1,068
个编辑
更改
无编辑摘要
! 类别 !! 信息
! 类别 !! 信息
|-
|-
|姓名： || 理查德·道金斯
|姓名 || 理查德·道金斯
|-
|-
|出生名：||克林顿·理查德·道金斯
|出生名 ||克林顿·理查德·道金斯
|-
|-
|出生日：||1941年3月26日
|出生日 ||1941年3月26日
|-
|-
|出生地：||肯尼亚 内罗毕
|出生地 ||肯尼亚 内罗毕
|-
|-
|国籍：||英国
|国籍 ||英国
|-
|-
|教育背景：||英格兰 昂德尔公立学校（Oundle School）<br/> 牛津大学 (MA, DPhil)
|教育背景 ||英格兰 昂德尔公立学校（Oundle School）<br/> 牛津大学 (MA, DPhil)
|-
|-
|博士生导师：||尼古拉斯·廷贝亨（Nikolaas Tinbergen）
|博士生导师 ||尼古拉斯·廷贝亨（Nikolaas Tinbergen）
|-
|-
|博士生：||Alan Grafen
|博士生 ||Alan Grafen
|-
|-
|博士论文题目：||[http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.710826 Selective pecking in the domestic chick(1967)]
|博士论文题目 ||[http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.710826 Selective pecking in the domestic chick(1967)]
|-
|-
|论文提交时间：||1967
|工作地点 ||伯克利加州大学<br/>牛津大学新学院（New College）
|-
|-
|工作地点：||伯克利加州大学<br/>牛津大学新学院（New College）
|主要工作 ||{{Plainlist|
* 以基因为中心的演化论
* 以基因为中心的演化论
* 模因的概念
* 模因的概念
* 无神论; "New Atheism"<ref>{{Cite IEP |url-id=n-atheis |title=The New Atheists |first=James E. |last=Taylor}}</ref>}}
* 无神论; "New Atheism"<ref>{{Cite IEP |url-id=n-atheis |title=The New Atheists |first=James E. |last=Taylor}}</ref>}}
|-
|-
|学生：|| Mark Ridley
|学生 || Mark Ridley
|-
|-
|influences：|| Charles Darwin, W. D. Hamilton, Nikolaas Tinbergen
|受启发于 || Charles Darwin, W. D. Hamilton, Nikolaas Tinbergen
|-
|-
|influenced：|| Andrew F. Read, Helena Cronin, John Krebs, Baron Krebs, David Haig, Daniel Dennett, David Deutsch, Steven Pinker, Martin Daly, Margo Wilson, Randolph M. Nesse, Kim Sterelny, Michael Shermer, Richard Harries, Baron Harries of Pentregarth, A. C. Grayling, Marek Kohn, David P. Barash, Matt Ridley, Philip Pullman
|影响者 || Andrew F. Read, Helena Cronin, John Krebs, Baron Krebs, David Haig, Daniel Dennett, David Deutsch, Steven Pinker, Martin Daly, Margo Wilson, Randolph M. Nesse, Kim Sterelny, Michael Shermer, Richard Harries, Baron Harries of Pentregarth, A. C. Grayling, Marek Kohn, David P. Barash, Matt Ridley, Philip Pullman
|-
|-
|配偶：||Marian Stamp(1967-1984)<br/>Eve Barham(1984-19??)<br/>Lalla Ward(1992-2016)
|配偶 ||Marian Stamp(1967-1984)<br/>Eve Barham(1984-19??)<br/>Lalla Ward(1992-2016)
|-
|-
|子女：|| 1
|子女 || 1
|-
|-
|荣誉：|| ZSL Silver Medal (1989)<br/>Michael Faraday Prize (1990)<br/>International Cosmos Prize (1997)<br/>Nierenberg Prize (2009)<br/>FRS (2001)
|荣誉 || ZSL Silver Medal (1989)<br/>Michael Faraday Prize (1990)<br/>International Cosmos Prize (1997)<br/>Nierenberg Prize (2009)<br/>FRS (2001)
|-
|-
|签名：|| [[file:Richard Dawkins signature.svg.png|thumb|right|150px]]
|签名 || [[file:Richard Dawkins signature.svg.png|thumb|left|250px]]
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
理查德 · 道金斯 Richard Dawkins（生于1941年3月26日）是英国进化生物学家和作家。他是牛津大学新学院的荣誉退休研究员，并于1995年至2008年在牛津大学担任公众理解科学教授。作为一个无神论者，他以对神创论和智慧设计论的批判而闻名。<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/richard-dawkins-atheism-criticism-atheist-study-rice-university-science-scientists-a7389396.html |title=British scientists don't like Richard Dawkins, finds study that didn't even ask questions about Richard Dawkins |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609003903/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/richard-dawkins-atheism-criticism-atheist-study-rice-university-science-scientists-a7389396.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
理查德 · 道金斯 Richard Dawkins（生于1941年3月26日）是英国进化生物学家和作家。他是牛津大学新学院的荣誉退休研究员，并于1995年至2008年在牛津大学担任公众理解科学教授。作为一个无神论者，他以对神创论和智慧设计论的批判而闻名。<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/richard-dawkins-atheism-criticism-atheist-study-rice-university-science-scientists-a7389396.html |title=British scientists don't like Richard Dawkins, finds study that didn't even ask questions about Richard Dawkins |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609003903/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/richard-dawkins-atheism-criticism-atheist-study-rice-university-science-scientists-a7389396.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
道金斯最早在1976年出版的《自私的基因》一书中崭露头角，该书推广了以基因为中心的进化论观点，并引入了“模因”(meme)一词。在1982年出版的《扩展的表现性（extended phenotype）》（译注：未找到对应中文翻译作品）一书中，他将一个有影响力的概念引入进化生物学，即基因的表现型效应不一定局限于有机体，而是可以延伸到环境中。2006年，他创立了理查德·道金斯理性与科学基金会。
道金斯最早在1976年出版的《自私的基因》一书中崭露头角，该书推广了以基因为中心的进化论观点，并引入了“模因”(meme)一词。在1982年出版的《扩展的表现性 Extended Phenotype》（译注：未找到对应中文翻译作品）一书中，他将一个有影响力的概念引入进化生物学，即基因的表现型效应不一定局限于有机体，而是可以延伸到环境中。2006年，他创立了理查德·道金斯理性与科学基金会。
在《盲眼钟表匠(1986)》中，道金斯反驳了基于生命有机体的复杂性而支持存在超自然创造者的观点。相反，他将进化过程描述为类似于一个盲人钟表匠，因为繁殖、突变和选择是不受任何设计师指导的。在2006年出版的《上帝错觉》道金斯认为超自然的创造者几乎肯定不存在，而宗教信仰只是一种错觉。道金斯的无神论立场有时会引起争议。<ref>{{cite web|title=Is Richard Dawkins destroying his reputation?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jun/09/is-richard-dawkins-destroying-his-reputation|newspaper=The Guardian|last=Elmhirst|first=Sophie|date=9 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Richard Dawkins on Charles Darwin|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7885670.stm|website=BBC News|date=14 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Richard Dawkins dropped from science event for tweeting video mocking feminists and Islamists|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-vdeo-twitter-necss-event-feminism-a6841161.html?amp|newspaper=The Independent|last=Blair|first=Olivia|date=29 January 2016}}</ref>
=== 早期生活 ===
=== 早期生活 ===
1941年3月26日，克林顿·理查德·道金斯出生于当时的英属肯尼亚首都内罗毕<ref name="encycdotcom">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3449200042/dawkins-richard-1941.html |title=Dawkins, Richard 1941– – Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com |publisher=Cengage Learning |access-date=16 May 2014 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012161749/http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3449200042/dawkins-richard-1941.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯后来通过契约投票把克林顿从他的名字中去掉了。他是让·玛丽·维维安(Jean Mary Vyvyan，1916-2019年)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=My mother is 100 today. She & my late father gave me an idyllic childhood. Her writings on that time are quoted in An Appetite for Wonder |url=https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/802104552195506178 |website=Twitter |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617112151/https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/802104552195506178 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=My beloved mother died today, a month short of her 103rd birthday. As a young wartime bride she was brave and adventurous. Her epic journey up Africa, illegally accompanying my father, is recounted in passages from her diary, reproduced in An Appetite for Wonder. Rest in Peace. |url=https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/1183908617541562369 |website=Twitter |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015025639/https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/1183908617541562369 |url-status=live }}</ref>和克林顿·约翰·道金斯(Clinton John Dawkins，1915-2010年)的儿子，后者是尼亚萨兰(今天的马拉维)英国殖民局的一名农业公务员，出身于牛津郡一个有土地的贵族家庭。<ref name="encycdotcom" /><ref>Burke's Landed Gentry 17th edition, ed. L. G. Pine, 1952, 'Dawkins of Over Norton' pedigree</ref><ref name="father's obit"/>他的父亲在第二次世界大战期间被召入国王的非洲步枪队<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=The Ancestor's Tale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC |date=October 2004 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-00583-3 |page=317 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013348/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Brief Scientific Autobiography">{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/articles/4757-brief-scientific-autobiography |title=Brief Scientific Autobiography |access-date=17 July 2010 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621114947/http://richarddawkins.net/articles/4757-brief-scientific-autobiography |archive-date=21 June 2010}}</ref>，并于1949年返回英国，当时道金斯只有八岁。