESRC 资助。详情请参阅: GENESIS 网页和博客。
*
*"National e-Infrastructure for Social Simulation" or (NeISS) is a UK-based project funded by [http://www.jisc.ac.uk JISC]. For further details please see: [http://www.neiss.org.uk The NeISS Web Pages].
*"National e-Infrastructure for Social Simulation" or (NeISS) is a UK-based project funded by [http://www.jisc.ac.uk JISC]. For further details please see: [http://www.neiss.org.uk The NeISS Web Pages].
*“国家社会模拟电子基础设施”或(NeISS)是由 JISC 资助的一个英国项目。详细信息请参阅: NeISS 网页。
*
*"Network Models Governance and R&D collaboration networks" or (N.E.M.O) is a research centre whose main focus is to identify ways to create and to assess desirable network structures for typical functions; (e.g. knowledge, creation, transfer, and distribution.) This research will ultimately aid [[policy-makers]] at all political levels in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of network-based policy instruments at promoting the knowledge economy in Europe.
*"Network Models Governance and R&D collaboration networks" or (N.E.M.O) is a research centre whose main focus is to identify ways to create and to assess desirable network structures for typical functions; (e.g. knowledge, creation, transfer, and distribution.) This research will ultimately aid [[policy-makers]] at all political levels in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of network-based policy instruments at promoting the knowledge economy in Europe.
*“网络模型治理及研发协作网络”或 (N.E.M.O) 是一个研究中心，主要研究重点是确定和评估典型功能所需的网络结构；（例如知识、创造、转移和分配。）这项研究最终将帮助各级政治层面的决策者提高以网络为基础的政策工具在促进欧洲知识经济方面的有效性和效率。
*
*"Agent-based Simulations of Market and Consumer Behavior" is another research group that is funded by the Unilever Corporate Research. The current research that is being conducted is investigating the usefulness of agent-based simulations for modeling [[consumer behavior]] and to show the potential value and insights it can add to long-established marketing methods.
*"Agent-based Simulations of Market and Consumer Behavior" is another research group that is funded by the Unilever Corporate Research. The current research that is being conducted is investigating the usefulness of agent-based simulations for modeling [[consumer behavior]] and to show the potential value and insights it can add to long-established marketing methods.
*”基于agent的市场和消费者行为模拟”是联合利华公司研究资助的另一个研究小组。目前正在进行的研究是调查基于agent的模拟对消费者行为建模的有用性，并显示其可以为长期建立的营销方法增加的潜在价值和洞察力。
*
*"New and Emergent World Models Through Individual, Evolutionary and Social Learning" or (New Ties) is a three-year project that will ultimately create a virtual society developed by agent-based simulation. The project will develop a simulated society capable of exploring the environment and developing its own image of this environment and the society through interaction. The goal of the research project is for the simulated society to exhibit [[individual learning]], [[evolutionary learning]] and [[social learning (social pedagogy)|social learning]].
*"New and Emergent World Models Through Individual, Evolutionary and Social Learning" or (New Ties) is a three-year project that will ultimately create a virtual society developed by agent-based simulation. The project will develop a simulated society capable of exploring the environment and developing its own image of this environment and the society through interaction. The goal of the research project is for the simulated society to exhibit [[individual learning]], [[evolutionary learning]] and [[social learning (social pedagogy)|social learning]].
* “通过个人、进化及社会学习的新兴的世界模型”或（新纽带）是一个为期三年的项目，最终将建立一个由基于agent模拟的虚拟社会。该项目将建立一个能够探索环境，并通过互动发展自己对这一环境和社会的形象的模拟社会。该该研究项目的目标是使模拟社会呈现个体学习、进化学习和社会学习。
*
*Bruch and Mare's project on neighborhood [[Residential segregation|segregation]]: The purpose of the study is to figure out the reasoning for neighborhood segregation based on [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], and to figure out the [[tipping point (sociology)|tipping point]] or when people become uncomfortable with the integration levels into their neighborhood, and decide to flee from the neighborhood. They set up a model using flash cards, and put the agent's house in the middle and put houses of different races surrounding the agent's house. They asked people how comfortable they would feel with different situations; if they were okay with one situation, they asked another until the neighborhood was fully integrated. Bruch and Mare's results showed that the tipping point was at 50%. When a neighborhood became 50% minority and 50% white, people of both races began to become uncomfortable and [[white flight]] began to rise. The use of agent-based modeling showed how useful it can be in the world of sociology, people did not have to answer why they would become uncomfortable, just which situation they were uncomfortable with.
