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→Higgs mechanism 希格斯机制
In the standard model of particle physics, spontaneous symmetry breaking of the {{nowrap|SU(2) × U(1)}} gauge symmetry associated with the electro-weak force generates masses for several particles, and separates the electromagnetic and weak forces. The [[W and Z bosons]] are the elementary particles that mediate the [[weak interaction]], while the [[photon]] mediates the [[electromagnetic interaction]]. At energies much greater than 100 GeV, all these particles behave in a similar manner. The [[Unified field theory#Modern progress|Weinberg–Salam theory]] predicts that, at lower energies, this symmetry is broken so that the photon and the massive W and Z bosons emerge.<ref>A Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawking, Bantam; 10th anniversary edition (1998). pp. 73–74.{{ISBN?}}</ref> In addition, fermions develop mass consistently.
In the standard model of particle physics, spontaneous symmetry breaking of the {{nowrap|SU(2) × U(1)}} gauge symmetry associated with the electro-weak force generates masses for several particles, and separates the electromagnetic and weak forces. The [[W and Z bosons]] are the elementary particles that mediate the [[weak interaction]], while the [[photon]] mediates the [[electromagnetic interaction]]. At energies much greater than 100 GeV, all these particles behave in a similar manner. The [[Unified field theory#Modern progress|Weinberg–Salam theory]] predicts that, at lower energies, this symmetry is broken so that the photon and the massive W and Z bosons emerge.<ref>A Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawking, Bantam; 10th anniversary edition (1998). pp. 73–74.{{ISBN?}}</ref> In addition, fermions develop mass consistently.
在粒子物理的标准模型中，与电弱力相关的SU(2) × U(1)规范对称性自发破缺产生多种粒子的质量，并将电磁力和弱相互作用分离。W玻色子和Z玻色子是介导弱相互作用的基本粒子，而光子介导电磁相互作用。当能量远远大于100 GeV时，所有这些粒子的行为都相似。Weinberg-Salam理论预测，在较低的能量下，这种对称性被打破，光子和大质量的W和Z玻色子就会出现。此外，费米子不断地发展质量。
Without spontaneous symmetry breaking, the [[Standard Model]] of elementary particle interactions requires the existence of a number of particles. However, some particles (the [[W and Z bosons]]) would then be predicted to be massless, when, in reality, they are observed to have mass. To overcome this, spontaneous symmetry breaking is augmented by the [[Higgs mechanism]] to give these particles mass. It also suggests the presence of a new particle, the [[Higgs boson]], detected in 2012.
Without spontaneous symmetry breaking, the [[Standard Model]] of elementary particle interactions requires the existence of a number of particles. However, some particles (the [[W and Z bosons]]) would then be predicted to be massless, when, in reality, they are observed to have mass. To overcome this, spontaneous symmetry breaking is augmented by the [[Higgs mechanism]] to give these particles mass. It also suggests the presence of a new particle, the [[Higgs boson]], detected in 2012.
在没有自发对称性破缺的情况下，基本粒子相互作用的标准模型要求存在多种粒子。然而，一些粒子(W玻色子和Z玻色子)将被预测为无质量的，而实际上它们被观察到有质量。为了克服这个问题，希格斯机制增强了自发对称破缺，从而赋予这些粒子质量。它还表明一种新粒子——希格斯玻色子——的存在，它在2012年被实验探测到。
[[Superconductivity]] of metals is a condensed-matter analog of the Higgs phenomena, in which a condensate of Cooper pairs of electrons spontaneously breaks the U(1) gauge symmetry associated with light and electromagnetism.
[[Superconductivity]] of metals is a condensed-matter analog of the Higgs phenomena, in which a condensate of Cooper pairs of electrons spontaneously breaks the U(1) gauge symmetry associated with light and electromagnetism.
金属的超导性是一种类似于希格斯现象的凝聚态物质，其中库珀电子对的凝聚会自发地打破与光和电磁相关的U(1)规范对称。
===Condensed matter physics===
===Condensed matter physics===