他的父亲继承了位于牛津郡诺顿公园的一处乡村庄园，并进行了商业开发。<ref name="father's obit">{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=Lives Remembered: John Dawkins |newspaper=The Independent |date=11 December 2010 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html |access-date=12 December 2010 |location=London |archive-date=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213080623/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html |url-status=live }}</ref>道金斯住在英国的牛津<ref name="strident">{{cite news |title=Richard Dawkins: 'I don't think I am strident or aggressive' |first=Andrew |last=Anthony |date=15 September 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/15/richard-dawkins-interview-appetite-wonder |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529212022/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/15/richard-dawkins-interview-appetite-wonder |url-status=live }}</ref>。他有一个妹妹，叫莎拉。<ref name="Darwin's child"/>
1941年3月26日，克林顿·理查德·道金斯出生于当时的英属肯尼亚首都内罗毕<ref name="encycdotcom">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3449200042/dawkins-richard-1941.html |title=Dawkins, Richard 1941– – Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com |publisher=Cengage Learning |access-date=16 May 2014 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012161749/http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3449200042/dawkins-richard-1941.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯后来通过契约投票把克林顿从他的名字中去掉了。他是让·玛丽·维维安 Jean Mary Vyvyan(1916-2019年)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=My mother is 100 today. She & my late father gave me an idyllic childhood. Her writings on that time are quoted in An Appetite for Wonder |url=https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/802104552195506178 |website=Twitter |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617112151/https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/802104552195506178 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=My beloved mother died today, a month short of her 103rd birthday. As a young wartime bride she was brave and adventurous. Her epic journey up Africa, illegally accompanying my father, is recounted in passages from her diary, reproduced in An Appetite for Wonder. Rest in Peace. |url=https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/1183908617541562369 |website=Twitter |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015025639/https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/1183908617541562369 |url-status=live }}</ref>和克林顿·约翰·道金斯 Clinton John Dawkins(1915-2010年)的儿子，后者是尼亚萨兰(今天的马拉维)英国殖民局的一名农业公务员，出身于牛津郡一个有土地的贵族家庭。<ref name="encycdotcom" /><ref>Burke's Landed Gentry 17th edition, ed. L. G. Pine, 1952, 'Dawkins of Over Norton' pedigree</ref><ref name="father's obit"/>他的父亲在第二次世界大战期间被召入国王的非洲步枪队<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=The Ancestor's Tale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC |date=October 2004 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-00583-3 |page=317 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013348/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Brief Scientific Autobiography">{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/articles/4757-brief-scientific-autobiography |title=Brief Scientific Autobiography |access-date=17 July 2010 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621114947/http://richarddawkins.net/articles/4757-brief-scientific-autobiography |archive-date=21 June 2010}}</ref>，并于1949年返回英国，当时道金斯只有八岁。他的父亲继承了位于牛津郡诺顿公园的一处乡村庄园，并进行了商业开发。<ref name="father's obit">{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=Lives Remembered: John Dawkins |newspaper=The Independent |date=11 December 2010 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html |access-date=12 December 2010 |location=London |archive-date=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213080623/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html |url-status=live }}</ref>道金斯住在英国的牛津<ref name="strident">{{cite news |title=Richard Dawkins: 'I don't think I am strident or aggressive' |first=Andrew |last=Anthony |date=15 September 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/15/richard-dawkins-interview-appetite-wonder |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529212022/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/15/richard-dawkins-interview-appetite-wonder |url-status=live }}</ref>。他有一个妹妹，叫莎拉。<ref name="Darwin's child"/>
1949年，8岁的道金斯从尼亚萨兰回到英格兰，加入了威尔特郡的查芬格罗夫学校<ref>Alister E. McGrath, ''Dawkins' God: From The Selfish Gene to The God Delusion'' (2015), p. 33</ref>，之后从1954年到1959年，他进入了北安普敦郡的奥德尔学校（Oundle School），一所有着英格兰教会精神的英国公立学校<ref name="Darwin's child"/><ref name="Oundle2012b">{{cite web |ref=CITEREFOundle2012b |url=http://www.oundleschool.org.uk./extracurric/lectures.php |title=The Oundle Lecture Series |publisher=Oundle School |year=2012b |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430063443/http://www.oundleschool.org.uk/extracurric/lectures.php |archive-date=30 April 2012}}</ref>。在昂德尔的时候，道金斯第一次读了伯特兰·罗素的《为什么我不是基督徒》。他于1962年毕业于牛津大学贝利尔学院，学习动物学。在那里，他得到了诺贝尔奖获得者动物行为学家尼古拉斯·廷贝亨的指导，以二等荣誉毕业。<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html |title=Preaching to the converted |journal=Daily Telegraph |last=Preston |first=John |date=17 December 2006 |access-date=9 May 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509210248/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
1949年，8岁的道金斯从尼亚萨兰回到英格兰，加入了威尔特郡的查芬格罗夫学校<ref>Alister E. McGrath, ''Dawkins' God: From The Selfish Gene to The God Delusion'' (2015), p. 33</ref>，之后从1954年到1959年，他进入了北安普敦郡的奥德尔学校 Oundle School，一所有着英格兰教会精神的英国公立学校<ref name="Darwin's child"/><ref name="Oundle2012b">{{cite web |ref=CITEREFOundle2012b |url=http://www.oundleschool.org.uk./extracurric/lectures.php |title=The Oundle Lecture Series |publisher=Oundle School |year=2012b |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430063443/http://www.oundleschool.org.uk/extracurric/lectures.php |archive-date=30 April 2012}}</ref>。在昂德尔的时候，道金斯第一次读了伯特兰·罗素的《为什么我不是基督徒》。他于1962年毕业于牛津大学贝利尔学院，学习动物学。在那里，他得到了诺贝尔奖获得者动物行为学家尼古拉斯·廷贝亨的指导，以二等荣誉毕业。<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html |title=Preaching to the converted |journal=Daily Telegraph |last=Preston |first=John |date=17 December 2006 |access-date=9 May 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509210248/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== 教学生涯 ===
=== 教学生涯 ===
从1967年到1969年，道金斯是加州大学伯克利分校的动物学助理教授。在此期间，加州大学伯克利分校的学生和教师大多反对正在进行的越南战争，道金斯参与了反战示威和活动<ref name="belief interview">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml |title="Belief" interview |access-date=8 April 2008 |date=5 April 2004 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=29 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329090942/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>。1970年，他回到牛津大学担任讲师。1990年，他成为动物学副教授（Reader in Zoology）。1995年，他被任命为牛津大学的西蒙尼讲席教授（公众科学普及教授），这个职位是查尔斯·西蒙尼授予的，持有者“应该对公众对某个科学领域的理解做出重要贡献”<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html |title=Manifesto for the Simonyi Professorship |access-date=13 March 2008 |last=Simonyi |first=Charles |date=15 May 1995 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205051240/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html |archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref>。该席位第一个持有者是理查德·道金斯.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html |title=Aims of the Simonyi Professorship |date=23 April 2008 |access-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206202718/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html |archive-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> 。从1995年到2008年，他一直担任该教授席位。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html |title=Previous holders of The Simonyi Professorship |access-date=23 September 2010 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131193825/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html |archive-date=31 January 2016}}</ref>