*Bruch and Mare's project on neighborhood [[Residential segregation|segregation]]: The purpose of the study is to figure out the reasoning for neighborhood segregation based on [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], and to figure out the [[tipping point (sociology)|tipping point]] or when people become uncomfortable with the integration levels into their neighborhood, and decide to flee from the neighborhood. They set up a model using flash cards, and put the agent's house in the middle and put houses of different races surrounding the agent's house. They asked people how comfortable they would feel with different situations; if they were okay with one situation, they asked another until the neighborhood was fully integrated. Bruch and Mare's results showed that the tipping point was at 50%. When a neighborhood became 50% minority and 50% white, people of both races began to become uncomfortable and [[white flight]] began to rise. The use of agent-based modeling showed how useful it can be in the world of sociology, people did not have to answer why they would become uncomfortable, just which situation they were uncomfortable with.
*
* Bruch和 Mare 的关于社区隔离的项目: 这项研究的目的是找出基于种族的社区隔离的原因，并找出临界点或者当人们对融入社区的程度感到不舒服时，并决定逃离社区时。他们用闪存卡建立了一个模型，然后把agent的房子放在中间，把不同种族的房子围绕在agent的房子周围。他们询问人们在不同的情况下感觉如何; 如果他们对一种情况感到没问题，他们会询问另一种情况，直到邻里完全融合。Bruch 和 Mare 的研究结果显示，临界点是50% 。当一个社区变成了50% 的少数民族和50% 的白人时，这两个种族的人开始变得不舒服，白人逃亡开始增多。基于agent的模型的使用表明它在社会学领域是多么的有用，人们不需要回答为什么他们会变得不舒服，只需要回答他们对哪种情况感到不舒服。
*
*The MAELIA Program (Multi-Agent Emergent Norms Assessment) is a project dealing with the relationships between the users and managers of a natural resource, in that case water, and the related norms and laws that are to be built within them (conventions) or are imposed to them by other actors (institutions). The purpose of the project is to build a generic multiscale platform which is planned to deal with [[water conflict]]-related issues.
*The MAELIA Program (Multi-Agent Emergent Norms Assessment) is a project dealing with the relationships between the users and managers of a natural resource, in that case water, and the related norms and laws that are to be built within them (conventions) or are imposed to them by other actors (institutions). The purpose of the project is to build a generic multiscale platform which is planned to deal with [[water conflict]]-related issues.
*MAELIA 计划(多agent应急规范评估)是一个处理自然资源的用户和管理者之间的关系的项目，在这种情况下，水以及在其中建立的或由其他行为者(机构)强加给他们的相关准则和法律(惯例)。该项目的目的是建立一个通用的多尺度平台，计划处理与水冲突有关的问题。
*
*The [http://www.gsi.dit.upm.es/mosi/ Mosi-Agil project] is a four-year program funded by the Autonomous Region of Madrid through the program MOSI-AGIL-CM (grant S2013/ICE-3019, co-funded by EU Structural Funds FSE and FEDER). It aims at creating a body of knowledge and practical tools which are necessary to handle more effectively the behavior of occupants of large facilities. Therefore, the project studies the development of ambient intelligence and intelligent environments supported by the use of Agent-Based Social Simulation.
