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Social computing has to do with supporting "computations" that are carried out by groups of people, an idea that has been popularized in [[James Surowiecki|James Surowiecki's]] book, [[The Wisdom of Crowds]]. Examples of social computing in this sense include [[collaborative filtering]], [[online auctions]], [[prediction markets]], [[reputation systems]], computational social choice, tagging, and verification games. The [[social information processing]] page focuses on this sense of social computing.

Social computing has to do with supporting "computations" that are carried out by groups of people, an idea that has been popularized in [[James Surowiecki|James Surowiecki's]] book, [[The Wisdom of Crowds]]. Examples of social computing in this sense include [[collaborative filtering]], [[online auctions]], [[prediction markets]], [[reputation systems]], computational social choice, tagging, and verification games. The [[social information processing]] page focuses on this sense of social computing.

社会计算与支持由群体执行的”计算“有关，这个想法在 James Surowiecki 的书《群体的智慧(The Wisdom of Crowds)》中得到了普及。这个意义上的社会计算的例子包括协同过滤、在线拍卖、预测市场、声誉系统、计算社会选择、标签和验证游戏。社会信息处理页面聚焦于这种社会计算的意义。

James Surowiecki 的著作《群体的智慧(The Wisdom of Crowds)》使得社会计算的意义即支持由群体执行的”计算“得到普及。包括协同过滤、在线拍卖、预测市场、声誉系统、计算社会选择、标签和验证游戏等社会信息处理页面都聚焦于这种社会计算的意义。

== 背景 ==

== 背景 ==

'''Finance'''<blockquote>Electronic negotiation, which first came up in 1969 and was adapted over time to suit financial markets networking needs, represents an important and desirable coordination mechanism for electronic markets. Negotiation between agents (software agents as well as humans) allows cooperative and competitive sharing of information to determine a proper price. Recent research and practice has also shown that electronic negotiation is beneficial for the coordination of complex interactions among organizations. Electronic negotiation has recently emerged as a very dynamic, interdisciplinary research area covering aspects from disciplines such as Economics, Information Systems, Computer Science, Communication Theory, Sociology and Psychology.</blockquote>Social computing has become more widely known because of its relationship to a number of recent trends. These include the growing popularity of social software and Web 3.0, increased academic interest in social network analysis, the rise of open source as a viable method of production, and a growing conviction that all of this can have a profound impact on daily life. A February 13, 2006 paper by market research company Forrester Research suggested that:

 

'''Finance'''<blockquote>Electronic negotiation, which first came up in 1969 and was adapted over time to suit financial markets networking needs, represents an important and desirable coordination mechanism for electronic markets. Negotiation between agents (software agents as well as humans) allows cooperative and competitive sharing of information to determine a proper price. Recent research and practice has also shown that electronic negotiation is beneficial for the coordination of complex interactions among organizations. Electronic negotiation has recently emerged as a very dynamic, interdisciplinary research area covering aspects from disciplines such as Economics, Information Systems, Computer Science, Communication Theory, Sociology and Psychology.

 

电子谈判最初在1969年提出，并且随着时间的推移不断调整以适应金融市场的网络需求，这代表了电子市场的一个重要且理想的协商机制。代理人（包括软件代理和人类代理）之间的谈判允许合作性或竞争性地分享信息，以确定适当的价格。最近的研究和实践也表明，电子谈判有利于协调组织间的复杂互动。近年来，电子谈判已经成为了一个非常活跃的跨学科研究领域，涵盖了经济学、信息系统、计算机科学、传播学理论、社会学和心理学等学科。</blockquote>Social computing has become more widely known because of its relationship to a number of recent trends. These include the growing popularity of social software and Web 3.0, increased academic interest in social network analysis, the rise of open source as a viable method of production, and a growing conviction that all of this can have a profound impact on daily life. A February 13, 2006 paper by market research company Forrester Research suggested that: 由于社会计算与一些最新的趋势之间的关系，它正变得越来越广为人知。这些趋势包括社交软件和 Web 3.0的流行，社会网络分析的学术兴趣的增长，开源作为一种可行生产方式的兴起，以及人们越来越相信所有这些都会对日常生活产生深远影响。市场研究公司 Forrester Research 在2006年2月13日的一篇文章中指出：