从1967年到1969年，道金斯是加州大学伯克利分校的动物学助理教授。在此期间，加州大学伯克利分校的学生和教师大多反对正在进行的越南战争，道金斯参与了反战示威和活动<ref name="belief interview">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml |title="Belief" interview |access-date=8 April 2008 |date=5 April 2004 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=29 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329090942/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>。1970年，他回到牛津大学担任讲师。1990年，他成为动物学副教授。1995年，他被任命为牛津大学的西蒙尼讲席教授（公众科学普及教授），这个职位是查尔斯·西蒙尼授予的，持有者“应该对公众对某个科学领域的理解做出重要贡献”<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html |title=Manifesto for the Simonyi Professorship |access-date=13 March 2008 |last=Simonyi |first=Charles |date=15 May 1995 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205051240/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html |archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref>。该席位第一个持有者是理查德·道金斯.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html |title=Aims of the Simonyi Professorship |date=23 April 2008 |access-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206202718/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html |archive-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> 。从1995年到2008年，他一直担任该教授席位。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html |title=Previous holders of The Simonyi Professorship |access-date=23 September 2010 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131193825/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html |archive-date=31 January 2016}}</ref>
自1970年以来，他一直是牛津大学新学院 New College,University of Oxford的研究员，现在是名誉研究员<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/emeritus-honorary-and-wykeham-fellows |title=Emeritus, Honorary and Wykeham Fellows |date=2 May 2008 |access-date=20 January 2016 |publisher=New College, Oxford |archive-date=10 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510045539/http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/Teaching_and_Research/Staff_Profile_Page.php?staffId=15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship/professor-richard-dawkins.html |title=The Current Simonyi Professor: Richard Dawkins |access-date=13 March 2008 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311205030/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship/professor-richard-dawkins.html |archive-date=11 March 2016}}</ref>。他曾发表多次演讲，包括亨利·西奇威克纪念讲座(1989年)、第一次伊拉斯谟斯·达尔文纪念讲座(1990年)、迈克尔·法拉第讲座(1991年)、 T·H·赫胥黎纪念讲座(1992年)、欧文纪念讲座(1997年)、廷贝亨讲座(2004年)及坦纳讲座(2003年)<ref name=cv/>。1991年，他在皇家学会圣诞讲座发表了《在宇宙中成长的孩子》一书。他还编辑了几本期刊，并担任了 Encarta 百科全书和进化百科全书的编辑顾问。他是世俗人文主义自由调查杂志委员会的高级编辑和专栏作家，自《怀疑论》杂志成立以来，他一直是该杂志编辑委员会的成员。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/editorial_board.html |title=Editorial Board |access-date=22 April 2008 |publisher=The Skeptics' Society |archive-date=10 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410145522/http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/editorial_board.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Dawkins at UT Austin.jpg|thumb|right|upright|At the [[University of Texas at Austin]], March 2008]]
[[File:Dawkins at UT Austin.jpg|thumb|right|upright|At the [[University of Texas at Austin]], March 2008]]
道金斯最著名的是他将基因作为进化中选择的主要单位而广为人知<ref>{{cite book |title=Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think : Reflections by Scientists, Writers, and Philosophers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lH4sh2436rEC&q=%22evolutionary+biologist%22 |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-921466-2 |page=228 |first1=Mark |last1=Ridley |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=19 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319065837/http://books.google.com/books?id=lH4sh2436rEC&q=%22evolutionary+biologist%22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Elisabeth Anne |title=The structure and confirmation of evolutionary theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hO8vHTSiBkAC |year=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00046-6 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013222/https://books.google.com/books?id=hO8vHTSiBkAC |url-status=live }}</ref>，这一观点在他的著作《自私的基因》(The Selfish Gene，1976)中得到了最清晰的阐述。他在书中指出，“所有生命都是通过复制实体的不同生存方式进化的”。在《扩展的表现型》(Extended Phenotype, 1982) 中他将自然选择描述为“复制因子相互超越繁殖的过程”。此外他还向更广泛的受众介绍了他在1977年提出的有影响力的概念<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=Replicator Selection and the Extended Phenotype |journal=Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |date=1978 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=61–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb01823.x |pmid=696023}}</ref>，即基因的表现型效应不一定局限于有机体，而是可以延伸到环境中，包括其他有机体的表现型效应。道金斯认为扩展表型是他对进化生物学最重要的贡献，他认为生态位构建是扩展表型的一个特例。扩展表型的概念有助于解释进化，但它无助于预测特定的结果。<ref name="esf">{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090119081333.htm |title=European Evolutionary Biologists Rally Behind Richard Dawkins's Extended Phenotype |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=20 January 2009 |access-date=28 June 2011 |archive-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213083316/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090119081333.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
道金斯最著名的是他将基因作为进化中选择的主要单位而广为人知<ref>{{cite book |title=Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think : Reflections by Scientists, Writers, and Philosophers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lH4sh2436rEC&q=%22evolutionary+biologist%22 |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-921466-2 |page=228 |first1=Mark |last1=Ridley |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=19 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319065837/http://books.google.com/books?id=lH4sh2436rEC&q=%22evolutionary+biologist%22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Elisabeth Anne |title=The structure and confirmation of evolutionary theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hO8vHTSiBkAC |year=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00046-6 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013222/https://books.google.com/books?id=hO8vHTSiBkAC |url-status=live }}</ref>，这一观点在他的著作《自私的基因 The Selfish Gene》(1976)中得到了最清晰的阐述。他在书中指出，“所有生命都是通过复制实体的不同生存方式进化的”。在《扩展的表现型 Extended Phenotype》(1982) 中他将自然选择描述为“复制因子相互超越繁殖的过程”。此外他还向更广泛的受众介绍了他在1977年提出的有影响力的概念<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=Replicator Selection and the Extended Phenotype |journal=Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |date=1978 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=61–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb01823.x |pmid=696023}}</ref>，即基因的表现型效应不一定局限于有机体，而是可以延伸到环境中，包括其他有机体的表现型效应。道金斯认为扩展表型是他对进化生物学最重要的贡献，他认为生态位构建是扩展表型的一个特例。扩展表型的概念有助于解释进化，但它无助于预测特定的结果。<ref name="esf">{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090119081333.htm |title=European Evolutionary Biologists Rally Behind Richard Dawkins's Extended Phenotype |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=20 January 2009 |access-date=28 June 2011 |archive-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213083316/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090119081333.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