*The [http://www.gsi.dit.upm.es/mosi/ Mosi-Agil project] is a four-year program funded by the Autonomous Region of Madrid through the program MOSI-AGIL-CM (grant S2013/ICE-3019, co-funded by EU Structural Funds FSE and FEDER). It aims at creating a body of knowledge and practical tools which are necessary to handle more effectively the behavior of occupants of large facilities. Therefore, the project studies the development of ambient intelligence and intelligent environments supported by the use of Agent-Based Social Simulation.
*[http://www.gsi.dit.upm.es/mosi/ Mosi-Agil project]项目是一个由马德里自治地方通过 Mosi-Agil-cm (赠款 S2013/ICE-3019，由欧盟结构基金 FSE 和 FEDER 共同资助)方案提供资金的为期四年的项目。它旨在创造一个知识体系和实用工具，它们对于更有效地处理大型设施的使用者的行为是必不可少的。因此，该项目研究了基于 agent 的社会模拟技术支持的环境智能和智能环境的开发。
Agent-based modeling is most useful in providing a bridge between micro and macro levels, which is a large part of what sociology studies. Agent-based models are most appropriate for studying processes that lack central coordination, including the emergence of institutions that, once established, impose order from the top down. The models focus on how simple and predictable local interactions generate familiar but highly detailed global patterns, such as emergence of [[norm (sociology)|norms]] and [[participation (decision making)|participation]] of collective action. Michael W. Macy and Robert Willer researched a recent survey of applications and found that there were two main problems with agent-based modeling the [[self-organization]] of social structure and the [[emergence]] of [[social order]] 【(Macy & Willer 2002)】. Below is a brief description of each problem Macy and Willer believe there to be;
基于 agent 的建模在微观层面和宏观层面之间架起了一座桥梁，这是社会学研究的重要组成部分。基于agent的模型最适合于研究中缺乏中央协调的过程，包括出现的机构，一旦建立，从上到下施加秩序。这些模式侧重于简单且可预测的本地互动如何产生熟悉但非常详细的全球模式，如规范的出现和集体行动的参与。Michael W. Macy 和 Robert Willer 研究了最近的一项应用调查，发现基于 agent 的社会结构的自组织建模和社会秩序的出现存在两个主要问题。下面是Macy and Willer 认为存在的每个问题的简要描述:
#"''Emergent structure''. In these models, agents change location or behavior in response to [[social influences]] or selection pressures. Agents may start out undifferentiated and then change location or behavior so as to avoid becoming different or isolated (or in some cases, overcrowded). Rather than producing homogeneity, however, these conformist decisions aggregate to produce global patterns of cultural differentiation, stratification, and homophilic clustering in local networks. Other studies reverse the process, starting with a heterogeneous population and ending in convergence: the coordination, diffusion, and sudden collapse of norms, conventions, innovations, and technological standards."
#"''Emergent structure''. In these models, agents change location or behavior in response to [[social influences]] or selection pressures. Agents may start out undifferentiated and then change location or behavior so as to avoid becoming different or isolated (or in some cases, overcrowded). Rather than producing homogeneity, however, these conformist decisions aggregate to produce global patterns of cultural differentiation, stratification, and homophilic clustering in local networks. Other studies reverse the process, starting with a heterogeneous population and ending in convergence: the coordination, diffusion, and sudden collapse of norms, conventions, innovations, and technological standards."
#"''Emergent social order''. These studies show how [[egotism|egoistic]] adaptation can lead to successful collective action without either altruism or global (top down) imposition of control. A key finding across numerous studies is that the viability of trust, cooperation, and collective action depends decisively on the embeddedness of interaction."
#"''Emergent social order''. These studies show how [[egotism|egoistic]] adaptation can lead to successful collective action without either altruism or global (top down) imposition of control. A key finding across numerous studies is that the viability of trust, cooperation, and collective action depends decisively on the embeddedness of interaction."
