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→历史
=== 历史 ===
=== 历史 ===
[[Image:Critical carbon dioxide.jpg|thumb|right|300px|在从超临界温度冷却到临界温度时，临界二氧化碳释放出雾。]]
[[Image:Critical carbon dioxide.jpg|thumb|right|250px|在从超临界温度冷却到临界温度时，临界二氧化碳释放出雾。]]
临界点的存在于 1822 年由Charles Cagniard de la Tour <ref>{{cite journal |author=Charles Cagniard de la Tour |date=1822 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzNCAAAAcAAJ&q=Cagniard&pg=PA127 |title=Exposé de quelques résultats obtenu par l'action combinée de la chaleur et de la compression sur certains liquides, tels que l'eau, l'alcool, l'éther sulfurique et l'essence de pétrole rectifiée|journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique |volume=21 |pages=127–132 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>Berche, B., Henkel, M., Kenna, R (2009) Critical phenomena: 150 years since Cagniard de la Tour. Journal of Physical Studies 13 (3), pp. 3001-1–3001-4.</ref>首次发现，并由Dmitri Mendeleev在 1860 年<ref>Mendeleev called the critical point the "absolute temperature of boiling".
临界点的存在于 1822 年由Charles Cagniard de la Tour <ref>{{cite journal |author=Charles Cagniard de la Tour |date=1822 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzNCAAAAcAAJ&q=Cagniard&pg=PA127 |title=Exposé de quelques résultats obtenu par l'action combinée de la chaleur et de la compression sur certains liquides, tels que l'eau, l'alcool, l'éther sulfurique et l'essence de pétrole rectifiée|journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique |volume=21 |pages=127–132 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>Berche, B., Henkel, M., Kenna, R (2009) Critical phenomena: 150 years since Cagniard de la Tour. Journal of Physical Studies 13 (3), pp. 3001-1–3001-4.</ref>首次发现，并由Dmitri Mendeleev在 1860 年<ref>Mendeleev called the critical point the "absolute temperature of boiling".
* {{cite journal |last1=Менделеев |first1=Д. |title=О расширении жидкостей от нагревания выше температуры кипения |journal=Горный Журнал [Mining Journal] |date=1861 |volume=4 |pages=141–152 |trans-title=On the expansion of liquids from heating above the temperature of boiling |language=ru}} The "absolute temperature of boiling" is defined on p. 151. Available at [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%2C_1861%2C_%E2%84%9604_%28%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%29.pdf Wikimedia]
* {{cite journal |last1=Менделеев |first1=Д. |title=О расширении жидкостей от нагревания выше температуры кипения |journal=Горный Журнал [Mining Journal] |date=1861 |volume=4 |pages=141–152 |trans-title=On the expansion of liquids from heating above the temperature of boiling |language=ru}} The "absolute temperature of boiling" is defined on p. 151. Available at [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%2C_1861%2C_%E2%84%9604_%28%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%29.pdf Wikimedia]
* {{cite journal |last1=Mendelejeff |first1=D. |title=Ueber die Ausdehnung der Flüssigkeiten beim Erwärmen über ihren Siedepunkt |journal=Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie |date=1861 |volume=119 |pages=1–11 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c036497486;view=1up;seq=13 |trans-title=On the expansion of fluids during heating above their boiling point |language=de |doi=10.1002/jlac.18611190102 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mendelejeff |first1=D. |title=Ueber die Ausdehnung der Flüssigkeiten beim Erwärmen über ihren Siedepunkt |journal=Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie |date=1861 |volume=119 |pages=1–11 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c036497486;view=1up;seq=13 |trans-title=On the expansion of fluids during heating above their boiling point |language=de |doi=10.1002/jlac.18611190102 }}
* 1870 年，Mendeleev反对Thomas Andrews，主张他优先考虑临界点的定义。{{cite journal |last1=Mendelejeff |first1=D. |title=Bemerkungen zu den Untersuchungen von Andrews über die Compressibilität der Kohlensäure |journal=Annalen der Physik |date=1870 |volume=141 |pages=618–626 |doi=10.1002/andp.18702171218 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89048352249;view=1up;seq=648 |series=2nd series |trans-title=Comments on Andrews' investigations into the compressibility of carbon dioxide |language=de}}</ref><ref>Landau, Lifshitz, Theoretical Physics, Vol. V: Statistical Physics, Ch. 83 [German edition 1984].</ref>和Thomas Andrews在 1869年命名。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Andrews, Thomas |date=1869 |url=http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/159/575.full.pdf+html |title=The Bakerian lecture: On the continuity of the gaseous and liquid states of matter |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society |location=London |volume=159 |pages=575–590 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1869.0021 |doi-access=free }} The term "critical point" appears on page 588.</ref>Cagniard 表明 CO<sub>2</sub>可以在 31 °C 和 73 atm 的压力下液化，但不能在稍高的温度下液化，即使在高达 3000 atm 的压力下也是如此。
* 1870 年，Mendeleev反对Thomas Andrews，主张他优先考虑临界点的定义。{{cite journal |last1=Mendelejeff |first1=D. |title=Bemerkungen zu den Untersuchungen von Andrews über die Compressibilität der Kohlensäure |journal=Annalen der Physik |date=1870 |volume=141 |pages=618–626 |doi=10.1002/andp.18702171218 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89048352249;view=1up;seq=648 |series=2nd series |trans-title=Comments on Andrews' investigations into the compressibility of carbon dioxide |language=de}}</ref><ref>Landau, Lifshitz, Theoretical Physics, Vol. V: Statistical Physics, Ch. 83 [German edition 1984].</ref>和Thomas Andrews在 1869年命名。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Andrews, Thomas |date=1869 |url=http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/159/575.full.pdf+html |title=The Bakerian lecture: On the continuity of the gaseous and liquid states of matter |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society |location=London |volume=159 |pages=575–590 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1869.0021 |doi-access=free }} The term "critical point" appears on page 588.</ref>Cagniard 表明 CO<sub>2</sub>可以在 31 °C 和 73 atm 的压力下液化，但不能在稍高的温度下液化，即使在高达 3000 atm 的压力下也是如此。
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=== 理论 ===
=== 理论 ===