道金斯一直对进化过程中的非适应性过程(如古尔德和路翁丁所描述的 Spandrels)以及“高于”基因水平的选择持怀疑态度<ref name="gould-lewontin">{{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay|author2=Lewontin, Richard C. |year=1979 |title=The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=205 |issue=1161 |series=B |pages=581–98 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1979.0086 |pmid=42062 |bibcode=1979RSPSB.205..581G}}</ref> and about selection at levels "above" that of the gene.<ref name=Extended_Phenotype>{{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=The extended phenotype: the long reach of the gene |url=https://archive.org/details/extendedphenotyp0000dawk |url-access=registration |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0192880512 |edition=Revised with new afterword and further reading}}</ref>。他特别怀疑群体选择作为理解利他主义的基础的实际可能性或重要性。这种行为起初似乎是一种进化悖论，因为帮助他人会耗费宝贵的资源，并降低自己的适应能力。以前，许多人把这解释为群体选择的一个方面：个体做的是对种群或整个物种的生存最有利的事情。英国进化生物学家W.D.汉密尔顿在他的整体适应度理论中使用基因频率分析来说明，如果这种利他主义的行为者和接受者(包括近亲)之间有足够的遗传相似性，那么遗传的利他主义特征是如何进化的<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=W.D. |title=The genetical evolution of social behaviour I and II |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–16, 17–52 |year=1964 |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4 |pmid=5875341}}</ref>。汉密尔顿的整体适应度已经成功地应用于包括人类在内的广泛的生物体中。类似地，罗伯特·泰弗士从以基因为中心的模型的角度思考，发展了互利主义理论，即一个有机体在对未来互换的预期中为另一个有机体提供利益<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trivers |first=Robert |title=The evolution of reciprocal altruism |journal=Quarterly Review of Biology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=35–57 |year=1971 |doi=10.1086/406755 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4e671994e5b0c7aefbecd050e95fdb45272d7e12 |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060816/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Evolution-of-Reciprocal-Altruism-Trivers/4e671994e5b0c7aefbecd050e95fdb45272d7e12 |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯在《自私的基因》中推广了这些观点，并在自己的作品中加以发展<ref name="dawkins79">{{cite journal |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=Twelve Misunderstandings of Kin Selection |journal=Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |volume=51 |pages=184–200 |year=1979 |issue=2 |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/writings/Twelve%20Misunderstandings%20of%20Kin%20Selection.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529180009/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/writings/Twelve%20Misunderstandings%20of%20Kin%20Selection.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2008 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00682.x}}</ref>。2012年6月，道金斯对生物学家 e. o. 威尔逊2012年出版的《地球的社会征服》一书提出严厉批评，认为该书误解了汉密尔顿的亲缘选择理论<ref>{{cite news |last=Thorpe |first=Vanessa |title=Richard Dawkins in furious row with EO Wilson over theory of evolution. Book review sparks war of words between grand old man of biology and Oxford's most high-profile Darwinist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/24/battle-of-the-professors |access-date=3 October 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 June 2012 |location=London |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506014702/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/24/battle-of-the-professors |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=The Descent of Edward Wilson |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/edward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species |access-date=24 October 2015 |work=Prospect |date=24 May 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105332/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/edward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯还强烈批评独立科学家詹姆斯·洛夫洛克的盖亚假说。<ref>{{cite book |title=The molecular biology of Gaia |url=https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will |url-access=registration |year=1996 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-10512-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will/page/178 178] |first1=George Ronald |last1=Williams}} [https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will/page/178 Extract of page 178]</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Scientists debate gaia: the next century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC |year=2004 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-19498-3 |page=72 |first1=Stephen Henry |last1=Schneider |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729013112/https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC |url-status=live }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC&pg=PA72 Extract of p. 72] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319005453/http://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC&pg=PA72 |date=19 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder |journal=Unweaving the Rainbow : Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC |year=2000 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-05673-6 |page=223 |first1=Richard |last1=Dawkins |bibcode=1998ursd.book.....D |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921122549/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC |url-status=live }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC&pg=PA223 Extract of p. 223] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064040/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC&pg=PA223 |date=19 March 2015 }}</ref>
道金斯一直对进化过程中的非适应性过程(如古尔德和路翁丁所描述的Spandrels)以及“高于”基因水平的选择持怀疑态度<ref name="gould-lewontin">{{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay|author2=Lewontin, Richard C. |year=1979 |title=The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=205 |issue=1161 |series=B |pages=581–98 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1979.0086 |pmid=42062 |bibcode=1979RSPSB.205..581G}}</ref>。他特别怀疑群体选择作为理解利他主义的基础的实际可能性或重要性。这种行为起初似乎是一种进化悖论，因为帮助他人会耗费宝贵的资源，并降低自己的适应能力。以前，许多人把这解释为群体选择的一个方面：个体做的是对种群或整个物种的生存最有利的事情。英国进化生物学家W.D.汉密尔顿在他的整体适应度理论中使用基因频率分析来说明，如果这种利他主义的行为者和接受者(包括近亲)之间有足够的遗传相似性，那么遗传的利他主义特征是如何进化的<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=W.D. |title=The genetical evolution of social behaviour I and II |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–16, 17–52 |year=1964 |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4 |pmid=5875341}}</ref>。汉密尔顿的整体适应度已经成功地应用于包括人类在内的广泛的生物体中。类似地，罗伯特·泰弗士从以基因为中心的模型的角度思考，发展了互利主义理论，即一个有机体在对未来互换的预期中为另一个有机体提供利益<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trivers |first=Robert |title=The evolution of reciprocal altruism |journal=Quarterly Review of Biology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=35–57 |year=1971 |doi=10.1086/406755 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4e671994e5b0c7aefbecd050e95fdb45272d7e12 |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060816/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Evolution-of-Reciprocal-Altruism-Trivers/4e671994e5b0c7aefbecd050e95fdb45272d7e12 |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯在《自私的基因》中推广了这些观点，并在自己的作品中加以发展<ref name="dawkins79">{{cite journal |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=Twelve Misunderstandings of Kin Selection |journal=Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |volume=51 |pages=184–200 |year=1979 |issue=2 |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/writings/Twelve%20Misunderstandings%20of%20Kin%20Selection.