1.“紧急结构。在这些模型中，agents根据社会影响或选择压力而改变地点或行为。agent可能刚开始时没有区别，然后改变位置或行为，以避免变得不同或孤立(或在某些情况下，过度拥挤)。然而，这些循规蹈矩的决定并没有产生同质性，而是聚合在一起，在本地网络中产生了文化分化、分层和同质聚集的全球模式。其他的研究则反其道而行之，从异质人口开始，以趋同结束: 规范、惯例、创新和技术标准的协调、扩散和突然崩溃。”
2.“新兴的社会秩序。这些研究表明，在没有利他主义或全球(自上而下)控制的情况下，利己主义适应可以导致成功的集体行动。众多研究的一个关键的发现是，信任、合作和集体行动的可行性决定性地取决于互动的嵌入性。”
These examples simply show the complexity of our environment and that agent-based models are designed to explore the minimal conditions, the simplest set of assumptions about human behavior, required for a given social phenomenon to emerge at a higher level of organization.
These examples simply show the complexity of our environment and that agent-based models are designed to explore the minimal conditions, the simplest set of assumptions about human behavior, required for a given social phenomenon to emerge at a higher level of organization.
These examples simply show the complexity of our environment and that agent-based models are designed to explore the minimal conditions, the simplest set of assumptions about human behavior, required for a given social phenomenon to emerge at a higher level of organization.
These examples simply show the complexity of our environment and that agent-based models are designed to explore the minimal conditions, the simplest set of assumptions about human behavior, required for a given social phenomenon to emerge at a higher level of organization.
这些例子只是展示了我们的环境的复杂性，基于agent的模型是为了探索最小条件，即关于人类行为的最简单的一套假设，这是特定社会现象在更高层次的组织中出现所必需的。
==Criticisms==
==Criticisms==
== 批评 ==
Since its creation, computerized social simulation has been the target of some criticism in regard to its practicality and accuracy. Social simulation's simplification of the complex to form models from which we can better understand the latter is sometimes seen as a draw back, as using fairly simple models to simulate real life with computers is not always the best way to predict behavior.
Since its creation, computerized social simulation has been the target of some criticism in regard to its practicality and accuracy. Social simulation's simplification of the complex to form models from which we can better understand the latter is sometimes seen as a draw back, as using fairly simple models to simulate real life with computers is not always the best way to predict behavior.
Since its creation, computerized social simulation has been the target of some criticism in regard to its practicality and accuracy. Social simulation's simplification of the complex to form models from which we can better understand the latter is sometimes seen as a draw back, as using fairly simple models to simulate real life with computers is not always the best way to predict behavior.
Since its creation, computerized social simulation has been the target of some criticism in regard to its practicality and accuracy. Social simulation's simplification of the complex to form models from which we can better understand the latter is sometimes seen as a draw back, as using fairly simple models to simulate real life with computers is not always the best way to predict behavior.
计算机社会模拟自诞生以来，由于其实用性和准确性，一直受到一些批评。社会模拟将复杂的模型简化为我们可以更好地理解后者的模型，这有时被看作是一种退步，因为使用计算机和相当简单的模型来模拟现实生活并不总是预测行为的最佳方式。
Most of the criticism seems to be aimed at agent-based models and simulation and how they work:
Most of the criticism seems to be aimed at agent-based models and simulation and how they work:
Most of the criticism seems to be aimed at agent-based models and simulation and how they work:
Most of the criticism seems to be aimed at agent-based models and simulation and how they work:
大多数批评似乎都针对基于agent的模型和模拟，以及它们的工作方式:
#Simulations, being man-made from mathematical interfaces, predict [[human behavior]] in a far too simple manner in regard to the complexities of humanity and our actions.
#Simulations, being man-made from mathematical interfaces, predict [[human behavior]] in a far too simple manner in regard to the complexities of humanity and our actions.
#It is highly difficult and often impractical to attempt to link the findings from the abstract world the simulation creates and our complex society and all of its variation.
#It is highly difficult and often impractical to attempt to link the findings from the abstract world the simulation creates and our complex society and all of its variation.
#Simulations, being man-made from mathematical interfaces, predict human behavior in a far too simple manner in regard to the complexities of humanity and our actions.
