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| | + | |description=埃尔德什数根据数学论文的著作权来来对数学家保罗·埃尔德什与其他作者之间的“协作距离”进行描述。同样的原则也应用于很多当特定某个人与众多同行之间保持合作关系的其他领域。 |
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| − | {{for|video game applications|Social simulation game}}
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| − | '''Social simulation''' is a research field that applies [[computer|computational]] methods to study issues in the [[social sciences]]. The issues explored include problems in [[computational law]], [[psychology]],<ref name="Hughes et al (2012) JOOP">{{cite journal | last1 = Hughes | first1 = H. P. N. | last2 = Clegg | first2 = C. W. | last3 = Robinson | first3 = M. A. | last4 = Crowder | first4 = R. M. | year = 2012 | title = Agent-based modelling and simulation: The potential contribution to organizational psychology | journal = Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology | volume = 85 | issue = 3| pages = 487–502 | doi = 10.1111/j.2044-8325.2012.02053.x }}</ref> [[organizational behavior]],<ref name="Crowder et al (2012) IEEE TSMCA">{{cite journal | last1 = Crowder | first1 = R. M. | last2 = Robinson | first2 = M. A. | last3 = Hughes | first3 = H. P. N. | last4 = Sim | first4 = Y. W. | year = 2012 | title = The development of an agent-based modeling framework for simulating engineering team work | journal = IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans | volume = 42 | issue = 6| pages = 1425–1439 | doi = 10.1109/TSMCA.2012.2199304 }}</ref> [[sociology]], political science, [[economics]], anthropology, geography, [[engineering]],<ref name="Crowder et al (2012) IEEE TSMCA"/> archaeology and [[linguistics]] {{Harv|Takahashi|Sallach|Rouchier|2007}}【这里原网页是 (Takahashi, Sallach & Rouchier 2007)】.
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| − | Social simulation is a research field that applies computational methods to study issues in the social sciences. The issues explored include problems in computational law, psychology, organizational behavior, sociology, political science, economics, anthropology, geography, engineering, archaeology and linguistics .
| + | '''社会模拟'''是应用计算方法研究社会科学问题的一个研究领域。所探讨的问题包括计算法、心理学<ref name="Hughes et al (2012) JOOP">{{cite journal | last1 = Hughes | first1 = H. P. N. | last2 = Clegg | first2 = C. W. | last3 = Robinson | first3 = M. A. | last4 = Crowder | first4 = R. M. | year = 2012 | title = Agent-based modelling and simulation: The potential contribution to organizational psychology | journal = Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology | volume = 85 | issue = 3| pages = 487–502 | doi = 10.1111/j.2044-8325.2012.02053.x }}</ref>、组织行为学<ref name="Crowder et al (2012) IEEE TSMCA">{{cite journal | last1 = Crowder | first1 = R. M. | last2 = Robinson | first2 = M. A. | last3 = Hughes | first3 = H. P. N. | last4 = Sim | first4 = Y. W. | year = 2012 | title = The development of an agent-based modeling framework for simulating engineering team work | journal = IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans | volume = 42 | issue = 6| pages = 1425–1439 | doi = 10.1109/TSMCA.2012.2199304 }}</ref>、社会学、政治学、经济学、人类学、地理学、工程学<ref name="Crowder et al (2012) IEEE TSMCA"/> 、考古学和语言学。 |
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| − | 社会模拟是应用计算方法研究社会科学问题的一个研究领域。所探讨的问题包括计算法、心理学、组织行为学、社会学、政治学、经济学、人类学、地理学、工程学、考古学和语言学。
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| − | Social simulation aims to cross the gap between the descriptive approach used in the social sciences and the formal approach used in the natural sciences, by moving the focus on the processes/mechanisms/behaviors that build the social reality.
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| − | Social simulation aims to cross the gap between the descriptive approach used in the social sciences and the formal approach used in the natural sciences, by moving the focus on the processes/mechanisms/behaviors that build the social reality.
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| | 社会模拟旨在跨越社会科学中使用的描述性方法和自然科学中使用的形式方法之间的鸿沟，将重点转移到构建社会现实的过程/机制/行为上。 | | 社会模拟旨在跨越社会科学中使用的描述性方法和自然科学中使用的形式方法之间的鸿沟，将重点转移到构建社会现实的过程/机制/行为上。 |
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| − | In social simulation, computers support human reasoning activities by executing these mechanisms. This field explores the simulation of societies as [[complex system|complex non-linear systems]], which are difficult to study with classical mathematical equation-based models. [[Robert Axelrod]] regards social simulation as a third way of doing science, differing from both the deductive and inductive approach; generating data that can be analysed inductively, but coming from a rigorously specified set of rules rather than from direct measurement of the real world. Thus, simulating a phenomenon is akin to generating it—constructing artificial societies. These ambitious aims have encountered [[#Criticisms|several criticisms]].
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| − | In social simulation, computers support human reasoning activities by executing these mechanisms. This field explores the simulation of societies as complex non-linear systems, which are difficult to study with classical mathematical equation-based models. Robert Axelrod regards social simulation as a third way of doing science, differing from both the deductive and inductive approach; generating data that can be analysed inductively, but coming from a rigorously specified set of rules rather than from direct measurement of the real world. Thus, simulating a phenomenon is akin to generating it—constructing artificial societies. These ambitious aims have encountered several criticisms.
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| | 在社会模拟中，计算机通过执行这些机制来支持人类的推理活动。这个领域探讨的是将社会模拟为复杂的非线性系统，这是很难用基于经典数学方程式的模型进行研究的。罗伯特 · 阿克塞尔罗德([[Robert Axelrod]])将社会模拟视为研究科学的第三种方式，不同于演绎和归纳的方法; 生成可以归纳分析的数据，但来自严格规定的规则集，而不是来自对现实世界的直接测量。因此，模拟一种现象类似于产生它——构建人工社会。这些雄心勃勃的目标遭到了一些批评。 | | 在社会模拟中，计算机通过执行这些机制来支持人类的推理活动。这个领域探讨的是将社会模拟为复杂的非线性系统，这是很难用基于经典数学方程式的模型进行研究的。罗伯特 · 阿克塞尔罗德([[Robert Axelrod]])将社会模拟视为研究科学的第三种方式，不同于演绎和归纳的方法; 生成可以归纳分析的数据，但来自严格规定的规则集，而不是来自对现实世界的直接测量。因此，模拟一种现象类似于产生它——构建人工社会。这些雄心勃勃的目标遭到了一些批评。 |
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| − | The social simulation approach to the social sciences is promoted and coordinated by three regional associations, [[European Social Simulation Association|ESSA]] for Europe, North America (reorganizing under the new CSSS name), and PAAA [https://archive.is/20130413115754/http://www.paaa.econ.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ Pacific Asia].
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| − | The social simulation approach to the social sciences is promoted and coordinated by three regional associations, ESSA for Europe, North America (reorganizing under the new CSSS name), and PAAA Pacific Asia.
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| | 社会科学的社会模拟方法由欧洲、北美洲的ESSA（以新的CSSS命名重组）和PAAA亚太地区协会推动和协调。 | | 社会科学的社会模拟方法由欧洲、北美洲的ESSA（以新的CSSS命名重组）和PAAA亚太地区协会推动和协调。 |
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| − | ==History and development==
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| − | ==History and development==
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| | = = 历史与发展 = = | | = = 历史与发展 = = |