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529180009/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/writings/Twelve%20Misunderstandings%20of%20Kin%20Selection.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2008 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00682.x}}</ref>。2012年6月，道金斯对生物学家 E.O.威尔逊2012年出版的《地球的社会征服》一书提出严厉批评，认为该书误解了汉密尔顿的亲缘选择理论<ref>{{cite news |last=Thorpe |first=Vanessa |title=Richard Dawkins in furious row with EO Wilson over theory of evolution. Book review sparks war of words between grand old man of biology and Oxford's most high-profile Darwinist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/24/battle-of-the-professors |access-date=3 October 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 June 2012 |location=London |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506014702/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/24/battle-of-the-professors |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=The Descent of Edward Wilson |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/edward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species |access-date=24 October 2015 |work=Prospect |date=24 May 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105332/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/edward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯还强烈批评独立科学家詹姆斯·洛夫洛克的盖亚假说。<ref>{{cite book |title=The molecular biology of Gaia |url=https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will |url-access=registration |year=1996 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-10512-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will/page/178 178] |first1=George Ronald |last1=Williams}} [https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will/page/178 Extract of page 178]</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Scientists debate gaia: the next century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC |year=2004 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-19498-3 |page=72 |first1=Stephen Henry |last1=Schneider |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729013112/https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC |url-status=live }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC&pg=PA72 Extract of p. 72] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319005453/http://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC&pg=PA72 |date=19 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder |journal=Unweaving the Rainbow : Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC |year=2000 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-05673-6 |page=223 |first1=Richard |last1=Dawkins |bibcode=1998ursd.book.....D |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921122549/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC |url-status=live }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC&pg=PA223 Extract of p. 223] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064040/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC&pg=PA223 |date=19 March 2015 }}</ref>
在一系列关于进化机制和解释的争论中<ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Andrew |title=The Darwin Wars: How stupid genes became selfish genes |year=1999 |publisher=London: Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-85144-0}}</ref><ref name="AndrewBrown2000">{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Andrew |title=The Darwin Wars: The Scientific Battle for the Soul of Man |year=2000 |publisher=Touchstone |isbn=978-0-684-85145-7}}</ref>，一个派别经常以道金斯的名字命名，而另一个派别则以美国古生物学家史蒂芬·古尔德的名字命名<ref name="Brockman">{{cite book |last=Brockman |first=J. |title=The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution |year=1995 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-684-80359-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/thirdculture00broc}}</ref><ref name="Sterelny">{{cite book |last=Sterelny |first=K. |title=Dawkins vs. Gould: Survival of the Fittest |year=2007 |publisher=Icon Books |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-1-84046-780-2 |title-link=Dawkins vs. Gould}}</ref>。同样值得一提的是，道金斯和古尔德在社会生物学和进化心理学的争论中是杰出的评论家，道金斯通常时赞同和欣赏，而古尔德普遍持批判态度<ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Richard |title=The Evolutionists |year=2001 |publisher=W. H. Freeman |isbn=978-0-7167-4094-0}}</ref>
在一系列关于进化机制和解释的争论中<ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Andrew |title=The Darwin Wars: How stupid genes became selfish genes |year=1999 |publisher=London: Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-85144-0}}</ref><ref name="AndrewBrown2000">{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Andrew |title=The Darwin Wars: The Scientific Battle for the Soul of Man |year=2000 |publisher=Touchstone |isbn=978-0-684-85145-7}}</ref>，一个派别经常以道金斯的名字命名，而另一个派别则以美国古生物学家史蒂芬·古尔德的名字命名<ref name="Brockman">{{cite book |last=Brockman |first=J. |title=The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution |year=1995 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-684-80359-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/thirdculture00broc}}</ref><ref name="Sterelny">{{cite book |last=Sterelny |first=K. |title=Dawkins vs. Gould: Survival of the Fittest |year=2007 |publisher=Icon Books |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-1-84046-780-2 |title-link=Dawkins vs. Gould}}</ref>。同样值得一提的是，道金斯和古尔德在社会生物学和进化心理学的争论中是杰出的评论家，道金斯通常时赞同和欣赏，而古尔德普遍持批判态度<ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Richard |title=The Evolutionists |year=2001 |publisher=W. H. Freeman |isbn=978-0-7167-4094-0}}</ref>
。道金斯立场的一个典型例子是他对史蒂文·罗斯、里昂·J·卡明和理查·C·莱翁廷的《不在我们的基因里 Not In
Our Gene）》的严厉评论<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=24 January 1985 |title=Sociobiology: the debate continues |periodical=New Scientist |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Reviews/1985-01-24notinourgenes.shtml |access-date=3 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501043602/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Reviews/1985-01-24notinourgenes.shtml |archive-date=1 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>。在这个问题上，另外两位经常被认为与道金斯意见一致的思想家是史蒂文•平克(Steven Pinker)和丹尼尔•丹尼特(Daniel Dennett)。丹尼特提倡以基因为中心的进化论观点，并为生物学中的还原论辩护<ref>{{cite book |last=Dennett |first=Daniel|title=Darwin's Dangerous Idea |journal=Complexity |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/darwinsdangerous0000denn/page/32 32–36] |year=1995 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=United States |isbn=978-0-684-80290-9 |bibcode=1996Cmplx...2a..32M |url=https://archive.org/details/darwinsdangerous0000denn/page/32 }}</ref> 。道金斯和古尔德尽管在学术上存在分歧，但他们之间并没有敌对的个人关系，道金斯在他2003年出版的《一个魔鬼的牧师（A Devil's Chaplain）》一书中，将很大一部分献给了去年去世的古尔德。
Our Gene》的严厉评论<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=24 January 1985 |title=Sociobiology: the debate continues |periodical=New Scientist |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Reviews/1985-01-24notinourgenes.shtml |access-date=3 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501043602/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Reviews/1985-01-24notinourgenes.shtml |archive-date=1 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>。在这个问题上，另外两位经常被认为与道金斯意见一致的思想家是史蒂文•平克 Steven Pinker和丹尼尔•丹尼特 Daniel Dennett。丹尼特提倡以基因为中心的进化论观点，并为生物学中的还原论辩护<ref>{{cite book |last=Dennett |first=Daniel|title=Darwin's Dangerous Idea |journal=Complexity |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/darwinsdangerous0000denn/page/32 32–36] |year=1995 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=United States |isbn=978-0-684-80290-9 |bibcode=1996Cmplx...2a..32M |url=https://archive.org/details/darwinsdangerous0000denn/page/32 }}</ref> 。道金斯和古尔德尽管在学术上存在分歧，但他们之间并没有敌对的个人关系，道金斯在他2003年出版的《一个魔鬼的牧师 A Devil's Chaplain》一书中，将很大一部分献给了去年去世的古尔德。