#模拟，由数学接口人工制造的，在人类复杂的行为和我们的行为的复杂性方面，预测人类行为的方式过于简单。
#Simulations cannot enlighten researchers as to how people interact or behave in ways not programmed into their models. For this reason, the scope of simulations are limited in that the researchers must already know what they are going to find (to a degree, for they cannot find anything they themselves did not place in the model) at least vaguely, possibly skewing the results.
# 模拟无法启发研究人员，让他们了解人们如何以未编入模型的方式进行互动或表现。出于这个原因，模拟的范围是有限的，因为研究人员必须已经知道他们将要发现什么(在一定程度上，因为他们无法找到任何他们自己没有放在模型中的东西) ，至少含糊不清，可能扭曲结果。
#Due to the complexities of what is being measured, simulations must be analyzed in unbiased ways; however, with the model running on a pre-made set of instructions coded into it by a modeler, biases exist almost universally.
# 由于测量内容的复杂性，模拟必须以公正的方式进行模拟分析; 然而，由于模型运行在由建模着编码的预先设定的指令集上，偏差几乎普遍存在。
# 试图将模拟创造的抽象世界和我们复杂的社会及其变化联系起来是非常困难，而且往往是不切实际的。
Researchers working in social simulation might respond that the competing theories from the [[social sciences]] are far simpler than those achieved through simulation and therefore suffer the aforementioned drawbacks much more strongly. Theories in some social science tend to be linear models that are not dynamic, and are generally inferred from small laboratory [[experiment]]s (laboratory tests are most common in psychology but rare in sociology, political science, economics and geography). The behavior of populations of agents under these models is rarely tested or verified against empirical observation.
Researchers working in social simulation might respond that the competing theories from the [[social sciences]] are far simpler than those achieved through simulation and therefore suffer the aforementioned drawbacks much more strongly. Theories in some social science tend to be linear models that are not dynamic, and are generally inferred from small laboratory [[experiment]]s (laboratory tests are most common in psychology but rare in sociology, political science, economics and geography). The behavior of populations of agents under these models is rarely tested or verified against empirical observation.
Researchers working in social simulation might respond that the competing theories from the social sciences are far simpler than those achieved through simulation and therefore suffer the aforementioned drawbacks much more strongly. Theories in some social science tend to be linear models that are not dynamic, and are generally inferred from small laboratory experiments (laboratory tests are most common in psychology but rare in sociology, political science, economics and geography). The behavior of populations of agents under these models is rarely tested or verified against empirical observation.
Researchers working in social simulation might respond that the competing theories from the social sciences are far simpler than those achieved through simulation and therefore suffer the aforementioned drawbacks much more strongly. Theories in some social science tend to be linear models that are not dynamic, and are generally inferred from small laboratory experiments (laboratory tests are most common in psychology but rare in sociology, political science, economics and geography). The behavior of populations of agents under these models is rarely tested or verified against empirical observation.
从事社会模拟研究的研究人员可能会回应说，来自社会科学的竞争理论远比那些通过模拟得到的理论简单，因此更容易遭受上述弊端的影响。一些社会科学中的理论往往是线性模型，不是动态的，通常是从小型实验室实验中推断出来的(实验室测试在心理学中最常见，但在社会学、政治学、经济学和地理学中很少见)。在这些模型下，agent群体的行为很少根据经验观察被检验或验证。
==See also==
==See also==
* [[Virtual reality]]
* [[Virtual reality]]
* 基于 agent 的计算经济学
* Agent-based computational economics
* 基于 agent 的社会模拟
* Agent-based social simulation
* 人工意识
* Artificial consciousness
* 人工现实
* Artificial reality
* 人工社会
* Artificial society
* 计算社会学
* Computational sociology
* Cliodynamics
* Cliodynamics
* 交互式在线角色
* 《人工社会与社会模拟杂志》
* 模拟现实
* 分析与仿真的合成环境
* 系统动态
* 交互式在线角色
* 《人工社会与社会模拟》
* 模拟现实
* 分析与仿真的合成环境
* 系统动态
* 虚拟现实
* 虚拟现实