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|Easy connections brought about by cheap devices, modular content, and shared computing resources are having a profound impact on our global economy and social structure. Individuals increasingly take cues from one another rather than from institutional sources like corporations, media outlets, religions, and political bodies. To thrive in an era of Social Computing, companies must abandon top-down management and communication tactics, weave communities into their products and services, use employees and partners as marketers, and become part of a living fabric of brand loyalists.<ref name=Schuler/><ref name=":0">A term coined by Andrew McAfee of [[Harvard Business School]] in the Spring 2006 [[MIT Sloan Management Review]].  <br>  {{cite journal | last1 = McAfee | first1 = Andrew | year = 2006 | title = Enterprise 2.0: The Dawn of Emergent Collaboration | journal = MIT Sloan Management Review | volume = 47 | issue = 3| pages = 21–28 }}</ref>

|Easy connections brought about by cheap devices, modular content, and shared computing resources are having a profound impact on our global economy and social structure. Individuals increasingly take cues from one another rather than from institutional sources like corporations, media outlets, religions, and political bodies. To thrive in an era of Social Computing, companies must abandon top-down management and communication tactics, weave communities into their products and services, use employees and partners as marketers, and become part of a living fabric of brand loyalists.廉价设备、模块化内容和共享计算资源带来的便捷连接正在对我们的全球经济和社会结构产生深远影响。个人不再把企业、媒体、宗教和政治团体等机构作为线索来源，而是越来越多地从彼此的个人身上获取线索。因此，如果要在社会计算时代蓬勃发展，公司必须放弃自上而下的管理和沟通策略，并将社区融入他们的产品和服务中，利用员工和合作伙伴作为营销人员，并使他们成为活生生的品牌忠诚者的一部分。<ref name=Schuler/><ref name=":0">A term coined by Andrew McAfee of [[Harvard Business School]] in the Spring 2006 [[MIT Sloan Management Review]].  <br>  {{cite journal | last1 = McAfee | first1 = Andrew | year = 2006 | title = Enterprise 2.0: The Dawn of Emergent Collaboration | journal = MIT Sloan Management Review | volume = 47 | issue = 3| pages = 21–28 }}</ref>

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== Theoretical Foundations ==

== Theoretical Foundations ==

Socially intelligent computing is a new term that refers to the recent efforts of individuals to understand the ways in which systems of people and computers will prove useful as intermediaries between people and tools used by people. These systems result in new behaviors that occur as a result of the complex [[Human–computer interaction|interaction between humans and computers]] and can be explained by several different areas of science. The Foundations of Social Computing are deeply vested in the understanding of [[social psychology]] and [[cyberpsychology]]. [[Social psychology]] covers topics such as [[decision making]], [[persuasion]], [[group behavior]], [[attraction (emotion)|personal attraction]], and factors that promote health and well-being.<ref name=Ip/> [[Cognitive sciences]] also play a huge role in understanding Social computing and human behavior on networking elements driven by personal needs/means. [[Sociology]] is also a factor since overall environments decide how individuals choose to interact.<ref name=Marlow/>

Socially intelligent computing is a new term that refers to the recent efforts of individuals to understand the ways in which systems of people and computers will prove useful as intermediaries between people and tools used by people. These systems result in new behaviors that occur as a result of the complex [[Human–computer interaction|interaction between humans and computers]] and can be explained by several different areas of science. The Foundations of Social Computing are deeply vested in the understanding of [[social psychology]] and [[cyberpsychology]]. [[Social psychology]] covers topics such as [[decision making]], [[persuasion]], [[group behavior]], [[attraction (emotion)|personal attraction]], and factors that promote health and well-being.<ref name=Ip/> [[Cognitive sciences]] also play a huge role in understanding Social computing and human behavior on networking elements driven by personal needs/means. [[Sociology]] is also a factor since overall environments decide how individuals choose to interact.<ref name=Marlow/>