=== 提出“模因”概念 ===
=== 提出“模因”概念 ===
道金斯在《自私的基因》一书中创造了“模因”(meme)这个词(相当于行为学上基因) ，以此鼓励读者思考达尔文的原则如何能够超越基因的范畴。这本来是他的“复制因子”论点的延伸，但是在其他作家的手中，如丹尼尔•丹尼特(Daniel Dennett)和苏珊•布莱克莫尔(Susan Blackmore) ，这个概念呈现出了自己的生命力。这些作家的推广后来引发了模因论的出现，而道金斯已经远离了这个领域。<ref name="misunderstanding">{{cite journal |last1=Burman |first1=J. T. |year=2012 |title=The misunderstanding of memes: Biography of an unscientific object, 1976–1999 |journal=Perspectives on Science |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=75–104 |doi=10.1162/POSC_a_00057}}{{open access}}</ref>
道金斯在《自私的基因》一书中创造了“模因”(meme)这个词(相当于行为学上基因) ，以此鼓励读者思考达尔文的原则如何能够超越基因的范畴。这本来是他的“复制因子”论点的延伸，但是在其他作家的手中，如丹尼尔•丹尼特 Daniel Dennett和苏珊•布莱克莫尔 Susan Blackmore，这个概念呈现出了自己的生命力。这些作家的推广后来引发了模因论的出现，而道金斯已经远离了这个领域。<ref name="misunderstanding">{{cite journal |last1=Burman |first1=J. T. |year=2012 |title=The misunderstanding of memes: Biography of an unscientific object, 1976–1999 |journal=Perspectives on Science |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=75–104 |doi=10.1162/POSC_a_00057}}{{open access}}</ref>
虽然道金斯发明了模因这个词，但他并没有宣称这个想法是完全新颖的<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/formerly-hyper-weird/memetics.html |title=Memes |work=Center for the Study of Complex Systems |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=14 August 2009 |last=Shalizi |first=Cosma Rohilla |archive-date=22 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422091304/http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/formerly-hyper-weird/memetics.html |url-status=live }}</ref>，过去也有其他类似的表达方式。例如，约翰•洛朗(John Laurent)表示，这个术语可能源自鲜为人知的德国生物学家理查德•塞蒙(Richard Semon)的研究<ref name="mneme">{{Cite book |last=Laurent |first=John |year=1999 |title=A Note on the Origin of 'Memes'/'Mnemes' |work=Journal of Memetics |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=14–19 |url=http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/1999/vol3/laurent_j.html |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325202014/http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/1999/vol3/laurent_j.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。塞蒙认为“mneme”是遗传的神经记忆痕迹(有意识或潜意识)的集合，尽管这种观点被现代生物学家认为是拉马克主义的<ref name="leiden">{{Cite web |last=van Driem |first=George |year=2007 |title=Symbiosism, Symbiomism and the Leiden definition of the meme |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249904767 |access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060835/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249904767_Symbiosism_Symbiomism_and_the_Leiden_definition_of_the_meme |url-status=live }}</ref>。洛朗还发现了“mneme” 这个词在莫里斯·梅特林克的《白蚁的生活》(1926)中的使用，梅特林克自己也表示，他是从塞蒙的作品中得到这个短语的<ref name=mneme/> 。在他自己的工作中，梅特林克试图解释白蚁和蚂蚁的记忆，声称神经记忆痕迹是“在个人记忆中”添加的。尽管如此，詹姆斯•格雷克(James Gleick)将道金斯的“文化基因”(meme)概念描述为“他最著名的创造，远比他自私的基因或后来反对宗教狂热的说教更具影响力”<ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Gleick |title=The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood |date=15 February 2011 |publisher=Pantheon |isbn=978-0-375-42372-7 |page=269}}</ref>。
虽然道金斯发明了模因这个词，但他并没有宣称这个想法是完全新颖的<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/formerly-hyper-weird/memetics.html |title=Memes |work=Center for the Study of Complex Systems |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=14 August 2009 |last=Shalizi |first=Cosma Rohilla |archive-date=22 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422091304/http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/formerly-hyper-weird/memetics.html |url-status=live }}</ref>，过去也有其他类似的表达方式。例如，约翰•洛朗 John Laurent表示，这个术语可能源自鲜为人知的德国生物学家理查德•塞蒙 Richard Semon的研究<ref name="mneme">{{Cite book |last=Laurent |first=John |year=1999 |title=A Note on the Origin of 'Memes'/'Mnemes' |work=Journal of Memetics |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=14–19 |url=http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/1999/vol3/laurent_j.html |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325202014/http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/1999/vol3/laurent_j.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。塞蒙认为“mneme”是遗传的神经记忆痕迹(有意识或潜意识)的集合，尽管这种观点被现代生物学家认为是拉马克主义的<ref name="leiden">{{Cite web |last=van Driem |first=George |year=2007 |title=Symbiosism, Symbiomism and the Leiden definition of the meme |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249904767 |access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060835/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249904767_Symbiosism_Symbiomism_and_the_Leiden_definition_of_the_meme |url-status=live }}</ref>。洛朗还发现了“mneme” 这个词在莫里斯·梅特林克的《白蚁的生活》(1926)中的使用，梅特林克自己也表示，他是从塞蒙的作品中得到这个短语的<ref name=mneme/> 。在他自己的工作中，梅特林克试图解释白蚁和蚂蚁的记忆，声称神经记忆痕迹是“在个人记忆中”添加的。尽管如此，詹姆斯•格雷克 James Gleick将道金斯的“文化基因 meme”概念描述为“他最著名的创造，远比他自私的基因或后来反对宗教狂热的说教更具影响力”<ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Gleick |title=The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood |date=15 February 2011 |publisher=Pantheon |isbn=978-0-375-42372-7 |page=269}}</ref>。
=== 设立基金 ===
=== 设立基金 ===
在道金斯的“神存在”陈述的怀疑光谱中，有7个等级介于1(100% 确定上帝或神存在)和7(100% 确定上帝或神不存在)。Dawkins 说他是6.9，这代表了一个“事实上的无神论者”，他认为“我不能确定，但我认为上帝是非常不可能的，我的生活在他不存在的假设之上。”当被问及他的轻微的不确定性时，道金斯戏谑地说: “我是不可知论者，以至于我甚至不能确认或否认花园尽头的仙女（fairies at the bottom of the garden）。”<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9102740/Richard-Dawkins-I-cant-be-sure-God-does-not-exist.html |title=Richard Dawkins: I can't be sure God does not exist |date=24 February 2012 |access-date=5 March 2016 |first=John |last=Bingham |location=London |work=The Telegraph |archive-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524001926/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9102740/Richard-Dawkins-I-cant-be-sure-God-does-not-exist.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/side-effects/201202/why-does-richard-dawkins-take-issue-agnosticism |title=Why Does Richard Dawkins Take Issue With Agnosticism? |date=2 February 2012 |access-date=5 April 2016 |work=Psychology Today |first=Christopher |last=Lane }}</ref> 2014年5月，在威尔士的海伊节上，道金斯解释说，虽然他不相信基督教信仰的超自然元素，但他仍然怀念宗教仪式的一面<ref>{{cite news |first=Sarah |last=Knapton |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/10853648/Richard-Dawkins-I-am-a-secular-Christian.html |title=Richard Dawkins: 'I am a secular Christian' |newspaper=Telegraph |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221043247/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/10853648/Richard-Dawkins-I-am-a-secular-Christian.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。除了对神的信仰之外，Dawkins 还批评宗教信仰是非理性的，比如耶稣把水变成了酒，胚胎开始时只是一小块，神奇的内衣会保护你，耶稣复活了，精液来自脊椎，耶稣在水上行走，太阳落在沼泽里，伊甸园(2008年电影)存在于 Adam-ondi-Ahman，耶稣的母亲是一个处女，穆罕默德分裂了月亮，还有拉撒路从死亡中复活。
在道金斯的“神存在”陈述的怀疑光谱中，有7个等级介于1(100% 确定上帝或神存在)和7(100% 确定上帝或神不存在)。Dawkins 说他是6.9，这代表了一个“事实上的无神论者”，他认为“我不能确定，但我认为上帝是非常不可能的，我的生活在他不存在的假设之上。”当被问及他的轻微的不确定性时，道金斯戏谑地说: “我是不可知论者，以至于我甚至不能确认或否认'''花园尽头的仙女 fairies at the bottom of the garden'''。”<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9102740/Richard-Dawkins-I-cant-be-sure-God-does-not-exist.html |title=Richard Dawkins: I can't be sure God does not exist |date=24 February 2012 |access-date=5 March 2016 |first=John |last=Bingham |location=London |work=The Telegraph |archive-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524001926/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9102740/Richard-Dawkins-I-cant-be-sure-God-does-not-exist.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/side-effects/201202/why-does-richard-dawkins-take-issue-agnosticism |title=Why Does Richard Dawkins Take Issue With Agnosticism? |date=2 February 2012 |access-date=5 April 2016 |work=Psychology Today |first=Christopher |last=Lane }}</ref> 2014年5月，在威尔士的海伊节上，道金斯解释说，虽然他不相信基督教信仰的超自然元素，但他仍然怀念宗教仪式的一面<ref>{{cite news |first=Sarah |last=Knapton |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/10853648/Richard-Dawkins-I-am-a-secular-Christian.html |title=Richard Dawkins: 'I am a secular Christian' |newspaper=Telegraph |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221043247/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/10853648/Richard-Dawkins-I-am-a-secular-Christian.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。除了对神的信仰之外，Dawkins 还批评宗教信仰是非理性的，比如耶稣把水变成了酒，胚胎开始时只是一小块，神奇的内衣会保护你，耶稣复活了，精液来自脊椎，耶稣在水上行走，太阳落在沼泽里，伊甸园(2008年电影)存在于 Adam-ondi-Ahman，耶稣的母亲是一个处女，穆罕默德分裂了月亮，还有拉撒路从死亡中复活。
当一些批评家，如作家克里斯托弗·希钦斯，心理学家史蒂芬·平克和诺贝尔奖获得者哈罗德·克罗托，詹姆斯·D·沃森和 史蒂芬·温伯格为道金斯在宗教上的立场辩护并赞扬他的工作时<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/godDelusionReviews |title=The God Delusion – Reviews |access-date=8 April 2008 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702000504/http://richarddawkins.net/godDelusionReviews |archive-date=2 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>，其他人，包括诺贝尔奖获得者理论物理学家彼得·希格斯，天体物理学家马丁·里斯，科学哲学家迈克尔·鲁斯,文学批评家特里·伊格尔顿、哲学家罗杰·斯克鲁顿、学术界和社会批评家卡米尔·帕格利亚、无神论哲学家丹尼尔·科尔姆和神学家阿利斯特·麦格拉斯都从各个方面批评道金斯，包括断言他的作品只是作为宗教原教旨主义的无神论对应物，而不是对它的富有成效的批判，他从根本上误解了他声称反驳的神学立场的基础，特别是里斯和希格斯，他们都反对道金斯对宗教的对抗姿态，认为这种姿态狭隘而“令人尴尬”，希格斯甚至将道金斯与他所批评的宗教原教旨主义者等同起来<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n20/terry-eagleton/lunging-flailing-mispunching |title=Lunging, Flailing, Mispunching |first=Terry |last=Eagleton· |date=19 October 2006 |magazine=London Review of Books |access-date=16 May 2014 |volume=28 |issue=20 |pages=32–34 |archive-date=10 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310145648/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n20/terry-eagleton/lunging-flailing-mispunching |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/articleComments,1647,Do-you-have-to-read-up-on-leprechology-before-disbelieving-in-them,Richard-Dawkins-The-Independent,page27 |title=Do you have to read up on leprechology before disbelieving in them? |access-date=14 November 2007 |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=17 September 2007 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214014838/http://richarddawkins.net/articleComments,1647,Do-you-have-to-read-up-on-leprechology-before-disbelieving-in-them,Richard-Dawkins-The-Independent,page27 |archive-date=14 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2007/story/0,,2089947,00.html |title=Scientists divided over alliance with religion |access-date=17 March 2008 |last=Jha |first=Alok |date=29 May 2007 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=19 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719103328/http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2007/story/0,,2089947,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Alok |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/26/peter-higgs-richard-dawkins-fundamentalism |title=Peter Higgs criticises Richard Dawkins over anti-religious 'fundamentalism' |date=26 December 2012 |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028180407/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/26/peter-higgs-richard-dawkins-fundamentalism |url-status=live }}</ref> 。无神论哲学家约翰·格雷(John Gray)谴责道金斯是“反宗教的传教士”，他的主张“从任何意义上讲都不是新颖的或原创的”，他暗示道金斯“对自己思想的运作惊叹不已，错过了许多对人类至关重要的东西。”<ref>{{cite news |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins |title=The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=20 January 2016 |first=John |last=Gray |work=New Republic |archive-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216012235/https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins |url-status=live }}</ref>格雷还批评道金斯对达尔文的忠诚。他说，如果“对达尔文来说，科学是一种探究的方法，使他能够试探性和谦逊地走向真理，对道金斯来说，科学是一种不容置疑的世界观。”作为对他的批评的回应，道金斯坚持认为神学家在解决深奥的宇宙学问题上并不比科学家好，他不是一个原教旨主义者，因为他愿意在新的证据面前改变自己的想法。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/dawkins_18_2.html |title=When Religion Steps on Science's Turf |access-date=3 April 2008 |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |year=2006 |work=Free Inquiry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419125549/http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/dawkins_18_2.html |archive-date=19 April 2008}}</ref><ref name=rdf-fundamentalist>{{cite web |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=How dare you call me a fundamentalist |url=http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/1071-how-dare-you-call-me-a-fundamentalist |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231022508/http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/1071-how-dare-you-call-me-a-fundamentalist |archive-date=31 December 2012}}</ref>
当一些批评家，如作家克里斯托弗·希钦斯，心理学家史蒂芬·平克和诺贝尔奖获得者哈罗德·克罗托，詹姆斯·D·沃森和 史蒂芬·温伯格为道金斯在宗教上的立场辩护并赞扬他的工作时<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/godDelusionReviews |title=The God Delusion – Reviews |access-date=8 April 2008 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702000504/http://richarddawkins.net/godDelusionReviews |archive-date=2 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>，其他人，包括诺贝尔奖获得者理论物理学家彼得·希格斯，天体物理学家马丁·里斯，科学哲学家迈克尔·鲁斯,文学批评家特里·伊格尔顿、哲学家罗杰·斯克鲁顿、学术界和社会批评家卡米尔·帕格利亚、无神论哲学家丹尼尔·科尔姆和神学家阿利斯特·麦格拉斯都从各个方面批评道金斯，包括断言他的作品只是作为宗教原教旨主义的无神论对应物，而不是对它的富有成效的批判，他从根本上误解了他声称反驳的神学立场的基础，特别是里斯和希格斯，他们都反对道金斯对宗教的对抗姿态，认为这种姿态狭隘而“令人尴尬”，希格斯甚至将道金斯与他所批评的宗教原教旨主义者等同起来<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n20/terry-eagleton/lunging-flailing-mispunching |title=Lunging, Flailing, Mispunching |first=Terry |last=Eagleton· |date=19 October 2006 |magazine=London Review of Books |access-date=16 May 2014 |volume=28 |issue=20 |pages=32–34 |archive-date=10 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310145648/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n20/terry-eagleton/lunging-flailing-mispunching |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/articleComments,1647,Do-you-have-to-read-up-on-leprechology-before-disbelieving-in-them,Richard-Dawkins-The-Independent,page27 |title=Do you have to read up on leprechology before disbelieving in them? |access-date=14 November 2007 |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=17 September 2007 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214014838/http://richarddawkins.net/articleComments,1647,Do-you-have-to-read-up-on-leprechology-before-disbelieving-in-them,Richard-Dawkins-The-Independent,page27 |archive-date=14 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2007/story/0,,2089947,00.html |title=Scientists divided over alliance with religion |access-date=17 March 2008 |last=Jha |first=Alok |date=29 May 2007 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=19 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719103328/http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2007/story/0,,2089947,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Alok |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/26/peter-higgs-richard-dawkins-fundamentalism |title=Peter Higgs criticises Richard Dawkins over anti-religious 'fundamentalism' |date=26 December 2012 |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028180407/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/26/peter-higgs-richard-dawkins-fundamentalism |url-status=live }}</ref> 。无神论哲学家约翰·格雷 John Gray谴责道金斯是“反宗教的传教士”，他的主张“从任何意义上讲都不是新颖的或原创的”，他暗示道金斯“对自己思想的运作惊叹不已，错过了许多对人类至关重要的东西。”<ref>{{cite news |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins |title=The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=20 January 2016 |first=John |last=Gray |work=New Republic |archive-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216012235/https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins |url-status=live }}</ref>格雷还批评道金斯对达尔文的忠诚。他说，如果“对达尔文来说，科学是一种探究的方法，使他能够试探性和谦逊地走向真理，对道金斯来说，科学是一种不容置疑的世界观。”作为对他的批评的回应，道金斯坚持认为神学家在解决深奥的宇宙学问题上并不比科学家好，他不是一个原教旨主义者，因为他愿意在新的证据面前改变自己的想法。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/dawkins_18_2.html |title=When Religion Steps on Science's Turf |access-date=3 April 2008 |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |year=2006 |work=Free Inquiry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419125549/http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/dawkins_18_2.html |archive-date=19 April 2008}}</ref><ref name=rdf-fundamentalist>{{cite web |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=How dare you call me a fundamentalist |url=http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/1071-how-dare-you-call-me-a-fundamentalist |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231022508/http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/1071-how-dare-you-call-me-a-fundamentalist |archive-date=31 December 2012}}</ref>
道金斯的一些关于伊斯兰教的公开言论遭到了强烈反对。2013年，道金斯在推特上写道：“世界上所有的穆斯林获得的诺贝尔奖比剑桥大学三一学院都少，尽管他们在中世纪做了很多伟大的事情。”<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malik |first1=Nesrine |title=Richard Dawkins' tweets on Islam are as rational as the rants of an extremist Muslim cleric |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/08/richard-dawkins-tweets-islam-muslim-nobel |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=The Guardian |date=8 August 2013}}</ref>。2016年，道金斯邀请他在东北科学与怀疑论大会(Northeast Conference on Science and suspicious)上发表演讲，但因为他分享了一段“极具攻击性”的视频，嘲笑女权主义者和伊斯兰主义者”而被撤回<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blair |first1=Olivia |title=Richard Dawkins dropped from science event for tweeting video mocking feminists and Islamists |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-vdeo-twitter-necss-event-feminism-a6841161.html |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=The Independent |date=29 January 2016}}</ref>。
道金斯的一些关于伊斯兰教的公开言论遭到了强烈反对。2013年，道金斯在推特上写道：“世界上所有的穆斯林获得的诺贝尔奖比剑桥大学三一学院都少，尽管他们在中世纪做了很多伟大的事情。”<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malik |first1=Nesrine |title=Richard Dawkins' tweets on Islam are as rational as the rants of an extremist Muslim cleric |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/08/richard-dawkins-tweets-islam-muslim-nobel |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=The Guardian |date=8 August 2013}}</ref>。2016年，道金斯邀请他在东北科学与怀疑论大会 Northeast Conference on Science and suspicious上发表演讲，但因为他分享了一段“极具攻击性”的视频，嘲笑女权主义者和伊斯兰主义者”而被撤回<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blair |first1=Olivia |title=Richard Dawkins dropped from science event for tweeting video mocking feminists and Islamists |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-vdeo-twitter-necss-event-feminism-a6841161.html |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=The Independent |date=29 January 2016}}</ref>。
=== 对神创论的批评 ===
=== 对神创论的批评 ===
道金斯是神创论的杰出批评家。神创论是一种宗教信仰，认为人类、生命和宇宙都是由神创造的，不依赖于进化<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/creationism/ |title=Creationism |last=Ruse |first=Michael |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Laboratory, Stanford University |quote=a Creationist is someone who believes in a god who is absolute creator of heaven and earth. |access-date=9 September 2009 |archive-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609094515/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/creationism/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Scott |first=Eugenie C |title=Evolution vs. creationism: an introduction |date=3 August 2009 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-26187-7 |page=51 |chapter=Creationism |quote=The term 'creationism' to many people connotes the theological doctrine of special creationism: that God created the universe essentially as we see it today, and that this universe has not changed appreciably since that creation event. Special creationism includes the idea that God created living things in their present forms...}}</ref>。他将”年轻的地球“创造论者（Young Earth creationist）认为地球只有几千岁的观点描述为“一个荒谬的、意识萎缩的谬误”<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/09/religion.schools1 |title=A scientist's view |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=9 March 2002 |work=The Guardian |access-date=7 November 2009 |location=London |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191933/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/09/religion.schools1 |url-status=live }}</ref>。他在1986年出版的《盲眼钟表匠》持续批判了设计论——一个重要的神创论论点。在书中，道金斯反驳了18世纪英国神学家 William Paley 所著《自然神学》中的钟表匠比喻。道金斯同意科学家们普遍持有的观点，即自然选择足以解释生物世界表面的功能性和非随机的复杂性，可以说自然选择在自然界中扮演着钟表匠的角色，尽管是自动的，不受任何设计师、非智能的盲人钟表匠的指导<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Books/blind.shtml |title=Book: The Blind Watchmaker |access-date=28 February 2008 |last=Catalano |first=John |publisher=The University of Oxford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415140851/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Books/blind.shtml |date=1 August 1996 |archive-date=15 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>。
道金斯是神创论的杰出批评家。神创论是一种宗教信仰，认为人类、生命和宇宙都是由神创造的，不依赖于进化<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/creationism/ |title=Creationism |last=Ruse |first=Michael |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Laboratory, Stanford University |quote=a Creationist is someone who believes in a god who is absolute creator of heaven and earth. |access-date=9 September 2009 |archive-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609094515/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/creationism/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Scott |first=Eugenie C |title=Evolution vs. creationism: an introduction |date=3 August 2009 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-26187-7 |page=51 |chapter=Creationism |quote=The term 'creationism' to many people connotes the theological doctrine of special creationism: that God created the universe essentially as we see it today, and that this universe has not changed appreciably since that creation event. Special creationism includes the idea that God created living things in their present forms...}}</ref>。他将'''年轻的地球创造论者 Young Earth creationist'''认为地球只有几千岁的观点描述为“一个荒谬的、意识萎缩的谬误”<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/09/religion.schools1 |title=A scientist's view |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=9 March 2002 |work=The Guardian |access-date=7 November 2009 |location=London |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191933/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/09/religion.schools1 |url-status=live }}</ref>。他在1986年出版的《盲眼钟表匠》持续批判了设计论——一个重要的神创论论点。在书中，道金斯反驳了18世纪英国神学家 William Paley 所著《自然神学》中的钟表匠比喻。道金斯同意科学家们普遍持有的观点，即自然选择足以解释生物世界表面的功能性和非随机的复杂性，可以说自然选择在自然界中扮演着钟表匠的角色，尽管是自动的，不受任何设计师、非智能的盲人钟表匠的指导<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Books/blind.shtml |title=Book: The Blind Watchmaker |access-date=28 February 2008 |last=Catalano |first=John |publisher=The University of Oxford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415140851/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Books/blind.shtml |date=1 August 1996 |archive-date=15 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>。